Keylogging in the Digital Age: Techniques, Threats and

Countermeasures

Loga Prabakar V S

, Mohamed Aathil A

, Nishanth Rajendiran

, Philip James

, J. Dhanasekar

and V. Gurunathan

Department of ECE, Sri Eshwar College of Engineering, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Department of ECE, Dr.Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu, India

Keywords: Keylogger, Keyboard, Encryption, Python, Wireshark, Detection and Mitigation of Keylogging.

Abstract: A keylogger, also known as a keystroke or system monitor, is a powerful technology used in particular to

monitor and record every keystroke typed on a specific device. The Usage of keyloggers is primarily for

keystrokes monitoring (i.e.) can be used for stealing sensitive data and for monitoring in unethical terms. This

paper discusses various keylogging techniques, the potential ethical implications, and provides an overview

of different types of password attacks and prevention and detection techniques to mitigate keylogger attacks

and data theft.

1 INTRODUCTION

A keylogger, either a malicious program or a spying

hardware, designed to log every single keystroke

typed into a personal computer or a mobile device

without the owner’s knowledge. These tools are a

significant cybersecurity threat, because they can

record user-typed usernames, passwords, PII, PIN

codes and other sensitive information. Keyloggers

remain hidden on systems in multiple ways, including

as hardware that is physically attached, software that

has been installed without the user's knowledge, or by

using bugs in the system that criminals then exploit to

gain unauthorized access. After they’re activated, they

create detailed logs of keystrokes and send this stolen

information to cybercriminals, who can exploit it for

identity fraud, financial theft or other malicious ends.

Keylogging attacks target individuals, businesses

and even government entities. As for single users,

stolen credentials are an open door for attackers to

sneak into sensitive informative things such as bank

accounts, web-based social networking profiles, or

others. In corporate settings, keyloggers can expose

trade secrets, classified information and private

messages that can result in financial losses and

reputational harm. For governmental institutions, the

impingement of classified materials of being accessed

without authorization leads to the great risks in the

nature of national security threats in the form of

interruptions of critical operations along with leakage

of intelligence.

The keyloggers are especially dangerous because

they usually work as invisible processes, bypassing

normal security defences. More sophisticated versions

can do things besides logging keystrokes — they

might take screenshots, analyze Web browsing and

extract email addresses, increasing their potential

damage. Due to their stealthy and adaptive nature,

they are an omnipresent and dynamic cybersecurity

threat.

To protect yourself with a holistic security

approach, as the threat of keyloggers is like no other.

This is where the most powerful anti-keylogging tools

come in to limit all these illegal threats. It is crucial to

keep operating systems and applications updated on a

regular basis, as security patches can help rectify

vulnerabilities exploited by keyloggers. User

education also plays a key role in prevention since

many infections occur via phishing scams or social-

engineering attacks. Teaching people how to identify

suspicious emails, links, and downloads can go a long

way in limiting exposure to keylogging dangers.

S., L. P. V., A., M. A., Rajendiran, N., James, P., Dhanasekar, J. and Gurunathan, V.

Keylogging in the Digital Age: Techniques, Threats and Countermeasures.

DOI: 10.5220/0013943000004919

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Research and Development in Information, Communication, and Computing Technologies (ICRDICCT‘25 2025) - Volume 5, pages

735-742

ISBN: 978-989-758-777-1

735

2 TYPES OF KEYLOGGERS

Categories of Keylogger are: hardware and software.

• Hardware keyloggers - They are physical

components that are either integrated into a PC’s

core hardware or connected externally, like a

small device that goes between a keyboard and

a computer’s processing unit. They work by

collecting and memorizing keystrokes when

they move from the keyboard to the system. Yet

physical keyloggers, which are hardware

devices that record keystrokes, need direct

physical access to the target system, rendering

them rarer than their software counterparts.

• Software keyloggers - They are far more

common, because they can be installed in a

remote attack, often as a part of a malicious

download or through phishing attacks. Unlike

other malicious software, software keyloggers

do not harm the regular operation of the system

and do not even damage hardware. This allows

them to operate quietly in the background,

logging keystrokes without the user’s

knowledge. They do not directly disrupt the

system, but rather pose a security threat,

recording sensitive information like passwords,

banking details, and so on, which can be

exploited by cybercriminals for illegal activities

like identity theft, et cetera.

