Collaborative Organization of Transnational Cyber Fraud Crimes: A

Focus on Deepfake Scams

Aijia He

, Wenyi Li

and Haoyu Wu

3,*

Tianjin University of Finance and Economics, Tianjin, China

Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing, China

Renmin University of China, Beijing, China

Keywords: Collaborative Organization, Transnational Cyber Fraud Crimes, Deepfake Scams.

Abstract: The abuse of deepfake technology has propelled transnational cyber fraud towards a more technologically

driven and cross-border collaborative form. This paper focuses on the reconfiguration of the transnational

fraud criminal ecosystem by deepfake technology and its governance challenges. By employing a

comprehensive approach that includes literature review, legal hermeneutics analysis, and empirical research

methods , the paper systematically explores the technical characteristics, scale of harm, and governance

dilemmas associated with deepfake technology. The study reveals that deepfakes have broken through

biometric identification barriers, exacerbating the autonomy and precision of fraud schemes. Meanwhile,

international cooperation efforts are constrained by jurisdictional conflicts, legal disparities, and difficulties

in cross-border evidence collection. In light of these findings, the paper proposes governance

recommendations such as restructuring international treaties, optimizing jurisdictional coordination, and

establishing a global information-sharing mechanism. It highlights China's key role in aiding international

fraud governance and rule-setting.

1 INTRODUCTION

With the deep application of artificial intelligence

technology, transnational cyber fraud crimes have

broken through geographical limitations, forming a

new type of criminal ecosystem driven by technology

and cross-border collaboration. Compared with

traditional models, the core difference lies in the

breakthrough of biometric barriers by technological

tools (such as deep fakes and voice cloning), and the

evolution of the criminal process towards autonomy

and precision (Zhang, 2018). Criminal organizations

build transnational criminal networks through

technologies such as cloud database sharing and real-

time translation tools, leading to a doubling of

difficulties in cross-border electronic evidence

collection and judicial cooperation (Qiao, 2018).

The current cross-border network technology-

based scams primarily manifest in four categories of

technical crimes: Firstly, video forgery crimes, such

as the fake video in March 2022 that purportedly

showed Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy

"announcing surrender" which spread on Facebook

(Wu, 2023). Secondly, audio forgery crimes, where

voice cloning is used to mimic specific individuals'

voice commands for transfers; thirdly, image forgery

crimes, exemplified by the 2023 Guangzhou Metro

incident where a woman was falsely portrayed using

"AI one-click undressing"; and fourthly, text forgery

crimes, which involve generating false financial

information through natural language processing to

induce transfers.

This article focuses on cross-border scams driven

by deepfake technology, primarily based on three

reasons: Firstly, there has been a significant increase

in the penetration rate of the technology. Deepfake

technology, which started in 2017 with an anonymous

user u/deepfakes on Reddit synthesizing celebrity

pornographic videos, has seen a surge in related

research papers reaching 1,207 by 2019. The open-

source nature of the technology has accelerated its

global spread (Jia, 2021). Secondly, the harm caused

by individual cases has dramatically increased. In

2018, a forged video of Obama attacking Trump

received 2 million views and 50,000 likes, directly

impacting international political security (Long,

He, A., Li, W. and Wu, H.

Collaborative Organization of Transnational Cyber Fraud Crimes: A Focus on Deepfake Scams.

DOI: 10.5220/0014293000004859

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Politics, Law, and Social Science (ICPLSS 2025), pages 5-12

ISBN: 978-989-758-785-6

2019). Thirdly, the technology chain has matured.

The emergence of tools like FakeApp and Faceswap

has greatly facilitated the creation of false identities

for carrying out scams (Long, 2024).

