miRNA and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Function, Regulatory
Mechanism and Research Progress
Haoyang Gui
School of Life and Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
Keywords: miRNA, Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Regulatory Mechanisms.
Abstract: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common malignant tumor in East and Southeast Asia. In this review,
it was discovered that miRNAs play a diverse role in the pathogenesis, biomarkers, and treatment strategies
of NPC. However, the complex regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in NPC have not been fully elucidated.
This review investigates the potential use of circulating miRNAs as indicators of NPC and looks at how
miRNAs affect the biological traits of NPC cells by controlling the Hippo and TGFβ/SMAD signalling
pathways, which offers a fresh viewpoint for identifying and treating NPC. These results show the wide
potential of miRNA therapy in conjunction with conventional therapy and serve as a guide for future studies
and treatments of miRNA in NPC. However, the specific mechanism of miRNA in NPC still needs to be
further explored. To support the development of precision treatment for NPC, future studies should
concentrate on the relationship between miRNA and target genes as well as the impact of the tumour
microenvironment.
1 INTRODUCTION
The common head and neck cancer known as
nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is caused by
malignant lesions of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells,
mainly squamous cell carcinoma. According to the
World Health Organization, around 120,000 people
are diagnosed every year worldwide, with the most
cases focusing on East and Southeast Asia,
particularly southern China. NPC accounted for 0.
7% of all cancer cases and 80,008 related deaths in
2020, with 133,354 new cases worldwide (Sung et
al,2021). Guangxi, China, has a high incidence of
NPC with a rate of 10. 71/100 000 and a mortality rate
of 5. 15/100 000 (Niu et al,2022). Male, middle-aged
and elderly people are more likely to be affected, and
the risk factors include smoking, drinking, and
Epstein-Barr virus infection. Patients with metastatic
NPC have a poor prognosis and a high recurrence rate
(Prawira et al,2017). The main clinical strategies for
the treatment of NPC are chemotherapy and
radiotherapy, which lead to many adverse reactions in
patients. Therefore, it is essential to explore its
pathogenesis, find therapeutic targets and explore
signaling pathways.
In the post-transcriptional phase, microRNAs, a
class of short regulatory RNAs without coding
capacity, interact with the 3'-untranslated region (3'-
UTR) of specific gene targets to regulate their
degradation or diminish the production of the
corresponding proteins. Numerous cellular processes
in cancer, such as growth, differentiation, cell cycle
advancement, programmed cell death, and resistance
to chemotherapeutic agents, hinge on the binding and
inhibition of particular mRNA species, which
subsequently modify the expression of downstream
genes. These processes influence the initiation and
development of tumors (Ruggieri et al,2023; Luo et
al,2024). During tumorigenesis, miRNAs can
function as either promoters or inhibitors of cancer,
and exert a crucial influence on the control of cell
growth, programmed cell death, invasion, and spread.
The chemosensitivity of tumor cells is regulated by
microRNAs, as confirmed by numerous studies.
(Hashemi et al, 2020). Recently, a study by Luo et al.
revealed that miRNA-296-5p enhances the sensitivity
of NPC cells to DDP chemotherapy by modulating
the STAT3/KLF4 pathway (Luo et al,2024).
MiRNAs act as regulators of gene expression by
binding to sequences in the coding DNA sequences
(CDS) or 3' untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) of target
mRNAs, ultimately leading to their degradation.
Gui, H.
miRNA and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Function, Regulatory Mechanism and Research Progress.
DOI: 10.5220/0014439700004933
Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Food Science (BEFS 2025), pages 155-161
ISBN: 978-989-758-789-4
Proceedings Copyright © 2026 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda.
155

Many studies have highlighted the critical role of
miRNAs in regulating malignant phenotypes (Zou et
al,2023; Hu et al,2023; Song et al,2023), positioning
them as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets
that have the potential to be effective (Wang et
al,2022). Recently, in the study of Huang et al., it was
revealed that miRNA-28-3 can reduce the expression
level of BIN1 protein, indicating that miRNA-28-3p
has a certain targeted regulation effect on BIN1. The
abnormal high expression of miRNA-28-3p may
promote the occurrence and development of NPC
(Huang et al,2024).
MiRNAs mainly affect gene expression by
attaching themselves to particular mRNAs. Because
of the way they affect gene expression, their abundant
presence in bodily tissues and fluids, and their
potential to be used as biomarkers for disease. In this
study, miRNA was taken as the focus of the study of
NPC, and the regulatory mechanism, application
prospect, and feasibility analysis of miRNA on NPC
were analyzed.
