Development and Applications of Bionic Robots

Kangkai Zhang

The School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China

Keywords: Bionic Robot, Bionic Hummingbird Robot, Bionic Dog, Bionic Fish, Applications.

Abstract: In recent years, significant progress has been made in the field of bionic robotics. This paper discusses the

development of three major types of bionic robots, namely, bionic hummingbird robots, bionic dogs and

bionic fish, and their applications in production and life. A comprehensive overview of the current status and

future prospects of these robots is presented through an in-depth analysis of their research teams and

achievements, technical key points, problems solved, and practical applications. The bionic hummingbird

robot achieves efficient flight by simulating the wing beat pattern of real hummingbirds; the bionic dog excels

in industrial inspection and disaster rescue; and the bionic fish achieves efficient swimming by simulating the

propulsion mechanism of fish. These robots have a wide range of applications in agriculture, industry,

environmental monitoring, ocean exploration and other fields, providing innovative solutions to practical

problems. With technological progress and multidisciplinary integration, bionic robots will play a greater role

in the future.

1 INTRODUCTION

With the continuous progress of science and

technology, robotics technology is also developing

rapidly, among which bionic robots have attracted

much attention due to their unique design concepts

and wide application prospects. After millions of

years of natural selection and evolutionary

adaptation, organisms in nature have developed

highly optimized locomotion mechanisms and

morphological and structural features, which provide

a rich bionic research basis for the innovative

development of robotics, and these organisms'

locomotion patterns and physiological structures

have become important imitation objects for

researchers to develop bionic robots.

At present, research in the field of bionic robotics

has achieved certain results, and various types of

bionic robots have been introduced one after another,

and they have shown unique advantages and potential

in different application scenarios. However, despite

the progress made, there are still many key technical

problems to be solved, and its application scope and

performance need to be further expanded and

improved, especially in the adaptability of complex

environments, the level of intelligence, and the

https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1076-1346

integration of multi-disciplinary applications and

other aspects of the many gaps, which need to be

continuously explored and researched in depth by

researchers.

This study focuses on bionic hummingbird robots,

bionic dogs and bionic fish, three representative and

biomimetic bionic robots with significant features in

biomimicry. In-depth investigation of their R&D

teams and achievements, and analysis of the key

technologies involved behind them, such as bionic

structure design, material selection, drive and control

mechanisms, etc., which are the core support for

realizing bionic robots to move efficiently and work

accurately. At the same time, the problems solved by

these robots in different application scenarios is

analyzed in detail, including stability, mobility, and

diversity of tasks in complex environments, etc.,

describe the important roles they play and the

practical value they bring in many fields such as

agricultural production, industrial inspection, disaster

rescue, environmental monitoring, ocean exploration,

etc., and explore their contributions to improving

production efficiency, safeguarding human safety,

and promoting. The article will discuss their

contribution to improving production efficiency,

Zhang, K.

Development and Applications of Bionic Robots.

DOI: 10.5220/0014321800004718

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Engineering Management, Information Technology and Intelligence (EMITI 2025), pages 109-115

ISBN: 978-989-758-792-4

109

safeguarding human safety and promoting scientific

research.

The goal of this study is to comprehensively and

systematically sort out the development lineage of

bionic hummingbird robots, bionic dogs and bionic

fish, to deeply explore their technical advantages and

application potentials, to reveal the deficiencies in the

current research, and to provide a clear guideline for

future research directions. Through in-depth research

and analysis of these three types of bionic robots, not

only can human understanding and knowledge of

bionic robotics been deepened, technological

innovation and breakthroughs have been promoted in

this field but also help to expand its application in

more fields. Through the in-depth integration of

bionic robotics technology with actual production and

life, more efficient, smarter and more flexible

solutions to solve practical problems can be provided,

thus promoting the overall development of robotics

technology to a new level and making greater

contributions to the progress of human society.

