Immersive VR Museums: The Experience Pathways and Future

Prospects in the Digital Dissemination of Cultural Heritage

Xinyan Han

Faculty of Information Science and Technology Management, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Keywords: Virtual Museums, Immersive Experience, Future Prospects.

Abstract: With the continuous advancement of digital technology, Virtual Reality (VR) is gradually becoming an

essential tool for the presentation and dissemination of cultural heritage. This paper focuses on the application

of immersive VR in museum settings, exploring its practical value in digital reconstruction, interactive

experience, and intelligent navigation. Through case studies and user experience research, it reveals how

immersion, personalized recommendation, and social interaction contribute to enhancing communication

effectiveness. It also identifies several challenges, including hardware barriers, limited interactivity, and

difficulties in maintaining authenticity. Finally, the paper proposes future-oriented strategies such as

lightweight technology development, AI integration, and accessibility optimization, aiming to offer practical

pathways and theoretical guidance for the digital transformation of cultural heritage.

1 INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, tangible cultural heritage such as historic

buildings, artifacts, and artworks faces multiple

threats, including aging, war, natural disasters, and

human-caused damage. For example, the fire at Notre-

Dame Cathedral on April 15, 2019 caused severe

structural damage. Without proper attention to digital

preservation, more physical heritage may be

permanently lost. Traditional preservation methods

are often insufficient when dealing with large-scale

and diverse cultural assets. As a result, digital

technologies have emerged as crucial tools for the

preservation and dissemination of cultural heritage.

Virtual Reality (VR) focuses on constructing entirely

virtual environments, enabling users to feel as though

they are transported into another world. VR breaks

traditional spatial limitations, placing greater

emphasis on using interaction to enhance users’

understanding and perception of their surroundings.

This leads to a more deeply immersive experience

(Malraux,1974). This study aims to examine the

experiential value and communication potential of

immersive VR museums in the digital transformation

of cultural heritage. It begins with an exploration of

the definition and development of immersive VR

museums, followed by case analyses of VR museum

practices worldwide. The study also explores their

technical features and user experience, as well as the

challenges currently faced by VR technology, and

discusses its potential future directions. These

questions will be addressed through case studies, user

experience research, and literature review. Finally, the

study proposes future development directions and

optimization strategies based on existing findings. On

one hand, the research involves reviewing relevant

domestic and international studies, policy documents,

and projects, to summarize the current state of

technology and implementation approaches; on the

other hand, it draws on feedback and user data from

representative VR museum projects, to analyze user

perception and behavior within virtual cultural spaces.

2 DEFINITION AND CURRENT

DEVELOPMENT STATUS OF

IMMERSIVE VR MUSEUMS

2.1 Concept and Types of VR

Museums

With the rapid advancement of technology especially

Virtual Reality (VR)many traditional museums have

begun offering digital tours, creating their own

“virtual museums.” Visitors can use VR headsets and

648

Han, X.

Immersive VR Museums: The Experience Pathways and Future Prospects in the Digital Dissemination of Cultural Heritage.

DOI: 10.5220/0013998100004916

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Public Relations and Media Communication (PRMC 2025), pages 648-655

ISBN: 978-989-758-778-8

similar devices to explore and experience museums.

Museums vary in type and house diverse collections,

serving as significant symbols of human cultural

achievements. However, no single museum in the

world can encompass the entirety of global culture

and history. Many artifacts and artworks are difficult

to transport or preserve due to their fragile materials

or structural complexity—such as stained glass or

wall frescoes. Others have changed hands over time

due to historical transitions or power shifts, such as

art collections formed during colonial periods. These

factors have led major museums around the world to

develop unique collections and cultural identities,

shaped by their specific historical and regional

contexts (Shitao,2015). It is evident that museums

worldwide each possess distinct characteristics. For

ordinary individuals, visiting museums in different

countries poses challenges not only in terms of time

but also financially. The adoption of VR and similar

technologies in museums, brings exciting

opportunities for the public. Those who enjoy visiting

museums can now experience them from home,

without the need to travel across the globe. Digital

media refers to forms of media that record, process,

distribute, and receive information in digital formats.