As such, deepfake technology has evolved beyond

being a mere tool for criminal activities; it has

become a strategic variable driving the evolution of

the transnational fraud ecosystem. The strong

correlation between its technical characteristics and

the scale of harm it causes makes it a central research

subject in the governance of cybercrime in the digital

age. Based on this, this article will systematically

analyze how deepfake technology is reshaping the

operational paradigms and governance challenges of

transnational fraud, and use this analysis as a

theoretical basis to optimize the transnational

cooperation organizations for combating cyber fraud

crimes.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

The rapid advancement of internet technology has led

to a surge in transnational cyber fraud, with the

emergence of deepfake technology presenting novel

challenges to global legal frameworks and

international cooperation. Scholars have investigated

deepfake technology from various perspectives,

including its underlying principles, application risks,

legal regulation, and the jurisdictional aspects of

transnational cybercrime. These studies have

provided in-depth analyses of transnational cyber

fraud, offering a rich theoretical foundation and

practical guidance for establishing international cyber

cooperation mechanisms.

Researchers have detailed the generation

principles of deepfake technology, highlighting its

use of autoencoders, generative adversarial networks,

and other deep learning tools to create highly realistic

facial and voice forgeries. The proliferation of open-

source tools and commercial software has

significantly lowered the barrier to entry for this

technology. Despite advancements in deepfake

detection technologies, significant challenges remain,

such as dependence on specific datasets and

generation algorithms, as well as insufficient

detection capabilities for unknown types of

manipulation (Li, 2021). This indicates that the

misuse of deepfake technology poses substantial

harm to society, while existing countermeasures are

demonstrably limited, necessitating more effective

solutions.

Another study delves into the role of deepfake

videos in the context of the Russia-Ukraine conflict,

illustrating the technology's function in the

manipulation of public opinion (He et al., 2023).

The research highlights the targeted nature of these

videos, both in terms of their release timing and

thematic content, which are often designed to counter

each other. This underscores the detrimental impact

of deepfake technology on public perception and

international relations in transnational scenarios,

emphasizing the urgency of addressing this issue.

Scholars have also examined jurisdictional

conflicts in transnational cybercrime, noting that the

characteristics of such crimes—their transnational

nature, virtuality, and scale—challenge traditional

jurisdictional rules based on territorial sovereignty.

Conflicts frequently arise between territorial and

personal jurisdiction in cases of transnational cyber

fraud. To resolve these issues, the international

community should advocate for priority jurisdiction

rules, and nations must actively engage in criminal

justice cooperation. China should also reconstruct its

territorial jurisdiction rules and establish international

collaboration mechanisms, which is crucial for

resolving jurisdictional challenges in transnational

cyber fraud (Su, 2020).

Scholarly analysis has also been conducted on the

current state, collaborative approaches, constraints,

and potential solutions concerning cross-strait

telecommunications fraud. While the incidence of

such crimes has decreased, significant cases persist,

with increasingly sophisticated techniques and a

growing professionalization of criminal activities.

Despite existing cooperation between the two sides,

challenges remain, including incomplete cooperation

agreements and significant differences in judicial

systems (Wang, 2021). Therefore, it is imperative to

further refine cooperation agreements, innovate

police cooperation models, resolve conflicts in

criminal jurisdiction, and establish joint asset

recovery mechanisms to enhance the collaborative

fight against transnational cybercrime.

In conclusion, deepfake technology and

transnational cyber fraud are closely linked and pose

significant threats, yet current countermeasures are

demonstrably insufficient. Future research on the

organizational aspects of combating transnational

cyber fraud should further explore the construction of

more effective international cooperation frameworks.

This involves, on the one hand, defining the

responsibilities of cooperative organizations in terms

of technical prevention, information sharing, and the

ICPLSS 2025 - International Conference on Politics, Law, and Social Science

development of detection technologies, considering

the characteristics and harms of deepfake technology.

On the other hand, it necessitates clarifying the role

of cooperative organizations in coordinating national

jurisdictions and promoting judicial cooperation,

based on solutions to jurisdictional conflicts in

transnational cybercrime, thereby providing stronger

support for combating transnational cyber fraud.