2 BIONIC HUMMINGBIRD

ROBOT

2.1 Research Team and Achievements

A research team from Nanjing University has

developed a micro drone that can simulate the flight

of a hummingbird. The robot imitates the

hummingbird's efficient wing-flapping action and

flexible steering ability, using lightweight materials

to make the wings and built-in motor drive to achieve

hovering in the air, forward and backward flight and

rapid steering and other actions. The team analyzed

the effects of hummingbird wing geometry and

flapping frequency on flight performance, optimized

the wing design parameters with the help of

computational fluid dynamics simulations, and

introduced flexible materials to enhance the stability

and manoeuvrability of the robot in complex airflow

environments (Jia, Guo and Cao, 2025).

The Hummingbird Robot, designed by a team

from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in

Lausanne, has made a breakthrough in flight

manoeuvrability. The team explored the complex

deformation mechanism of hummingbird wings

during high-speed flight and rapid steering, and used

flexible materials and smart alloys to make wings that

deform like real hummingbird wings during flapping,

thus excelling in generating lift and thrust, and

achieving difficult manoeuvres such as emergency

stops, rapid steering and aerial circling. At the same

time, the team develops bio-inspired control

algorithms that enable the robot to adjust its flight

attitude in real time according to environmental

changes, demonstrating excellent autonomous flight

capabilities (Karl.et al,2012).

The ‘Robohummingbird’ bionic hummingbird

robot developed by a joint research team from the

University of Reading and the University of Glasgow,

UK, excels in the precise control of its flight attitude.

The researchers analyzed the kinematics and

dynamics of the hummingbird's wings during flight,

especially the torsion and deformation mechanisms

during the up and down flapping of the wings. Using

advanced motion capture systems and sensors to

monitor the flight attitude in real time, the team

combined with intelligent algorithms to precisely

control the frequency, amplitude and torsion angle of

the wing beats, so that the robot can fly stably in

complex airflow environments. The team also studied

the role of the hummingbird's tail and introduced a

similar structure into the robot design to improve

flight stability and manoeuvrability (Coleman.et al,

2015)

2.2 Technical Key Points

Hummingbird flight capability relies on its unique

musculoskeletal system. Researchers have found that

hummingbird pectoralis major and supraorbital

muscles are responsible for the downward and

upward wing beats, respectively, in flight. The bionic

hummingbird robot uses a combination of high-

efficiency motors and transmission mechanisms to

simulate muscle contraction and relaxation, and

precisely controls the motor speed and torque to

achieve precise wing flapping. Drawing on the

lightweight and high-strength characteristics of the

hummingbird skeleton, carbon fibre and other

composite materials are used to make the robot's

skeleton to reduce weight and improve structural

strength.

The complex vortex structure generated by

hummingbird wing beats is the key to its efficient

flight. Using a combination of computational fluid

dynamics simulations and wind tunnel experiments,

the researchers investigated the characteristics of the

flow field around the hummingbird's wings,

especially the leading edge vortex formation and

evolution mechanism. Based on this, the shape of the

robot's wings and flapping trajectory are optimized,

and the wing curvature, torsion angle and flapping

frequency are adjusted to generate stronger lift and

thrust in flight and reduce energy consumption.

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Meanwhile, the mimicry of hummingbird wing

surface microstructure is explored to further improve

the aerodynamic performance.

Hummingbird wings and tails are critical to their

flight stability and manoeuvrability. Researchers

have analyzed in detail the morphology and

movement of hummingbird wings and tails and their

impact on flight. The tail of the bionic hummingbird

robot is designed as an adjustable structure, so that

precise attitude control and flight trajectory

adjustment can be achieved by changing the angle

and shape of the tail during flight. For example, the

tail can be deployed or retracted to change the flight

direction, adjust the flight altitude, or maintain the

hovering state, which makes the robot more flexible

in complex environments.

2.3 Problems Solved

Stable flight in a complex airflow environment is a

major challenge for micro UAVs. The bionic

hummingbird robot adopts multi-sensor fusion

technology, combining gyroscopes, accelerometers

and barometers, to monitor its own attitude and speed

changes in real time. Based on these data, the

feedback control algorithm quickly adjusts the

frequency, amplitude and twisting angle of the wing

beats to counteract the interference of external

airflow. The adjustable tail design, which mimics the

tail of a hummingbird, also provides important

support for flight stability, enabling the robot to

maintain a stable flight attitude when the wind is

strong.