2 REGULATORY MECHANISMS
OF MIRNAS IN NPC
2.1 miR-340-5p Regulates the Hippo
Signaling Pathway to Affect the
Metastasis of NPC
Metastasis of NPC is a complex process involving a
delicate interplay of multiple molecules and signaling
pathways. MiRNAs are essential modulators of gene
expression during this process, influencing the
metastasis of NPC cells by precisely altering their
target genes. Over the past few years, numerous
researchers have achieved notable findings regarding
the regulatory role of miRNA in the metastasis of
NPC. The study by Rachmadi et al. provided further
insights into the regulatory mechanism of YAP1 and
miR-340-5p in NPC by protein-protein interaction
(PPI) and functional enrichment analysis. This study
revealed YAP1 and miR-340-5p that were not
expressed in metastatic cases, suggesting their
potential role as tumor suppresators in NPC
(Rachmadi et al., 2024). Organ size, cell proliferation,
and apoptosis are controlled by the highly conserved
Hippo signaling pathway. It converts extracellular
signals into modulation of gene transcription in the
nucleus via a cascade of kinase reactions.
In this study, miR-340-5p was predicted to
directly bind to the mRNA of YAP1, thereby
inhibiting YAP1 expression. This interaction
phenomenon has been observed in a variety of
cancers and is considered to be one of the important
pathways by which miR-340-5p exerts its tumor
suppressive effect. The inhibition of YAP1
expression by miR-340-5p may lead to the inhibition
of cancer cells' proliferation, migration, and invasion.
YAP1 (Yes-associated Protein 1) is a downstream
effector of Hippo signaling pathway and acts as a
transcriptional coactivator. YAP1 is phosphorylated
and kept in the cytoplasm when the Hippo signalling
pathway is activated, which stops it from entering the
nucleus and activating the target gene’s transcription.
When the Hippo signaling pathway is suppressed or
the expression of miR-340-5p is decreased, the
activity of YAP1 can be elevated, enabling the
proliferation, migration, and invasion of NPC cells.
The metastasis of NPC may be a result of this
regulatory imbalance. The regulation of NPC
metastasis is influenced by other signaling pathways,
including the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and
PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. The
interactions among these signaling pathways form a
complex network that collectively regulates the
metastasis of NPC cells. Therefore, a deep
understanding of miRNA regulation of these
signaling pathways is essential for the development
of effective therapeutic strategies.
2.2 Mechanisms by which miRNAs
Affect the Progression of NPC by
Regulating the TGFβ/SMAD
Pathway
During the progression of NPC, various signaling
pathways precisely regulate the progression of NPC
through various miRNAs. By regulating the
TGFβ/SMAD signaling pathway, miRNAs play a
crucial role in the onset and progression of NPC.
According to relevant studies, TGFβ/SMAD pathway
has a dual role in the regulation of NPC. In the early
stage of NPC, TGFβ mainly acts as a tumor
suppressor through the SMAD pathway, inhibiting
cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. As the
disease progresses, the TGFβ signaling pathway can
shift to act as a pro-cancerous signal, enhancing the
invasion and metastasis of NPC by triggering the
EMT (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition) process,
facilitating immune evasion, and through additional
mechanisms. According to the review paper
published by Mydin et al., miRNAs can act as tumor
suppressor miR or onco-miR to exert profound effects
on cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation, migration and
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metastasis in NPC. (Mydin et al., 2024) For example,
miR-145, miR-34a, miR-296-5p, etc., inhibit TGFβ
signal transduction by directly targeting key
molecules in TGFβ/SMAD pathway (such as
SMAD2, SMAD4, TGFβR2, etc.), so as to play a
tumor suppressor role. At the same time, there are
also oncogenic miRNAs, such as miR-93, miR-21,
miR-106b, etc., by targeting negative regulators or
antagonists of the TGFβ /SMAD pathway, NPC can
be promoted through targeting negative regulators
and increasing signal transduction. Besides, this
review aims to provide a summary of the functions of
miRNAs in various signaling pathways in NPC, such
as PTEN/PI3K/AKT, TGFβ/SMAD, RAS/MAPK,
Wnt/ β-catenin and PRB-E2F. Thus, exploring how
miRNAs regulate signaling pathways holds immense
importance for the therapy of NPC.