It includes digitized forms of text, images, graphics,

audio, video, animations, and other media types,

collectively referred to as “logical media.” It also

encompasses the physical media used to store,

transmit, and display such digital content. Digital

media relies on several core technologies, such as

information acquisition and output, content

processing and generation, network transmission, as

well as information retrieval and security

mechanisms. These technologies transform abstract

information into formats that are perceptible,

operable, and interactive for users, thereby enabling

more efficient communication and application

(Zhang,2020).

2.2 The Main Form of VR Museum

2.2.1 Virtual Navigation

Within the overall positioning of a museum, guided

tours are not only a key component of professional

service, but also serve as tools for image-building and

cultural branding. An appealing institutional image

can effectively attract the general public to visit.

Detailed and thoughtful guided explanations help

establish the museum’s authority in educational

communication, thereby fulfilling the goal of

combining education with entertainment. To ensure a

smooth tour experience, the explanatory features

embedded in the guidance process are especially

important, as they enable visitors to efficiently grasp

the cultural and historical meanings of exhibits within

a limited time frame (Dai,2010). The emergence of

virtual tours not only helps reduce the cost of human

staffing, but also ensures that every visitor receives

equally professional and standardized service. With

virtual tour systems in place, the guidance process

becomes smoother, allowing visitors to efficiently

comprehend the cultural and historical narratives

conveyed by the exhibits.

2.2.2 Interactive Experience

It is evident that the core technologies of digital

museums—such as information acquisition and

output, network communication, and content

generation—transform data into systems that are easy

for users to operate. These systems enable seamless

human-computer interaction. Interactive media

facilitate multisensory communication, supporting

the contextualized presentation of cultural artifacts,

and enabling the visualization of dynamic historical

or cultural processes, thereby enhancing the vitality

of exhibitions and enriching the overall museum

experience (Yu,1999). The emergence of digital

cultural heritage allows extracted information to be

re-presented in forms more readily accepted by users,

and its capacity for multisensory interaction marks a

significant milestone, allowing heritage to be

experienced in new and engaging digital forms.

2.3 Technical Support of VR Museum

2.3.1 3D Modeling

There are generally two main approaches to

constructing digital models: The first involves using

3D scanning devices to capture physical objects with

high precision, directly producing digital 3D models.

This method excels at reproducing fine physical

details, but it requires costly equipment and demands

a high level of technical expertise for post-processing,

and is therefore more commonly used in professional

fields such as visual effects. The second approach is

to manually construct models using 3D modeling

software. While this method requires relatively

minimal hardware and software investment, it places

greater demands on the spatial awareness and

modeling skills of the designer. It is commonly

employed in architecture, exhibition planning, and

film production. For digital museum applications,

combining 3D scanning with software-based

modeling techniques provides a balance between

Immersive VR Museums: The Experience Pathways and Future Prospects in the Digital Dissemination of Cultural Heritage

649

model quality, cost, and efficiency, and is currently

considered one of the most practical modeling

strategies (Wang,2015). Although 3D scanners are

convenient and capable of high-fidelity reproduction,

they require substantial financial investment and

present challenges in data processing. Therefore, for

most 3D museums, the most feasible modeling

approach is manual creation using modeling software.

2.3.2 Panoramic Image

Panoramic imaging is a technique that captures real-

world scenes from multiple angles and stitches them

together to create immersive visual content.

Compared with traditional static images, this

technology offers a full 360-degree field of view, and

comprehensively presents authentic details of the

physical environment. As a result, viewers experience

an enhanced sense of space and presence. Owing to

its ability to reproduce every corner of a scene with

high fidelity, it is widely applied in tourist attractions,

cultural exhibitions, and display environments.

Viewers feel as though they are standing at the center

of the exhibition, surrounded by artifacts and spatial

structures. This creates a powerful immersive

experience (Lin & Fang,2022). It can thus be

concluded that this technology significantly enriches

the visitor experience, enabling a compelling

presentation of cultural heritage. It not only

overcomes the limitations of static imagery,but also

offers a practical and cost-effective solution for

immersive digital exhibition.