3 KEYLOGGER VS VIRUS

Although keyloggers are termed with cyber threats,

they are not unlawful and can serve genuine

resolutions. Organizations may implement

keyloggers to monitor employee performance,

diagnose technical issues, or ensure compliance with

workplace policies. Parents might use them to

supervise their children's online activities, and

individuals may install them to track usage on shared

computers. Keyloggers are legal when used with the

correct permissions or when used by the legitimate

owner of a device. Many of the commercially

available keylogging tools are specifically designed

for these legitimate purposes.

When keyloggers are installed in secret without

the information or knowledge of the user or owner

who owns the device, ethical and legal issues arise.

They are often abused by cybercriminals to acquire

personal or sensitive information like login

credentials, financial information, or private

conversations. Stealthier keyloggers log keystrokes

silently, take screenshots, track web activity and

intercept messages. The acquired data is transmitted

to external servers, and can be used in nefarious plans.

Risk of Unauthorized Keylogging for Individuals

and Businesses. This can result in privacy invasion

and substantial monetary loss for people. But when it

comes to corporate settings, it can lead to leaking

sensitive data, stealing IP and hurting reputation.

While keyloggers play a vital role, the potential for

misuse means that good cybersecurity practices are

critical. Regular security scans can help in inherently

preventing malicious keyloggers and sensitive

information, using anti-malware tools and raising

awareness among users which can also help in

preventing wicked activities.

4 KEYLOGGER VS SPYWARE

• Keyloggers record keystrokes; Spyware

gathers extensive information.

• Keyloggers are hard to detect; Spyware may

show noticeable signs.

• Keyloggers enable identity theft; Spyware

tracks preferences.

• Keyloggers steal sensitive data; Spyware logs

online activities.

• Both keyloggers and spyware define a

significant threat to privacy and security, as

they can collect sensitive information without

the user's consent.

5 KEYLOGGERS IN

SMARTPHONES

Physical keystroke loggers have never been much of

a concern in mobile devices, but software-based

keystroke loggers pose a severe security threat to both

Android and also iOS smartphones. Indeed, some

think that virtual keyboards preclude keylogging, but

only in principle; nefarious programs can watch for

input patterns on the screen to digital taps, swipes,

and gestures to record them. An ordinary web search

shows just how widely mobile surveillance tools are

available, a sign of the scale of the risk. These apps

don’t just capture keystrokes they take pictures of

conversations and emails, extract login credentials,

turn on the device’s camera and microphone, monitor

internet activity and even detect attached peripherals

like printers. Some (such as nations) are free to

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shoehorn you into their control by shutting you out of

their curated sites.

Keyloggers for mobiles can be installed via many

techniques that are mostly conducted by keeping the

user negligence in check. If an attacker has even a few

seconds of brief physical access to any smartphone,

the attacker can install tracking software silently and

without detection. And people can unwittingly

endanger their own devices by clicking phishing links

or downloading malicious files from untrusted

sources. Keylogging threats on smartphones are

analogous to traditional computer devices,

underscoring the need for robust security measures on

all devices. To reduce the chance of infection, users

should avoid clicking on unknown links, not open

attachments from people they do not know, and keep

their devices updated with current security patches.

Staying alert and following good cybersecurity

practices are critical to protecting sensitive data from

intruders and potential cyberattacks.