3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

3.1 Empirical Analysis of Existing

International Cooperation

Organizations for the Governance

of Transnational Cyber Fraud

3.1.1 The Current Situation of

Transnational Cyber Fraud Involving

Deepfake Technology

In recent years, deepfake technology, as a new

technology based on deep learning and Generative

Adversarial Networks (GAN) models, has been able

to create highly realistic forgeries of videos, audio,

and images. It can even replace one person's facial

features and voice with those of another scene or

character, thereby producing effects that are

indistinguishable from reality (Jasserand,2024). This

technology first gained attention through social media

platforms in 2017 and quickly sparked widespread

interest. It has not only altered the credibility of

traditional media and personal information but also

brought serious legal and ethical challenges to the

fields of entertainment, politics, and personal privacy

(He, 2023).

With the advancement of technology, the

application scope of deepfakes is continuously

expanding, and its role in fraudulent activities is

becoming increasingly significant. According to a

report released by Dutch company Deeptrace, as of

September 2019, the number of deepfake videos

globally had reached 15,000, a stark contrast to the

less than 8,000 videos in December 2018, indicating

a rapid growth in the application of this technology.

Especially in 2017, when the anonymous online user

u/deepfakes began uploading and widely

disseminating related content, it enabled non-

professionals to quickly produce fake videos with the

help of open-source code (He, 2023). The

proliferation of this technology not only poses a threat

to the entertainment industry and the reputation of

public figures but is also being exploited by criminals

for financial fraud, political propaganda, and the

spread of misinformation on social networks,

gradually evolving into a new trouble that impacts

cybersecurity and social order.

In this context, the three case examples presented

in Table 1 vividly illustrate the application of

deepfake technology in fraudulent activities and the

challenges in its governance.

Table 1. The case summary.

Case Name Time Summary Challenges in Governance

vZAO software

incident

August 2019

China's Momo company has launched a

"one-click face swap" application, which

has sparked controversy due to excessive

requests for personal information and

data leakage risks in its user agreement.

The technology could potentially be used

for creating fake videos for scams.

Balancing privacy protection with

technological innovation is challenging;

legal regulation lags behind, and there is

a gap in preventing the misuse of

technology.

Balancing privacy protection

with technological innovation is

challenging; legal supervision

lags behind, and there is a gap in

preventing the misuse of

technology.

Ukraine-Russia

conflict fake video

March 2022

Using GAN technology to forge videos

of Ukrainian and Russian leaders making

speeches, spreading misinformation

through social media, and misleading the

The spread of misinformation is

rapid and its source is difficult to

trace; there is a lack of

international joint governance

Collaborative Organization of Transnational Cyber Fraud Crimes: A Focus on Deepfake Scams

Case Name Time Summary Challenges in Governance

global public and policymakers'

understanding of the conflict.

mechanisms, and cross-border

cooperation is complex.

Deepfake

pornographic video

Since 2017

Anonymous users utilize deepfake

technology to replace the faces of

celebrities in pornographic videos for the

purpose of blackmail or illegal profit,

with the content being disseminated

across borders through the dark web.

Regulating anonymous networks

(such as the dark web) is

challenging; international law

enforcement cooperation is

inefficient, and technical

evidence collection is complex.

These cases demonstrate that scammers,

leveraging deepfake technology, significantly

enhance their deceptive effectiveness by generating

highly realistic audio and video content through deep

learning and GANs, in conjunction with social

engineering tactics and rapid dissemination channels

such as social media. The target groups are both broad

and specific: the general public is susceptible due to

insufficient technical discernment, while high-value

targets such as celebrities and public figures are

prioritized due to their social status and public

attention. Simultaneously, scammers often exploit the

anonymity of the internet and the open-source nature

of technology for international collaboration, thereby

multiplying the difficulty of tracking and governance

efforts.

Specifically, the challenges in governance mainly

manifest in the following aspects: Firstly, the high

level of realism in deepfake content makes it difficult

for ordinary users and traditional detection methods

to distinguish between truth and falsehood (Yang,

2024). Even when informed beforehand about the

possibility of forgery, a large number of people may

still misjudge its authenticity. Secondly, the current

legal system lacks specific punitive measures for

deepfake scams, and the differences in laws among

countries and inadequate law enforcement

cooperation further exacerbate the difficulty of

governance. Additionally, the rapid dissemination of

false information on the internet and social media

means that once published, misinformation spreads

quickly. For example, false videos about the Russia-

Ukraine conflict have had a significant impact on

global public opinion in a short time, making it

difficult for regulatory authorities to respond

promptly. Finally, the public's insufficient

understanding of deepfake technology provides

opportunities for fraudulent activities, and the risk of

future scams may further increase (He, 2023).