2.3 Tumor Microenvironment (TME)
of NPC
2.3.1 Utilizing Single-Cell RNA Sequencing
(scRNA-seq) to Investigate Gene
Expression Profiles of Various Cell
Types in the TME of NPC
The TME denotes the microenvironment
immediately adjacent to tumor cells, which includes
the tumor cells, as well as immune cells, fibroblasts,
vascular networks, and the extracellular matrix. TME
is also an important target for tumor immunotherapy.
It exerts a substantial influence on the initiation,
progression, and dissemination of cancer cells. The
capacity to examine transcriptomes of single cells is
enabled by a high-throughput sequencing technology
known as scRNA-seq. Different cell types in the
TME can be studied using it to examine their gene
expression characteristics. Recent years have seen the
rapid advancement of single-cell sequencing
technology, which has allowed researchers to
examine the intricate patterns of miRNA expression
in NPC with previously unheard-of resolution.
According to Liu et al., scRNA-seq technology was
used to deeply explore the TME of NPC (Liu et al.,
2024). This study revealed the changes of gene
expression during the occurrence and development of
NPC cells and the complex network relationship
between different types of cells in the NPC TME.
They obtained high-quality scRNA-seq data by high-
throughput sequencing using the single-cell
sequencing platform of 10x Genomics. Quality
control and filtering of sequencing data were
performed using tools such as Cell Ranger to remove
low-quality cell data. Seurat and other R packages
were used for dimensionality reduction and cluster
analysis of the processed data, and the cells were
divided into different populations. For instance, T
cells, B cells, macrophages/monocytes, and natural
killer (NK) cells. The cell types’ classification was
confirmed by analyzing specific marker genes for
each cell population and then analyzed according to
the gene expression properties of each cell
population, identifying genes that show different
functional potential in different NPC types.
Comparison of gene expression differences between
primary tumors, metastatic tumors, and PBMC
revealed gene expression changes during the
initiation and progression of NPC. Finally, the
interaction between different cell types was analyzed
using tools such as Cellphonedb and CellChat,
revealing their complex network relationships in the
TME. For instance, T cells exhibit considerable
heterogeneity within the NPC TME, and notable
disparities exist in the gene expression patterns of T
cells between initial and advanced tumor stages,
mirroring the distinct immune responses of T cells
towards tumors at various points of progression. This
comprehensive analysis details the evolutionary
dynamics at single-cell resolution and the influence
of the TME, greatly advancing our understanding of
NPC metastasis. Hence, examining the gene
expression profiles of various cell types within the
NPC TME is highly important during the targeted
therapy of NPC.
2.3.2 The Influence of Animal Model
Construction on the
Study of TME of
NPC
Researchers have developed animal models that
simulate the onset, progression, and interaction of
NPC with adjacent tissues in humans, aiming to gain
a deeper understanding of the NPC TME and
ascertain the exact functions of miRNAs in NPC. The
function of miRNA is strongly supported by these
animal models, which also offer a fresh avenue for a
thorough investigation of the molecular mechanism
underlying NPC. Cai et al. used these animal models
to confirm the tumor suppressor role played by miR-
143 in NPC (Cai et al., 2015). We investigated the
role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encoded microRNA
BART1 in NPC and how it regulates NPC metastasis
through PTEN-dependent signaling. EBV exhibits a
robust correlation with the development of NPC and
is the first human virus found to encode miRNAs. .
While it is recognized that proteins encoded by EBV
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have significant roles in the progression and
metastasis of NPC, the precise manner in which EBV-
encoded miRNAs regulate the metastatic mechanism
of NPC remains to be elucidated. Their research
suggests that EBV-miR-BART1 is highly expressed
in NPC and shows a significant association with the
clinicopathological characteristics of the disease. The
migratory and invasive abilities of NPC cells were
assessed through the use of migration assays utilizing
transwell chambers, scratch assays to measure wound
closure, and the Boyden chamber invasion test. The
results revealed that the elevation of EBV-miR-
BART1 expression notably enhanced the migratory
and invasive capacities of NPC cells, and facilitated
tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Subsequently,
NPC cell lines were implanted into nude mice to
establish a xenograft system, aiming to investigate
how EBV-miR-BART1 influences tumor growth and
metastasis. The tumour suppressor protein PTEN was
directly targeted by EBV-miR-BART1, which
activated PTEN-dependent signalling pathways like
PI3K-Akt, FAK-p130Cas, and Shc-MAPK/ERK1/2,
according to additional validation. Furthermore, it
promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
and the migration, invasion and metastasis of NPC
cells. Therefore, the establishment of animal models
has a crucial impact on the study of TME and clinical
intervention strategies for NPC.