6 PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF

KEYLOGGING

As the first step in this keylogging demonstration, we

have employed a Python script making use of the

“Pynput” module that monitors keystrokes. Pynput

KEYLOGGER A library that monitors and controls

input devices. Functioning as a keylogger where the

logs are sent to a python http server running locally

on the same computer. This configuration also

depends on the loopback interface (lo) only test,

showing that the keylogging and data capture that

happens only in the same device. In this case, the

keystroke data is set to be received at IP address

192.168.1.4 and port number 4444. Here is a

screenshot of the keylogging Python script in

operation, and hosting an HTTP server:

The network traffic is captured using a network

protocol analyzer, named wireshark. In Wireshark the

loopback interface is opted to trace the internal

communication between the keylogger and the HTTP

server. After executing we can see this server is

running in target machine and before this server

running keystrokes written on Kali machine is

captured by this python script and send it over

loopback interface. In Wireshark, it will capture these

packets, but, since we are interested in analyzing

[PSH, ACK] packets, so taking our key until finding

the [PSH, ACK] packets that are regularly used to

push data from the sender and the receiver.

Figure 1: Hosting a Python Server.

Figure 2: Capturing the Packets.

Figure 3: Keystroke Captured.

Curiously, by double-clicking the packets the

payload with the keystrokes may be viewable. Here,

we can see the Wireshark capturing the network

traffic, focusing on the [PSH, ACK] packet:

Lastly, the seized information is scrutinized to

uncover the keypresses in an HTML file. The output

on Wireshark demonstrates clearly how the

keystrokes can be intercepted and analyzed since they

Keylogging in the Digital Age: Techniques, Threats and Countermeasures

737

are sent to the HTTP server. This example

demonstrates both the local capture of keystrokes

using python and transmission of those keystrokes

over the network, as well as analysis with Wireshark.

It underscores the potential security risks posed by

keyloggers and the importance of monitoring network

traffic for suspicious activity.

7 KEYLOGGING IN

CYBERSECURITY THREAT

MODELS

Table 1: Keylogging in Threat Models.

Keylogging in Threat Models

Keylogging

Attac

Scenario

Description Impact on Victim Mitigation Strategies

Social

Engineering

Attacks

Attackers use keyloggers to

capture sensitive information

from victims tricked into

rovidin

credentials.

Exposure of login

credentials, personal data,

and financial information.

Employee training,

phishing detection tools,

multi-factor

authentication.

Advanced

Persistent Threats

(APTs)

APT groups use keyloggers to

monitor targets over long

periods for espionage and data

exfiltration.

Long-term data theft,

intellectual property loss,

and national security risks.

Network segmentation,

endpoint detection, threat

intelligence sharing.

Credential

Harvesting

Keyloggers silently collect

usernames and passwords for

unauthorized access to

stems.

Unauthorized access to

corporate systems, financial

accounts, or email.

Strong password policies,

use of password managers,

and secure authentication

rotocols.

Ransomware and

Extortion Attacks

Keyloggers are used in

conjunction with ransomware

to steal sensitive data before

encr

tin

files.

Data theft, ransom demand,

and loss of critical business

operations.

Backup strategies,

encryption, network

isolation, and security

monitorin

8 FOUR WAYS TO DETECT AND

PREVENT KEYLOGGER

ATTACKS

8.1 Install Antivirus and Anti-Malware

Software

Installing antivirus or anti-malware software

programme on all user devices is a foundational step

for many types of attacks that include keylogging also.

These tools can very well understand the functioning

of any keylogger programme and eliminates them and

this serves as a basic, number one defence mechanism.

One main thing to remember doing is to update the

anti-virus or anti-malware software in order to defend

futuristic and complex keyloggers.

Many contemporary antivirus solutions have been

offering real-time safety, actively monitoring the

device behaviour for signs of suspicious or

keylogging-based activity. For improved safety, using

the special anti-keylogger software would do the

neutralization of threats related to keylogging.

8.2 Monitor Keyboard and Mouse

Activity

Tracking keyboard and mouse interactions can assist in

spotting anomalies that might suggest a keylogger’s

presence. Indicators include lag between pressing keys

and text appearing, erratic pointer behaviour, or an

unresponsive keyboard. Dedicated programs can

examine input patterns and notify users of unusual

activity.

For instance, applications like Keylogger Scanner

can monitor keystroke behaviour to uncover potential

keylogging threats. Physical security measures, such as

USB tracking devices, can identify unauthorized

peripherals attached to a system. Consistently

analysing these records can aid in the early detection

of keylogging attempts.