2.3.3 AI Guide

As VR museums continue to evolve, Artificial

Intelligence (AI)-powered guide systems have

emerged as a key component of smart services,

gradually reshaping how visitors engage with

exhibitions. For instance, the “Elegant Gathering AR

Experience” project at the National Palace Museum in

Taiwan illustrates this trend. This service integrates

5G high-speed connectivity with AI-based spatial

recognition, using Microsoft HoloLens smart glasses

to deliver a wearable Augmented Reality (AR) tour

experience. By incorporating machine learning

features supported by Google TensorFlow, the system

can identify exhibit spaces and artifacts, accurately

detecting the user’s location and object of interest. It

then transmits relevant audio explanations and visual

content back to the wearable device via the 5G

network, enabling a responsive and immersive

storytelling experience around the artifacts

(Kennedy,2015). This reflects a shift from traditional

museum tours that rely on human guides or fixed

audio devices, toward intelligent systems featuring

“automatic recognition + real-time response.” AI-

guided systems are becoming essential in enhancing

visitor interaction within digital museum

environments. Compared to conventional methods

dependent on staff or pre-recorded audio, AI systems

demonstrate superior environmental awareness and

real-time responsiveness. They can automatically

determine a visitor’s location and focus based on their

movement and gaze direction, and actively deliver

corresponding audio, image, or animated content for

interpretation.

3 CASE STUDY: THE PRACTICE

OF VR MUSEUMS

WORLDWIDE

3.1 VR at the British Museum: Remote

Access and Digital Interaction

In August 2015, the British Museum hosted its first

Virtual Reality (VR) themed weekend event,

allowing visitors to immerse themselves in a

reconstructed Bronze Age roundhouse from

approximately 4,000 years ago. The event aimed to

integrate authentic artifacts with advanced 3D

modeling technology in order to enhance visitors’

engagement with and understanding of the museum’s

collections. This initiative was also part of the

museum’s broader efforts to explore the educational

potential of VR environments for children, teenagers,

and families (Edwards & Wajid,2016). This

demonstrates that the integration of 3D modeling with

physical artifacts yields impressive results, enabling

the British Museum to go beyond the constraints of

traditional exhibitions, offering visitors an immersive

experience of historical scene reconstruction, which

perfectly illustrates the value of immersive

technology in cultural institutions.

3.2 The Louvre VR Experience:

Innovation in the Immersive

Exhibition of the Mona Lisa

To commemorate the 500th anniversary of Leonardo

da Vinci’s death, the Louvre Museum partnered with

HTC VIVE Arts to launch its first virtual reality art

project, Mona Lisa: Beyond the Glass. Utilizing VR

technology, the project allows visitors to engage with

the world-famous painting in an immersive manner,

enabling close-up observation of the canvas texture,

pigment layers, and the three-dimensional

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reconstruction of the background. By constructing a

virtual environment, the experience removes the

physical barriers of the display case, and provides

access to the painting’s historical context,

compositional structure, and the artist’s creative

intentions, resulting in a deeper visual and cognitive

interaction with the artwork (Bakre &

Doulatramani,2017). It is evident that this VR

initiative marks a significant innovation in traditional

modes of art presentation. The involvement of virtual

reality liberates artworks from the constraints of

display cases, shifting toward more interactive and

immersive forms of digital communication. This

empowers visitors to gain deeper insights into the

painting, free from spatial limitations, and to

appreciate it in a fully immersive manner.

3.3 VR Experience in the Palace

Museum: Digital Restoration

Exploration of Traditional Culture

In recent years, the Palace Museum has actively

explored the application of digital technologies in the

preservation and dissemination of cultural heritage. In

2019, the museum partnered with Tencent to launch a

project based on artificial intelligence and cloud

computing, aiming to advance the digital acquisition

and virtual reconstruction of artifacts. According to

official data, more than 100,000 cultural relics in the

museum’s collection have been digitally modeled with

high precision, and visualized in three dimensions on

virtual reality platforms. With the aid of VR devices,

users can take immersive tours through iconic

architectural complexes such as the Hall of Supreme

Harmony (Taihe Dian). This enables a more intuitive

understanding of the artifacts’ structural

characteristics and their underlying historical and

cultural significance. This initiative not only broadens

the digital dissemination channels for traditional

culture, but also strengthens public engagement and

cultural identity (Pine & Gilmore, 1998).