2.4 Effects of Competing Endogenous
RNA (ceRNA) Interaction Network
Composed of lncRNA/circRNA,
miRNA and mRNA on the
Regulation of NPC
The mechanism of ceRNA has been a hot topic in the
field of ncRNA research in recent years. This
mechanism describes how different ncRNAs compete
with one another to bind to shared miRNAs, which
indirectly modifies target gene expression. To
elucidate the crucial role of ncRNA in the onset and
progression of NPC, leveraging the ceRNA
mechanism, the establishment of an interaction
network comprising lncRNA/circRNA, miRNA, and
mRNA offers a novel approach for disease diagnosis
and treatment. By identifying the ncRNA interaction
networks that are closely related to diseases, ncRNA-
based biomarkers can be developed for early
diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of diseases. The
study by Liu et al. demonstrated that the evolution of
the lncRNA/CirRNA-miRNA-mRNA network in
NPC could aid in gaining a comprehensive insight
into the ceRNA mechanism underlying NPC and
provide novel prospective biomarkers for evaluating
NPC prognosis. (Liu et al., 2024). The ceRNA
network realizes the fine regulation of gene
expression through the interaction between various
RNA molecules. In this network, lncRNAs and
circRNAs competitively bind miRNAs, thereby
regulating mRNA expression. This regulatory
mechanism helps to maintain the balance of gene
expression in the organism. The ceRNA mechanism
exerts an impact on various cellular processes,
including cell proliferation, differentiation, and
apoptosis, among others. For example, certain
miRNAs can inhibit the translation of specific
mRNAs, while lncRNAs and circRNAs may relieve
this repression by competitively binding miRNAs,
thereby affecting cellular functions. Therefore,
modulating the expression levels of particular RNA
molecules within the ceRNA network could
potentially serve as a therapeutic approach for
treating diseases. It holds promise as a novel
therapeutic target for disease treatment in the future.
3 APPLICATION
3.1 miRNA Target Prediction and
Treatment Strategy of NPC
As bioinformatics technology and high-throughput
sequencing continue to advance, researchers are now
able to effectively predict the target genes of miRNAs
and experimentally confirm the distinct roles of these
target genes in NPC. Using these methods,
researchers have been able to predict and validate
particular miRNAs, like miR-124, as possible targets
for NPC treatment. The study by Liang et al.
predicted that miR-506 targeted the LHX2 gene and
showed that miR-506 targeted inhibition of LHX2
provides a promising therapeutic strategy for the
treatment of NPC. (Liang et al., 2019). LHX2 is a
gene encoding transcription factors and belongs to the
LIM homeobox gene family. The 3'utr region of
LHX2 may be directly bound by miR-506, which
would then suppress LHX2 expression. Wnt/β-
catenin signaling pathway plays a crucial role in
diverse biological processes, such as embryonic
development, cell proliferation, differentiation, and
migration. miR-506 inhibited the activation of Wnt/β-
catenin signaling pathway by inhibiting the
expression of LHX2. As an upstream regulator of this
pathway, LHX2 can directly or indirectly activate β-
catenin and other key molecules, thereby promoting
cell proliferation and invasion. miR-506 blocked the
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activation of this signaling pathway by down-
regulating LHX2, thereby blocking the NPC cells'
ability to proliferate and invade. One of the associated
targeted therapy approaches is miRNA mimic
therapy, which can be designed and synthesized to
mimic the tumor suppressor miRNAs (such as miR-
375, miR-506, etc.) that are down-regulated in NPC.
These mimics are able to mimic the function of
endogenous miRNAs, bind to the mRNA of target
genes and inhibit their expression, thereby restoring
or enhancing the tumor suppressive effect of
miRNAs. In addition, there are therapeutic strategies
such as miRNA inhibitor therapy and miRNA-based
personalized medicine. More miRNA-based
treatments will be used in the clinical treatment of
NPC in the future as associated technologies mature.
3.2 Correlation between miRNA
Expression Profile Analysis and
Progression of NPC
Comprehensive miRNA expression profiling could
help us to identify key miRNAs that are closely
related to NPC progression. These miRNAs can be
used not only as biomarkers for early diagnosis of
NPC, but also as important tools for prognostic
evaluation.