3.1.2 Current Cooperation Organizations in

Governing Transnational Cyber Fraud

Crimes

The current international community's cooperation

organizations in governing transnational cybercrimes

primarily include INTERPOL and Europol.

INTERPOL provides member states with information

sharing and technical support through global police

communication services, crime intelligence centers,

and specialized databases, and assists in the pursuit of

transnational criminals through Red Notices and Blue

Notices. However, its operational effectiveness is

limited by factors such as voluntary cooperation from

member states, insufficient funding, and trust crises

(Yang, 2024). Europol effectively combats

transnational organized crime and cybercrime

through information sharing systems, joint operations,

and professional support, but its operations also face

challenges such as resource disparities among

member states, inconsistent legal systems, and

political interference (Shang, 2023). Bilateral and

multilateral cooperation demonstrates high efficiency

in coordinating judicial resources and clarifying

jurisdiction, but differences in legal systems, conflicts

of national interests, and the imperfection of

international criminal judicial assistance mechanisms

limit its practical effects.

Overall, although these cooperation

organizations have achieved certain results in

combating transnational cybercrimes, further

improvement in governance effectiveness is still

needed by strengthening member state collaboration,

improving the international legal framework, and

promoting the formulation of global conventions.

ICPLSS 2025 - International Conference on Politics, Law, and Social Science

3.1.3 Challenges for Cooperation

Organizations Against Transnational

Cyber Fraud

Jurisdictional Conflict. A primary challenge for

cooperation organizations in combating transnational

cyber fraud is jurisdictional conflict. This conflict

manifests primarily as overlaps between national

territorial jurisdictions, intersections between

territorial and personal jurisdictions, and

contradictions between protective jurisdiction and

territorial jurisdiction. Territorial jurisdictional

conflicts are particularly prominent in cyber fraud, as

the location of the crime's consequences may involve

multiple countries. The widespread adoption of broad

territorial jurisdictional standards by various nations

complicates jurisdictional claims. Although scholars

have proposed limiting the scope of territorial

jurisdiction by increasing the connecting factors for

determining the crime's location or by referencing the

"minimum contacts"，these conflicts remain difficult

to fully resolve in practice. Furthermore, conflicts

between territorial and personal jurisdiction are

common in cyber fraud, especially when perpetrators

refuse to return to their home countries. While

criminal justice cooperation through extradition and

repatriation can partially alleviate these conflicts,

differences in substantive laws among countries still

provide opportunities for perpetrators to evade legal

responsibility. Protective jurisdiction, although

significant in combating cybercrimes that endanger

national security from abroad, has its role weakened

by its intersection with territorial jurisdiction, and the

coordination effects of the reasonableness principle

are also relatively limited (Su, 2020).

Structural Misalignment Dilemma in Cybercrime

Legislation. The structural misalignment in

cybercrime legislation exacerbates the challenges in

governing transnational cyber fraud. Despite the

increasing transnational nature of cybercrimes, the

international community has yet to establish a unified

global convention. Existing regional treaties, such as

the Budapest Convention, are limited by their

membership scope and high entry barriers, failing to

meet global demands. Some countries advocate for

utilizing the United Nations Convention against

Transnational Organized Crime, but its provisions are

insufficient to address the specific characteristics of

cybercrimes. Countries like China and Russia have

called for the formulation of a global convention

within the UN framework, but this has been resisted

by some signatories of the Budapest Convention,

leading to increased fragmentation of rules.

Simultaneously, the United States, through unilateral

actions like the CLOUD Act, attempts to establish a

"network" for cross-border electronic evidence

retrieval, further intensifying the inconsistencies in

regulations. Although the UN has prioritized

combating cybercrime, negotiations for a global

convention are progressing slowly, and international

cooperation in cybercrime governance still faces the

challenge of structural misalignment in legislation

(Wu, 2020).