4 TECHNICAL

CHARACTERISTICS AND

USER EXPERIENCE OF

IMMERSIVE VR MUSEUM

4.1 Interaction Modes

Virtual tours are a form of digital presentation that

recreates real-world spaces using 360-degree

panoramic images or videos. These visuals are either

captured using 360-degree cameras or composed by

stitching together multiple real-world photographs

from various angles. This approach enables users to

gain an immersive perception of a physical site

without leaving their home (Sparacino,2002). This

interactive mode allows users to virtually visit

museums from home, and the emergence of 360-

degree navigation has effectively removed temporal

and geographical constraints. It also offers more

flexible ways for audiences to engage with

exhibitions. By reconstructing realistic scenes, this

technology provides an immersive and contactless

remote access experience for users, thereby extending

the methods of cultural space presentation and

dissemination.

4.2 Immersion and Engagement: How

to Improve User Experience

Immersion is a critical factor that bridges aesthetic

experience and escapism, and it often forms an

inseparable part of the overall experience in both real

and virtual environments (Cheng & Pan,2024).

Therefore, enhancing immersion is essential for

improving user experience, allowing users to feel

fully present within the environment. When users

perceive a VR art exhibition as closely resembling a

real-life visit, their perceived usefulness and

immersive quality of the experience—particularly in

terms of aesthetic enjoyment and escapism—are

significantly heightened (Sparacino,2002). The most

effective way to enhance user experience is to

simulate reality as closely as possible. By maximizing

realism, users can achieve a fully immersive museum

exploration experience.

4.3 The Educational Function of VR

Museum: How to Enhance

Learning Effect

This wearable museum device consists of a

lightweight processor housed in a portable shoulder-

mounted backpack, and is equipped with a

monocular, VGA-resolution color display attached to

a pair of headphones. After a brief period of

adaptation, the user’s brain naturally merges the real-

world image seen by the uncovered eye with the

virtual image projected to the other eye, resulting in a

fused augmented reality (AR) overlay. Additionally,

the device includes a custom-designed long-range

infrared positioning sensor system which tracks the

visitor’s location and duration of stay within the

exhibition space. To overcome limitations of

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651

commercial infrared systems such as short range and

narrow angle the research team developed a dedicated

tracking solution tailored to museum spatial

environments (Li & Lv,2024). Using sensor-enabled

wearable devices, museums can monitor visitors’

movement paths and dwell times in real time,

enabling the delivery of more personalized and

context-aware tour content. This technological

approach not only enhances the immersive

experience, but also facilitates a higher degree of

interactivity and precision in cultural communication.

In the context of virtual museums, visitors shift from

passive recipients to active explorers. Through

interactive operations and immersive visual

environments, they engage more deeply in the

learning process, thereby stimulating their curiosity

and desire for knowledge.

4.4 User Acceptance: Factors Affecting

the Long-Term Use of VR

Museums

Studies have shown that users’ acceptance of virtual

reality (VR) museum technologies is primarily

influenced by experiential factors such as

interactivity, immersion, and presence. These

experiences not only strengthen users’ understanding

and trust in the technology, but also positively affect

perceived ease of use, enjoyment, and usefulness,

thereby increasing users’ willingness to use the

technology and their intention to revisit. Immersion,

in particular, has been empirically shown to have a

significant positive correlation with the perceived

usefulness of the technology. Meanwhile, smooth

system navigation and operational stability are also

considered critical conditions, as they directly affect

the reduction of cognitive load and the optimization

of the overall experience (Hazarika & Rahmati,2023).

