Symbol Adaptation Assessment in Outdoor Augmented Reality

Maria Beatriz Carmo, Ana Paula Afonso, António Ferreira, Ana Paula Cláudio, Edgar Montez

2014

Abstract

A challenge in presenting augmented reality information, particularly in outdoor environments, is to distinguish the virtual symbols from the background image. In this paper we report on a user study that leverages prior knowledge about adaptations to improve symbol conspicuity by expanding its application to outdoor environments and mobile handheld devices. We considered two types of adaptation that yielded good results indoors, namely adding a border around the symbol and adjusting the colour luminosity, and tested them outdoor in daylight. We also introduced partial and total adaptation modes that differed in the scope of the symbols to adapt: only the ones that are almost imperceptible from the background versus every symbol overlaying the real world image. Results from users’ questionnaires reveal that the border adaptation continues to be the favourite regardless of the outdoor lighting conditions, and yet we did not find differences in symbol detection performance in comparison with adjusting colour luminosity. The border adaptation was also considered the best to preserve symbol semantics when combined with the total adaptation mode, thus making it a versatile option for augmented reality applications.

References

  1. Azuma, R. T. (1997). A survey of augmented reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6(4): 355-385.
  2. Asmare, M. H., Asirvadam, V.S., Iznita, L. (2009). Color space selection for color image enhancement applications. In ICSAP'09: Proceedings of the International Conference on Signal Acquisition and Processing, pp. 208-212.
  3. Carmo, M. B., Cláudio, A. P., Ferreira, A., Afonso, A. P., Simplício, R. (2013). Improving Symbol Salience in Augmented Reality. In GRAPP 2013, pp. 367-372.
  4. Dix, A., Finlay, J., Abowd, G. Beale, R. (2004) HumanComputer Interaction, Prentice Hall.
  5. Gabbard, J. L., Swan, J. E., Hix, D. (2006). The effects of text drawing styles, background textures, and natural lighting on text legibility in outdoor augmented reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 15(1): 16-32.
  6. Gabbard, J. L., Swan, J. E., Hix, D., Kim, S.-J., and Fitch, G. (2007). Active text drawing styles for outdoor augmented reality: A user-based study and design implications. In VR'07: Proceedings of the Conference Virtual Reality, pp. 35-42.
  7. Gruber, L., Kalkofen, D., and Schmalstieg, D. (2010). Color harmonization for augmented reality. In. ISMAR'10: Proceedings of the 9th IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality, pp. 227- 228.
  8. Huang, K. C. and Chiu, T. L. (2007). Visual Search Performance on an LCD Monitor: Effects of Color Combination of Figure and Icon Background, Shape of Icon, and Line Width of Icon Border. Perceptual and motor skills, 104(2): 562-574.
  9. Kalkofen, D., Mendez, E., Schmalstieg, D. (2009). Comprehensible visualization for augmented reality. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 15(2): 193-204.
  10. Leykin, A., Tuceryan, M. (2004). Automatic determination of text readability over textured backgrounds for augmented reality systems. In ISMAR'04: Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality, pp. 224-230.
  11. Montez, E. (2012). Visualização de Pontos de Interesse em Dispositivos Móveis Utilizando Realidade Aumentada. Master Thesis, Technical Report FCUL.
  12. Nivala, A.-M. , Sarjakoski, T. L. (2007). User aspects of adaptive visualization for mobile maps. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 34(4): 275-284.
  13. Paley, W. B. (2003). Designing better transparent overlays by applying illustration techniques and vision findings. In UIST'03: Adjunct Proceedings of the 26th ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, pp. 57-58.
  14. Romani, S., Sobrevilla, P., Montseny, E. (2012). Variability estimation of hue and saturation components in the HSV space. Color Research & Application, 37(4): 261-271.
  15. Sanders, M. S. and McCormick, E. J. (1992). Human factors in engineering and design. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA, seventh edition.
  16. Silva, S., Santos, B.S., Madeira, J. (2011). Using color in visualization: A survey. Computers and Graphics, 35(2): 320-333.
  17. Stone, M. C. (2005). Representing colors as three numbers. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 25(4): 78-85.
  18. Thomas, B., Close, B., Donoghue, J., Squires, J., De Bondi, P., Morris, M., Piekarski, W. (2000). ARQuake: An outdoor/indoor augmented reality first person application. In ISWC'00: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Wearable Computers, pp. 139- 146.
  19. White, S., Feiner, S. (2009). SiteLens: Situated visualization techniques for urban site visits. In CHI'09: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1117- 1120.
  20. Wolfe, J. M. and Horowitz, T. S. (2004). What attributes guide the deployment of visual attention and how do they do it? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5(6): 495- 501.
Download


Paper Citation


in Harvard Style

Carmo M., Afonso A., Ferreira A., Cláudio A. and Montez E. (2014). Symbol Adaptation Assessment in Outdoor Augmented Reality . In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Graphics Theory and Applications - Volume 1: GRAPP, (VISIGRAPP 2014) ISBN 978-989-758-002-4, pages 387-396. DOI: 10.5220/0004693003870396


in Bibtex Style

@conference{grapp14,
author={Maria Beatriz Carmo and Ana Paula Afonso and António Ferreira and Ana Paula Cláudio and Edgar Montez},
title={Symbol Adaptation Assessment in Outdoor Augmented Reality},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Graphics Theory and Applications - Volume 1: GRAPP, (VISIGRAPP 2014)},
year={2014},
pages={387-396},
publisher={SciTePress},
organization={INSTICC},
doi={10.5220/0004693003870396},
isbn={978-989-758-002-4},
}


in EndNote Style

TY - CONF
JO - Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Graphics Theory and Applications - Volume 1: GRAPP, (VISIGRAPP 2014)
TI - Symbol Adaptation Assessment in Outdoor Augmented Reality
SN - 978-989-758-002-4
AU - Carmo M.
AU - Afonso A.
AU - Ferreira A.
AU - Cláudio A.
AU - Montez E.
PY - 2014
SP - 387
EP - 396
DO - 10.5220/0004693003870396