Challenges in the Collection and Conversion of

Cross-Border Evidence.

First, the international

judicial assistance mechanism suffers from low

efficiency. Taking the "Zhang Kaimin

Telecommunication Fraud Case" as an example,

although Kenya transferred physical evidence to

China, the extraction and identification of electronic

evidence was time-consuming, increasing the risk of

data tampering or loss. Furthermore, China has only

signed bilateral judicial assistance treaties with 86

countries, which have limited coverage, and some

treaty contents are not perfect, making it difficult to

carry out effective cooperation in countries without

treaties. Complex multi-agency coordination and

lengthy procedures further delay case investigation,

forming an "inverted U-shaped" efficiency bottleneck.

Second, the role conflict of network service

providers. As shown in the "Gao's Shared Bicycle

Accident Case," enterprises need to cooperate with

law enforcement while also bearing the obligation of

protecting user data. Due to the lack of clear legal

norms, enterprises often weigh compliance risks and

respond passively, even refusing to provide key

evidence. This collaborative dilemma not only delays

the progress of the investigation but may also lead to

the inability to solve the case due to the lack of

evidence.

Finally, unilateral cross-border evidence

collection presents conflicts between sovereignty and

privacy. In the "Hu Zijia Online Gambling Case,"

Chinese police were deadlocked because they could

not directly obtain data from overseas servers.

Although unilateral evidence collection is efficient, it

may infringe on the network sovereignty of other

countries and excessively collect irrelevant personal

data, violating the principle of proportionality. For

example, when evidence is obtained across borders

through technical means, it is easy to involve the

privacy of third parties other than the suspects,

Collaborative Organization of Transnational Cyber Fraud Crimes: A Focus on Deepfake Scams

triggering legal disputes (Chen, 2023).

The Dilemma Between Intelligence Sharing and

Data Privacy Protection. In the governance of

transnational cyber fraud, striking a balance between

intelligence sharing and data privacy protection

presents a significant challenge. Intelligence sharing

is crucial for combating transnational cyber fraud;

efficient information exchange enables law

enforcement agencies to more accurately identify,

track, and combat criminal activities. However, data

privacy protection is equally important, especially in

cross-border data flows, where personal privacy and

data security face considerable risks. Existing

mechanisms, such as the European Union's General

Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), China's

Cybersecurity Law, and India's Personal Data

Protection Bill, attempt to balance intelligence

sharing and privacy protection through data access

controls, encryption technologies, and legal

constraints. Nevertheless, these mechanisms still face

serious challenges. Differences in legal systems,

privacy protection standards, and technical

capabilities among countries make it difficult to fully

reconcile the conflicts between privacy and security

in cross-border data flows. For example, some

countries, based on national security or law

enforcement needs, require access to data from other

countries, which may conflict with the privacy

protection laws of the data source country.

Furthermore, technical vulnerabilities and the risk of

cyberattacks exacerbate the dilemma of data security

and privacy protection. Therefore, despite the

achievements of existing mechanisms, further

optimization of intelligence sharing mechanisms is

needed through enhanced international cooperation,

unified data protection standards, and improved

technical security to achieve more effective

governance of transnational cyber fraud (Wang,

2020).

3.2 Optimization of Cooperative

Organization of Transnational

Fraud Governance

3.2.1 Push for International Treaties,

Legislative Systems, and Optimized

Jurisdiction

Under the framework of the United Nations,

international cooperation organizations should

actively promote countries to reach consensus on the

governance of cybercrimes, formulate a Convention

on the Jurisdiction of Transnational Cybercrimes,

fully take into account the interests and needs of

different countries, balance the differences between

developed and developing countries, lower the

threshold for accession like the Budapest Convention,

and expand the scope of application of the

Convention. The international community should

jointly resist unilateral actions, advocate bilateral

cooperation and regional law enforcement, set up

transnational joint investigation coordination centers,

achieve efficient transfer of jurisdiction through

regional mutual legal assistance agreements,

strengthen coordination of legislation on cyber crimes,

and strengthen the construction and refinement of

extradition treaties and treaties on criminal judicial

cooperation.