Chen's research revealed that numerous miRNAs
exhibited differential expression patterns in NPC
tissues when compared to healthy nasopharyngeal
tissues. Through their regulation of target gene
expression, these differentially expressed miRNAs
may have an impact on NPC cell invasion, migration,
apoptosis, and proliferation. (Chen, 2011). The
results of unsupervised clustering analysis indicated
that the differentially expressed miRNAs were
capable of markedly distinguishing NPC samples
from normal ones, and further classification of the
samples was possible based on the clinical stage of
NPC. This study also investigated the effects of
differentially expressed miRNAs on signaling
pathways, constructed a regulatory network of
miRNAs centered on c-Myc, and revealed the
complex interaction between miRNAs and c-Myc. In
clinical practice, it can be combined with traditional
diagnostic methods (such as pathological
examination and imaging examination), and miRNA
expression profile analysis can provide more
comprehensive diagnostic information. During the
treatment of NPC, miRNA expression profiling can
also be used to monitor the therapeutic effect. As a
result, miRNA expression profiling is a useful
technique for observing the distinct patterns of
miRNA expression in NPC and is crucial for
understanding how NPC develops.
4 EVALUATION OF CLINICAL
APPLICATION PROSPECTS
4.1 Biomarkers
miRNA has a lot of potential for use as biomarkers in
the clinical setting of NPC, especially in early
diagnosis, treatment sensitivity’s prediction,
prognostic evaluation and so forth. According to the
review of miRNA biomarkers by Wang et al., There
is discussion of the possible use of miRNAs as
therapeutic targets and biomarkers for patients with
NPC. It was determined that miRNAs might be
promising targets for treatment in NPC. (Wang et al.,
2019) It is anticipated that miRNA-based cancer
therapy will increase treatment response and cure
rates, either by itself or in conjunction with
conventional chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy.
4.2 Reveal the Characteristics of TME
By revealing the mechanism of miRNA in TME, it
can provide new ideas and methods for the diagnosis
and NPC’s treatment. The research conducted by
Zhang et al. highlighted that circulating miRNAs are
indicators of TME changes (Zhang et al., 2019).
Circulating miRNAs, found in plasma or serum, serve
as non-invasive indicators for alterations in the TME
of NPC. Seven miRNA signatures identified in this
study, including let-7b-5p and miR-140-3p, were
abnormally expressed in the plasma of NPC patients.
These miRNAs may be derived from tumor cells or
other cells in the TME, reflecting the presence and
progression of the tumor. To increase the therapeutic
effect, miRNA therapy can be used in conjunction
with more conventional treatments like
chemotherapy and radiation. For instance, it was
proposed that miR-29c might increase NPC cells'
susceptibility to radiation and chemotherapy with
cisplatin. This combination treatment strategy may
inhibit tumor cell growth and survival through
multiple pathways, thereby overcoming the
limitations of monotherapy. Second, achieving
clinical application of miRNA therapy will require
the development of efficient delivery systems. These
systems need to be able to stably deliver miRNAs to
NPC target tissues and maintain their stability and
activity in vivo. At present, a variety of delivery
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systems (such as liposomes, viral vectors, etc.) have
been used for miRNA delivery research, but the
specific delivery system for NPC still needs to be
further optimized and developed. Therefore, it is
important to reveal the characteristics of NPC TME
for the development of these therapies.
5 CONCLUSION
In this review, we systematically sorted out the
research progress of miRNA in the field of NPC,
focusing on the pathogenesis of NPC, the regulatory
mechanism of miRNA and Hippo, TGFβ/SMAD
signaling pathway on NPC, and the role of miRNA in
the TME of NPC. This review summarizes the
existing miRNA therapeutic strategies and the
prospective use of miRNA in NPC therapy. lncRNA
and circRNA compete with mRNA by absorbing
miRNA to form a regulatory network, which is
significant to NPC. However, there is a lack of
research on the ceRNA network of NPC that includes
both lncRNA and circRNA. Although circulating
miRNAs have the advantage of being non-invasive as
biomarkers, their sensitivity and specificity still need
to be further improved to meet the needs of clinical
application. Moreover, the safety and efficacy of
miRNA therapy in clinical practice need to be further
verified. Future research directions should continue to
deeply explore the molecular mechanism of miRNA
interaction with target genes to reveal the precise
pathway of miRNA action in NPC. Secondly, more
sensitive circulating miRNA detection methods
should be developed to improve their application
value in early diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of
NPC. In clinical practice, efforts should be intensified
to enhance miRNA-targeted therapy strategies,
aiming to boost therapeutic efficacy and minimize
adverse effects through the optimization of delivery
systems and combination treatments. This review
summarizes recent studies on the effect of miRNA on
NPC and provides new strategies for future treatment.
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