The hummingbird's manoeuvrability provides an

excellent mimic for bionic robots. By precisely

controlling the movements of its wings and tail, the

bionic hummingbird robot achieves complex

manoeuvres such as rapid steering, emergency stops

and hovering in the air. The researchers developed a

high-performance motor drive system and advanced

control algorithms to respond quickly to changes in

flight attitude. The flexible deformation

characteristics of the hummingbird's wings are

mimicked to generate more thrust and lift for rapid

manoeuvring in flight. The fine control of the tail also

further enhances the robot's manoeuvrability,

enabling it to travel flexibly in tight spaces.

2.4 Application of Production and Life

In agricultural production, the bionic hummingbird

robot can enter greenhouses and orchards in low-

altitude areas to monitor crop growth, pest control and

pollination assistance. Its flexible flight capability

allows it to travel between crop plants, capture high-

definition images and collect environmental data to

help farmers understand crop growth. In terms of pest

control, it can accurately deliver pesticides, reducing

the use of chemicals and environmental pollution. By

simulating the pollination behaviour of

hummingbirds, it can also pollinate crops, improving

pollination efficiency and crop yields, and making up

for the lack of pollination caused by the reduction in

the number of bees.

In industrial environments, bionic hummingbird

robots can be used for complex facility inspections,

such as high-rise shelf inventory, pipeline leakage

detection, and power equipment inspections. With its

small and flexible body, the robot can enter areas that

are difficult for traditional inspection equipment to

reach, such as narrow pipelines and the tops of tall

shelves. Equipped with high-definition cameras and

sensors, the robot can transmit images and data in real

time to help staff find equipment failures and safety

hazards in a timely manner, reduce the risk and cost

of manual inspection, and improve the safety and

efficiency of industrial production.

The bionic hummingbird robot has unique advantages

in the field of environmental monitoring and can be

used for environmental monitoring work in

ecological reserves, urban and industrial areas to

collect data on air quality, water pollution and noise

levels. Its stealthy and low-noise characteristics allow

it to observe the behaviour of wildlife at close range

for long periods of time and collect biodiversity data

without disturbing them. In air pollution monitoring,

it can quickly reach the vicinity of the pollution

source and monitor the distribution of pollutant

concentration in real time, providing a scientific basis

for environmental management. In the event of

natural disasters, such as earthquakes and floods, it

can quickly enter the affected area, assess the degree

of environmental hazards, and provide key

information to support rescue efforts.

3 BIONIC DOG

3.1 Research Team and Achievements

The Spot robot dog developed by Boston Dynamics

integrates multi-modal sensors to achieve accurate

perception and understanding of the environment. At

the same time, Spot perceives the environment based

on meta-learning, and can update its environmental

perception in time to improve its understanding of the

real environment, and then realize a more flexible and

agile movement with high speed, agility and

Development and Applications of Bionic Robots

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endurance. For example, Yushu Technology's Go1

robot dog can run at a speed of up to 4.7m/s and can

cover a large area in a short time(Raibert.et al,2008).

The ‘ Jue Ying ’ series of quadruped robots

developed by Hangzhou DeepCloud Technology Co.,

Ltd. have performed well in the fields of electric

power inspection and emergency rescue. For

example, the ‘Jue Ying’ X20 has a speed of 4.95

m/s, a payload capacity of 20 kg, and can cross 20 cm

obstacles, 1 m gullies, and move stably in complex

terrain such as 45-degree slopes and ruins. Its IP66

protection level supports operations in extreme

environments such as rainstorms and snow, and it is

equipped with a dual-light head, robotic arm and

other modules to achieve fully autonomous

navigation and dynamic obstacle avoidance(Semini.

et al,2011) (Bellicoso. et al, 2018).

3.2 Technical Key Points

The design of the limbs and body structure of the

bionic dog is crucial. For example, Boston Dynamics'

Spot adopts lightweight, high-strength and flexible

materials to build its limbs and body structure, so that

it can move flexibly like a real dog, and at the same

time, it has strong stability and support ability. The

design of the joints is based on the physiological

structure of the dog to achieve a wide range of motion

and flexible steering.