Secondly, efforts should be made to optimize

jurisdiction on the basis of the United Nations

Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.

Countries should consult together at the international

level to formulate unified, clear and more operational

jurisdiction standards, mainly based on the principle

of limited expansion of territorial jurisdiction, and

apply the principle of jurisdiction of ownership and

protection respectively for different transnational

cyber fraud crimes, supplemented by the principle of

priority admissibility (Wang&Liu, 2024).When a

number of countries claim territorial jurisdiction, they

should adopt the double standard of "place of main

crime + place of material damage result" to reduce the

uncertainty of law application. At the same time, they

can learn from the asset recovery mechanism of the

United Nations Convention against Corruption,

establish a system of sharing the proceeds of cross-

border crimes, and solve the practical contradiction

between protective jurisdiction and territorial

jurisdiction.

3.2.2 Innovate Cross-Border Forensics

Models and Strengthen Technology

Empowerment

First of all, big data policing is the foundation of

modern development. China can use big data

technology to analyze and mine criminal clues, build

a "blockchain + smart contract" electronic evidence

storage system, and solve the problem of easy

tampering of electronic data. Second, establish a fast

track for cross-border forensics, formulate cross-

border emergency forensics rules, enable a "green

channel" for cases involving major public security,

ICPLSS 2025 - International Conference on Politics, Law, and Social Science

and establish a judicial big data analysis center to use

AI technology to automatically convert forms of

evidence in different jurisdictions, such as converting

"hearsay evidence" in the common law system into

"written testimony" in the civil law system. At the

same time, China can provide technical support in

transnational cybercrimes, share technical tools and

databases related to cybercrime governance with

other countries, develop new cloud control, and carry

out regional cooperation by relying on computers, the

Internet and cloud computing. China can also provide

its self-developed network monitoring software and

malicious code analysis tools to countries in need. To

help them improve their ability to monitor and

analyze cyber crimes, and promote a more effective

governance mechanism for transnational cyber fraud

crimes.

3.2.3 Establish a Privacy-Focused Intel

Sharing Mech to Build a Secure Data

Ecology

In terms of cross-border cooperation, the strategy of

sharing threat intelligence is at the core of enhancing

cooperation. Real-time information sharing enables

countries and organizations to detect and respond to

cyber threats more effectively. Platforms such as the

European Union's Cybersecurity Agency (ENISA)

and the US Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security

Agency (CISA) have demonstrated the value of

collective intelligence-sharing mechanisms in

reducing risk (Qudus, 2025). China can set up

regional data security alliances to build a global data

governance community that balances security and

efficiency. At the same time, China can publicize its

experience and propositions on cybercrime

governance by holding international conferences and

participating in international forums, encourage

cooperation among countries on the basis of equality

and mutual trust, and promote the establishment of a

fair and reasonable international cybercrime

governance system.

4 CONCLUSION

Through a systematic analysis of the application of

Deepfake technology in transnational cyber fraud and

its governance challenges, this study reveals the key

role of deepfake technology in promoting the

ecological upgrading of transnational fraud crime.

The study found that the abuse of deepfake

technology has evolved from a single criminal tool to

a strategic variable driving the upgrade of

transnational fraud ecology, and the strong correlation

between its technical characteristics and the scale of

harm makes it difficult for traditional legal

framework and governance measures to effectively

deal with it. The governance of transnational cyber

fraud crimes faces multiple challenges, including

jurisdictional conflicts, differences in legal systems,

difficulties in cross-border forensics, and the balance

between intelligence sharing and data privacy

protection. Although international cooperation

organizations such as Interpol and Europol have

achieved some success in combating transnational

cybercrimes, their operational effectiveness is still

limited by factors such as voluntary cooperation

among member states and the disunity of legal

systems. This paper puts forward governance

suggestions such as reconstructing international

treaties, optimizing jurisdiction, strengthening

cooperation among international organizations, and

building information sharing mechanisms, and

emphasizes China's positive role in promoting the

Belt and Road Initiative, participating in the

formulation of international rules on cybercrime

governance, and providing technical assistance.