Whether users are willing to engage with VR

museums in the long term often depends on their

overall perception of immersion, interactivity, and

system fluidity. These key factors jointly influence

users’ enthusiasm and their intention for continued

use. From the perspective of technology acceptance

models, experiential factors such as immersion and

interactivity, are central variables affecting users’

willingness to engage with VR museums. These

factors typically work by enhancing users’

perceptions of system usefulness and enjoyment, thus

indirectly promoting their adoption and continued use

of the technology.

5 CURRENT CHALLENGES:

LIMITATIONS OF VR

MUSEUMS AND DIRECTIONS

FOR IMPROVEMENT

5.1 Technology and Hardware

Threshold

These issues are exacerbated by the limitations of

current hardware devices, such as VR headsets, which

are often bulky and uncomfortable to wear, and

prolonged use can cause fatigue (Kumar &

Devi,2023). The limitations of hardware are unlikely

to be resolved in the short overcoming them remains

a significant challenge. To address fatigue and

discomfort from extended wear, miniaturization of

hardware is essential. The high cost of VR equipment

also impacts user participation, as many potential

visitors may not be able to afford such devices,

thereby limiting the audience reach of VR

experiences. Therefore, reducing hardware costs and

improving accessibility, as well as developing VR

content suitable for low-end devices, have become

urgent issues for the VR museum sector (Kim,2023).

The relatively high price of VR devices and the lack

of widespread technological adoption are major

obstacles to the implementation of VR technologies

in museums, and they significantly hinder deeper user

engagement. In response to the current challenges of

high cost and technical barriers, lowering hardware

costs and creating VR content compatible with mid-

to-low-end systems have become critical strategies

for promoting the broader adoption of virtual

museums.

5.2 Lack of Interactivity

Although online museum tours offer a high degree of

visual realism,they still lack behavioral authenticity.

Researchers have emphasized the need to enhance

interactivity, which is likely tied to qualitative

improvements in the sense of presence. Enhancing

interactivity in VR exhibitions can significantly

increase users’ sense of presence and satisfaction,

thereby boosting their overall engagement

(Brusaporci,2021). In the experience of visiting

virtual museums, interactive features serve as a

crucial link between visual presentation and user

behavioral response. They play a central role in

constructing a sense of realism and enhancing

participation. Although current visual simulation

technologies have reached a high level, the lack of

sufficient interactive design remains a major barrier

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to immersive experiences. Therefore, improving the

quality of interaction between users and virtual

systems has become a critical direction for optimizing

the overall user experience. Relevant studies also

indicate that user engagement often depends on the

richness of interactive content and the flexibility of

response mechanisms, both of which directly affect

user satisfaction and intention for continued use.

5.3 Cultural Authenticity and the

Ethical Issues of Digital Restoration

In the process of digitally reconstructing cultural

heritage, overreliance on technological means to

create a “pseudo-reality” should be avoided. Without

sufficient historical evidence, reconstructed content

may mislead audiences regarding historical facts,

thereby affecting the public’s accurate understanding

of cultural memory (Ciolfi & Petrelli,2023). During

the digital restoration of cultural heritage, finding a

balance between technological presentation and

historical authenticity has become a major ethical

challenge for virtual museum exhibitions. The

widespread application of virtual technologies in

artifact restoration has indeed improved visual

presentation, but without rigorous historical

documentation, such presentations risk deviating

from the original cultural context, potentially

misleading viewers and contributing to the spread of

inaccurate historical impressions.

6 FUTURE TRENDS

6.1 Integration of AI and VR:

Intelligent Navigation and

Personalized Recommendation

In the context of virtual reality (VR) museums,

personalized visit experiences have emerged as a key

strategy to enhance user engagement and satisfaction.

Relevant studies suggest that combining artificial

intelligence (AI) with Internet of Things (IoT)

technologies, such as implementing voice-based

navigation systems like “Vocal Museum” in

conjunction with indoor positioning features, can

provide location-based, personalized commentary for

visitors, while also better responding to individual

user needs and preferences. At the content design

level, voice interaction systems should balance the

richness of information with alignment to user

expectations, thereby creating a more immersive

cultural experience. Overall, the integration of AI and

VR is driving a structural transformation in museum

guide systems, offering new pathways for intelligent

cultural heritage dissemination (Fernandez-Palacios

& Remondino,2021). In the construction of future

digital museums, AI-driven personalized tour

systems will play a critical role in enhancing

immersion and engagement, and serve as a vital

technological approach for the precise dissemination

of cultural heritage.