In order to make the bionic dog walk, run and jump

stably in different terrains and environments, the

researchers develop advanced gait planning and

control algorithms. Take the Hangzhou Cloud Deep's

Jade Shadow series of robotic dogs as an example, it

adopts advanced control algorithms, adjusts its gait in

real time according to the terrain and task

requirements, and realizes stable walking and fast

running under complex terrain.

3.3 Problems Solved

Traditional wheeled or tracked robots in rugged

mountain roads, ruins, swamps and other complex

terrain action is limited, while the bionic dog with

flexible limb movement and good balance ability, can

freely shuttle in these terrains. For example, Yushu

Technology's B1 industrial robotic dog, with its self-

developed motion control algorithms, has superb

obstacle-crossing capabilities, can easily climb stairs

and traverse rugged terrain, and can adapt to ruins,

railway tracks and other complex terrain.

Compared with single-function robots, bionic dogs

can be integrated with multi-tasking equipment to

complete a variety of complex tasks such as rescue,

inspection, security and other tasks. For example,

DeepCloud's ‘ Jue Ying ’ X30 is designed for

power inspection and factory corridors, and can

autonomously complete tasks such as substation

equipment inspection and abnormality warning; it can

also carry life detectors, gas sensors and other

modules in emergency rescue, and carry out

reconnaissance and material transport tasks in

dangerous areas.

3.4 Application in Production Life

In the industrial environment, bionic dogs can be used

for equipment inspection, logistics handling and other

work. For example, the ‘Jue Ying’ X20 in the

depths of the clouds is outstanding in electric power

inspection, and can replace manpower to complete

autonomous inspection in complex environments

such as substations, underground cable tunnels, etc. It

collects data in real time through high-precision

sensors to reduce safety hazards and operation and

maintenance costs.

After the disaster, the bionic dog can quickly enter the

ruins, collapsed buildings and other dangerous sites,

looking for survivors, delivering rescue supplies. For

example, Boston Dynamics' Spot robot dog has been

used in earthquake rescue simulation exercises, which

can traverse narrow gaps and complex ruins to find

trapped people and provide material support.

4 BIONIC FISH

4.1 Research Status

The Yinbo research team of the Institute of

Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has

conducted an in-depth study on the propulsion

mechanism and energy efficiency improvement of

intelligent robotic fish, and has established a three-

dimensional autonomous swimming model by

observing the swimming of tuna, analyzing the force

and the process of formation and shedding of tail

vortexes, and providing theoretical foundations for

the development of an intelligent robotic fish that

swims fast and has low energy consumption. The

robot fish imitating manta rays and lionfish developed

by Zhejiang University and other units adopts

intelligent drive of dielectric elastic material, and

realizes the drive experiment in the Mariana Trench

at 10,000 meters(Li.et al,2021)

An innovative wire-driven elastic bionic fish (WE-

RoFi) has been proposed by a research team

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consisting of Xiaocun Liao, Chao Zhou and others.

The design is inspired by natural fish muscle and

spine structure, and adopts multi-wire drive to

simulate fish muscle, combined with fish spine design

based on elastic elements, to achieve continuous tail

swing and C- and S-shaped swing modes, solving the

problems of traditional multi-jointed bionic fish, such

as unbalanced loads and uneven servomotor output

power, and verifying its propulsive performance

through the Lagrange Dynamic Model, with the

maximal swimming speed reaching 0.58 m/s (04

times the length of the fish body) in experiments. 0.58

m/s (1.04 times the length of the fish/sec)(Zhou.et

al,2022).

MIT researchers in the US have used SoFi, a soft

robot fish, to spy on fish living in Fiji's coral reefs,

minimizing the environmental disruption of human

behaviour(Katzschmann.et al,2018). University of

Florida researchers install artificial tendons in bionic

tuna and make them adjust tail stiffness based on

speed, halving energy consumption on average(Liu.et

al,2021).

4.2 Technical Key Points

Mimicking the way fish swim is the key to achieving

efficient swimming for bionic fish. Researchers have

developed various drive technologies to mimic this

propulsion mode, such as bionic muscle drive and

electromagnetic drive, by studying fish muscle

movement and hydrodynamic principles. For

example, the bionic robotic fish integrates tail and

pectoral fin structures, and the propulsion efficiency

of the robotic fish is derived through calculations, and

a comparative analysis of the hydrodynamic and

swimming performance of different fin structures is

conducted using computational fluid dynamics

methods to optimize the swimming performance of

the robotic fish.