However, this study also has some limitations,

such as the data source mainly relies on public

literature and cases, and lacks first-hand empirical

data; The legal analysis is limited by the differences

in the legal systems of different countries, and it is

difficult to fully cover the application of law in

transnational cases; in addition, deep counterfeiting

technology is developing rapidly, and this paper may

not be able to fully cover the latest technological

progress and criminal methods. Future studies should

strengthen the collection of empirical data, deepen the

comparative analysis of transnational laws, and pay

close attention to the technological frontier to propose

more forward-looking governance strategies.

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION

All the authors contributed equally and their names

were listed in alphabetical order.

REFERENCES

Chen, Y. 2024. Research on E-discovery of cross-border

cybercrimes. Science of Law Journal 3(7): 1-3.

Collaborative Organization of Transnational Cyber Fraud Crimes: A Focus on Deepfake Scams

He, K., et al. 2023a. Cognitive Rashomon effect fabrication:

A case study of deepfake in the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

News World 1: 88-96.

He, K., et al. 2023b. Abuse and governance of deepfake

technology. Computer Science and Technology 39: 123-

130.

Jasserand, C. 2024. Deceptive deepfakes: Is the law coping

with AI-altered representations of ourselves? 2024

International Conference of the Biometrics Special

Interest Group (BIOSIG). IEEE: 1-4.

Jia, Z.F. 2021a. Legal risks and regulatory responses to

deepfake technology under the Civil Code perspective.

Journal of Northeast Agricultural University (Social

Science Edition) 1: 71-78.

Jia, Z.F. 2021b. Deepfake technology and its development

trends. Network Security Technology & Application 10:

55-61.

Jiang, Y. 2021. The orientation and limits of criminal

regulation on AI deepfake technology risks. Chinese

Criminal Science 9: 104.

Lawal, Q. 2025. Cybersecurity governance: Strengthening

policy frameworks to address global cybercrime and

data privacy challenges. International Journal of

Science and Research Archive 14(1): 8.

Li, X.R., et al. 2021. A survey on deepfake and detection

technologies. Journal of Software 32(2): 496-518.

Long, J. 2024. Legal risk prevention of AI deepfake

technology. Rule of Law Society 3: 71.

Long, K., et al. 2019. Challenges and countermeasures of

deepfake to national security. Information Security and

Communications Privacy 10: 22.

Qiao, S.L. 2018. On law enforcement cooperation in the

governance of telecom network fraud crimes. Journal

of Shandong Police College5: 87.

Shang, F.J., et al.2023. Operational mechanisms,

characteristics, and implications of Europol. Police

Education12: 73-74.

Su, Y. 2020. Jurisdictional conflicts and solutions in

transnational cybercrimes. East China University of

Political Science and Law: 33-68.

Wang, N. 2020. International legal issues in cross-border

data retrieval under the U.S. CLOUD Act from the

perspective of cyber sovereignty. Wuhan University:

50-52.

Wang, X.W. 2021. Cross-strait cooperation in combating

transnational telecom fraud crimes. Journal of People’s

Public Security University of China (Social Sciences

Edition) 37(2): 71-78.

Wang, Y.Q. & Liu, H.Q. 2024. Difficulties and

countermeasures in cross-border policing cooperation

against telecom network fraud crimes. Modern

Business Trade Industry 45(1): 184-186.

Wu, H.W. & Zhang, P. 2020. Current status, disputes, and

future of international rules against cybercrime. China

Journal of Applied Jurisprudence 2: 188-190.

Wu, X.D., et al. 2023. Analysis and governance of new

crimes involving deepfake technology. Journal of

Political Science and Law 6: 13.

Yang, L.Z. 2024. Strategies of INTERPOL in combating

cross-border telecom network fraud crimes. Regional

Governance (18): 13-14.

Zhang, S.P. 2018. Big data and cross-border governance of

telecom network fraud. China Legal Science 11: 45

ICPLSS 2025 - International Conference on Politics, Law, and Social Science