Creating a Math Expression Filter to Extract Concise Math Expression Images

Kuniko Yamada, Harumi Murakami

2023

Abstract

Even though the web is an effective resource to search for math expressions, finding appropriate ones among the obtained documents is time-consuming. Therefore, we propose a math expression filter that presents appropriate images for such searches. We call an appropriate math expression a concise math expression, such as ˆfh(x) = 1Nh ∑ni=1K(x−xih), written in a compact form whose content can be interpreted by the math expression itself. We determined the conditions satisfied by a concise math expression and developed classifiers that discriminate the images of concise math expressions from web images using supervised machine learning methods based on these conditions. We performed two experiments: Experiment 1 used methods other,than deep learning, and Experiment 2 used deep learning. A convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning and fine tuning by VGG16 shows high performance with an obtained F-measure of 0.819. We applied this filter to a task that presents math expression images by entering mathematical terms into a web search engine as queries. All of the evaluation metrics outperformed the previous study, including F-measure, MAP, and MRR.

Paper Citation

in Harvard Style

Yamada K. and Murakami H. (2023). Creating a Math Expression Filter to Extract Concise Math Expression Images. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence - Volume 3: ICAART, ISBN 978-989-758-623-1, pages 909-915. DOI: 10.5220/0011799700003393

in Bibtex Style

@conference{icaart23,
author={Kuniko Yamada and Harumi Murakami},
title={Creating a Math Expression Filter to Extract Concise Math Expression Images},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence - Volume 3: ICAART,},
year={2023},
pages={909-915},
publisher={SciTePress},
organization={INSTICC},
doi={10.5220/0011799700003393},
isbn={978-989-758-623-1},
}

in EndNote Style

TY - CONF

JO - Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence - Volume 3: ICAART,
TI - Creating a Math Expression Filter to Extract Concise Math Expression Images
SN - 978-989-758-623-1
AU - Yamada K.
AU - Murakami H.
PY - 2023
SP - 909
EP - 915
DO - 10.5220/0011799700003393