6.2 Web VR and Lightweight

Applications: Improving

Accessibility and Popularity

Many virtual reality (VR) cultural heritage projects

still heavily rely on high-performance hardware, such

as head-mounted displays and motion tracking

systems, which limits widespread use among the

general public, especially among institutions with

limited educational resources, older adults, and users

with physical disabilities. To expand audience reach,

system design should support compatibility with

multiple device types, including smartphones, tablets,

and standard personal computers. Research also

highlights the importance of integrating accessibility

features at the early stages of system development,

such as voice navigation, screen readers, simplified

interfaces, adjustable fonts, and low-motion or anti-

dizziness modes, to improve overall accessibility and

user-friendliness, thereby making virtual cultural

experiences more inclusive and sustainable. To

expand the application of VR in cultural heritage

dissemination, the primary task is to reduce reliance

on high-end equipment and simplify operational

procedures, while ensuring compatibility across

various devices. At present, for such technology to

function on a broader societal level, it must be

tailored to different user groups such as students and

teachers, elderly users, and people with physical

disabilities, by providing lightweight, cross-platform,

and inclusive experience solutions. Only in this way

can VR evolve from a specialized tool into a public-

oriented cultural medium, achieving comprehensive

progress in both accessibility and dissemination.

7 CONCLUSIONS

Virtual reality (VR) technology, as a vital form of

contemporary digital media, has demonstrated

significant value in the dissemination and exhibition

of cultural heritage. Through a systematic review of

the development, typologies, and core technological

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653

paths of immersive VR museums, this study

summarizes several key findings as follows: First,

virtual museums utilize 3D modeling and digital

reconstruction technologies to transcend the spatial

and temporal limitations of traditional exhibitions,

thereby offering a more immersive audiovisual

environment for the presentation and interpretation of

artifacts. Second, case studies from the British

Museum, the Louvre, and the Palace Museum

indicate that VR not only enhances sensory

engagement, but also stimulates learning motivation

and cultural participation. Third, from the perspective

of user experience, immersion, interactivity, and

content personalization are key determinants of user

satisfaction and continued engagement. Finally,

although VR museum technologies have grown

increasingly sophisticated, challenges persist, such as

high hardware thresholds, difficulties in ensuring

historical authenticity in reconstructions, and

insufficient accessibility design. These issues call for

a balanced approach between technological

optimization and ethical regulation. To promote the

deep integration of virtual reality (VR) technology in

the field of cultural heritage, and to ensure its

sustainable development within the public cultural

service system, this paper proposes the following

recommendations based on current practices and

identified challenges: First, it is recommended to

reduce reliance on high-end hardware at the system

design level, and to promote the development of

WebVR and lightweight mobile applications, in order

to enhance accessibility for general users. This

approach will not only expand audience coverage, but

also ease the technical burden on small and medium-

sized museums. Second, on the content level, user

interaction and engagement mechanisms should be

strengthened, by introducing features such as multi-

user collaboration, real-time feedback, and task-

oriented exploration, to enhance immersion and

participation among visitors. Third, AI technologies

should be incorporated to enable intelligent content

recommendations and adaptive responses based on

user behavior, allowing users of diverse backgrounds,

ages, and interests to receive personalized

information services, and thereby enriching

individual learning experiences. Fourth, cultural

authenticity should serve as the fundamental baseline

for virtual reconstruction, and it is advisable to

establish interdisciplinary collaboration mechanisms

to ensure historical context and cultural meaning are

accurately represented during modeling and display

processes, thus avoiding “pseudo-realism” that may

distort public understanding. Finally, to address the

needs of special user groups, accessibility design

should be embedded at the early stages of system

development, including features such as simplified

interfaces, voice assistance, and anti-dizziness

modes, thereby fostering a more inclusive

environment for cultural communication.

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