The use of new materials, such as flexible materials,

is an important trend in the development of bionic

fish. These materials have good elasticity, flexibility

and biocompatibility, which can make the bionic fish

closer to the movement characteristics and

adaptability of real fish, and at the same time reduce

the interference to the environment. For example,

SoFi is made of flexible materials and can swim

freely in coral reefs without causing damage to fragile

corals (Keennon, Klingebiel and Won, 2012).

In order to enable bionic fish to autonomously swim,

avoid obstacles and perform tasks in an underwater

environment, advanced sensing and control systems

need to be developed. By integrating various sensors,

such as pressure sensors, acceleration sensors, and

vision sensors, the bionic fish can perceive

information about its own motion state and the

surrounding environment. Then, intelligent control

algorithms, such as central pattern generator (CPG)-

based control methods and fuzzy neural network

control, are used to process and analyze the

information fed back from the sensors, so as to

achieve effective control of the bionic fish's

movement. For example, the bionic robot fish

obstacle avoidance control technique based on

augmented learning can improve the autonomy and

flexibility of the bionic fish in complex underwater

environments.

WE-RoFi uses two pairs of thin wires to transmit the

servo motor torque to a specific position on the tail to

realize fish-like oscillations. This multi-wire coupled

drive not only allows the tail to oscillate continuously,

but also realizes complex oscillation patterns,

increasing bionicity and flexibility of movement,

which is a significant advantage over traditional

single-wire drives.

4.3 Problems Solved

Traditional underwater robots mostly use propellers

for propulsion, which has problems such as low

efficiency and high noise. By simulating the efficient

swimming mechanism of fish, the bionic fish has

significantly improved its propulsion efficiency,

which can realize faster swimming speed with lower

energy consumption, extend the underwater working

time and expand the operation range.

Fish are extremely maneuverable in the water, and the

bionic fish inherits this advantage to achieve flexible

and maneuverable movements in complex

underwater environments, such as weaving through

narrow gaps and quickly avoiding obstacles, to better

adapt to the needs of various underwater tasks.

The bionic fish with flexible materials and bionic

propulsion method produces less noise during

underwater movement, and the disturbance to the

water current is relatively small, which will not affect

the normal life and behavior of underwater organisms

too much, and is conducive to obtaining more

accurate and natural data in application scenarios

such as underwater biological observation and

ecological monitoring.

4.4 Application in Production and Life

Bionic fish can swim freely in complex environments

such as deep oceans, narrow coral reef areas, or

dangerous shipwreck sites to perform tasks such as

marine environmental data collection, undersea

Development and Applications of Bionic Robots

113

topographic mapping, and marine life monitoring,

providing richer and more accurate data support for

marine scientific research. For example, it monitors

changes in environmental parameters such as

temperature, salinity, acidity and alkalinity, and

pollutant concentration in the ocean, as well as

observing the types, numbers, distribution and

behavioral patterns of marine organisms.

In the field of underwater archaeology, the bionic fish

can penetrate into some archaeological sites that are

difficult to reach by humans or dangerous for human

divers, and carry out detailed exploration and

research on shipwrecks and ancient harbors, etc., so

as to obtain precious historical relics and

archaeological information. In underwater rescue

operations, bionic fish can rely on flexible mobility

and small size to quickly arrive at the scene of an

accident, search for missing persons or detect

dangerous environments, buying time and providing

effective support for rescue work.

Bionic fish can be used to monitor water quality

conditions, fish health and growth in aquaculture

environments, helping farmers to adjust farming

parameters in a timely manner and improve farming

efficiency. At the same time, bionic fish can be used

to monitor and guide wild fish populations to achieve

sustainable management of fishery resources. For

example, specific signals or actions emitted by bionic

fish can be used to induce the direction of fish

swimming and prevent fish from being overly dense

or entering dangerous areas.

In the field of education, bionic fish can be used as an

intuitive and vivid teaching tool to show students the

principle of fish swimming, ecological habits and

other knowledge, and stimulate students' interest in

marine science and engineering technology. In the

field of entertainment, bionic fish can be used in

aquarium exhibitions, underwater photography and

other activities to bring visitors a new visual

experience and enhance people's understanding of

marine life and awareness of protection.

5 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

5.1 Performance Enhancement

In the future, the performance of bionic robots is

expected to make further breakthroughs. Taking the

bionic hummingbird robot as an example, researchers

will continue to optimize the design of its wings and

tail, and use new smart materials and advanced

manufacturing processes to improve the strength,

flexibility and durability of the wings. For example,

the use of carbon fiber composite materials to make

the robot skeleton and wings, its high strength and

low density characteristics can significantly reduce

the weight of the robot, reduce the lift required for

flight, reduce the power requirements of the drive

motor, optimize energy consumption. At the same

time, the overall structure of the robot is optimized

and designed to remove unnecessary parts and

simplify mechanical connections to further reduce

weight. In addition, efficient gear transmission or

linkage transmission systems are designed to reduce

energy transfer losses and improve energy utilization

efficiency. Introduce advanced transmission

technologies such as harmonic transmission to more

accurately control the frequency and amplitude of

wing beats and reduce energy loss.

5.2 Intelligent Development

Bionic robots will be deeply integrated with artificial

intelligence and machine learning technology to

develop in the direction of intelligence. Researchers

use deep learning algorithms to train robots to learn

flight strategies and environmental characteristics

autonomously. For example, through reinforcement

learning methods, the robot optimizes its flight path

planning and target recognition ability through

continuous trial and error in a simulated environment.

Based on computer vision and pattern recognition

technology, the robot realizes more accurate object

detection, tracking and obstacle avoidance functions,

demonstrates higher autonomy and adaptability, and

reduces its dependence on human intervention.

5.3 Multidisciplinary Integration

Bionic robots will be deeply integrated with biology,

medicine, materials and other multidisciplinary fields

to expand the scope of application. In the field of

biomedicine, researchers develop miniature medical

robots for in vivo surgery, drug delivery and

biological tissue repair. Mimicking the precise flight

ability of hummingbirds, the medical robots travel

through narrow spaces in the human body, such as

blood vessels, to realize precise drug release and

lesion treatment. In the field of materials science, the

development of new bionic materials provides better

performance characteristics for robots, such as self-

repairing ability and shape memory function. This

kind of interdisciplinary integration and innovation

promotes the continuous progress of bionic robotics

and provides the possibility of solving more practical

problems.

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6 CONCLUSIONS

In this paper, bionic hummingbird robots, bionic dogs

and bionic fish have been thoroughly studied and

their research results and key technologies have been

summarized. By simulating the flight mechanism of

hummingbird, the bionic hummingbird robot has

made significant progress in flight stability, energy

consumption optimization and maneuverability, and

has been successfully applied in the fields of

agricultural monitoring, industrial inspection and

environmental monitoring. The bionic dog, with its

efficient locomotion ability and multi-functional

integration, excels in complex terrain adaptability and

task diversity, and is widely used in industrial

production, disaster rescue and other fields. The

Bionic Fish improves energy efficiency and

maneuverability and reduces interference with the

environment by imitating the swimming mechanism

of fish, and is suitable for scenarios such as ocean

exploration, underwater archaeology and

aquaculture.

These bionic robots play an important role in their

respective fields of application and provide

innovative solutions to practical problems. They not

only improve work efficiency, but also enhance the

ability of humans to operate in complex and

hazardous environments, bringing much convenience

and value to production, life and scientific research.

In the future, the field of bionic robotics still has great

potential for development. With the continuous

progress of technology, bionic robots are expected to

make greater breakthroughs in performance, such as

higher flight speed, stronger load capacity and longer

endurance. The improvement of intelligence level

will enable bionic robots to have stronger

autonomous learning and environmental adaptation

capabilities, and be able to accomplish tasks more

flexibly in complex and changing environments. At

the same time, the integration of multiple disciplines

will further expand the application scope of bionic

robots and promote their innovative applications in

more fields such as biomedicine and materials

science. This will bring more possibilities and

opportunities for the development of human society.

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