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8.3 Implement Strong Access Controls

Firm access limitations are important in stopping

brute-force assaults and as a result decreasing the

consolation of those keylogger invasions. Restrict

admin access to only trusted personnel, requiring them

to use strong, unique passwords in conjunction with

multi-factor authentication (MFA) for additional

security.

Establish strong access management practices,

such as regular changes of passwords and prohibitions

against installing unauthorized software. Going a step

further, employing network segmentation prevents

sensitive data from co-mingling with lower security

zones. In addition, deploy endpoint detection and

response (EDR) solutions for cybersecurity threat

detection and response on all connected devices.

8.4 Monitor Network Traffic

Monitoring network activity is an important step to

detect keyloggers that send captured keystrokes to

remote servers. Use intrusion detection (IDS) and

intrusion prevention (IPS) systems to monitor traffic

for anomalies or links to share the IP address. By

establishing alerts for anomalous network activity, you

can help detect possible keylogging threats.

Implementing a Security Information and Event

Management (SIEM) provides insight into network

activity while generating alerts for suspicious behavior

patterns. Monitoring Network logs and configuring

automatic tools to explore normal traffic behavior can

reveal the presence of keyloggers trying to obfuscate

the data. Losers will also be those with weak

keylogging policies or those who do not enforce

encrypted communication protocols and data

exfiltration policies as this reflects easily in threat

intelligence data.

9 ROLES OF KEYLOGGING IN

THREAT MODELING

9.1 Asset Identification

Keylogging specializes in recording user details like

passwords, bank information, and private messages. In

the case of the attack, these assets are the main target,

as they can be exploited, for example, to commit fraud

or gain unauthorized access.

9.2 Entry Points

They can be deployed via phishing, through a

malicious download, or even by hardware tampering.

Opportunist cybercriminals exploit forgotten

vulnerabilities such as unsecured input fields or

outdated software to implant keyloggers and eavesdrop

on critical data.

9.3 Attack Vectors

Keyloggers can be delivered through phishing emails,

social engineering, malware, physical access, or

software vulnerabilities. These vectors can allow an

attacker to deploy keylogging tools invisibly and

extract sensitive information.

9.4 Adversarial Goals

The primary goals of attackers include:

• Stealing credentials for identity theft or

unauthorized access.

• Collecting sensitive communication data

for intelligence purposes.

• Monitoring user behaviour for espionage

or malicious activities.

10 KEYLOGGER INCIDENTS

10.1 Starwood Data Breach (2018)

In 2018, a chain of hotels disclosed another data breach

that had remained undetected for four years after it

acquired Starwood properties. Attackers distributed

keyloggers, trojans, and memory scrapers across 480

systems in 58 locations starting in June 2014, stealing

over 330 million personal records. The breach

underscored the difficulties of detecting and

addressing multiyear cyber threats.

10.2 Keyloggers on HP Laptops (2017)

In 2017, a security researcher named Michael Myng

stumbled upon a keylogging vulnerability within

software drivers that were pre-installed on HP laptops.

These drivers, originally intended to help with

keyboard functionality, led to an important security

flaw which left more than 460 laptop models open to

exploitation. In response to the incident, HP rolled out

a patch for the vulnerable component, but the episode

highlighted concerns over vulnerabilities that could be

hidden in pre-installed applications.

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739

10.3 POS Keylogger on Netwire (2016)

This led to the detection of a new remote access Trojan

(RAT) called NetWire, which was used to steal

payment card information, which was uncovered by

Secureworks security analysts in 2016. Unlike the

traditional POS malware, NetWire are also equipped

with a keylogger which is to pick up the keystroke data

from users' USB card readers. With poor security

measures at these terminals, attackers delivered this

malware to POS terminal employees via phishing

emails, allowing them to unobtrusively harvest data for

long periods of time.

10.4 Tesla Keylogging Incident (2018)

Back in 2018, Tesla sued ex-employee Martin Tripp,

claiming he developed a keylogger that fed sensitive

company information to the outside world. The lawsuit

alleged that Tripp stole gigabytes of confidential

information, such as videos of manufacturing

processes, financial data and data on Model 3 battery

production. It highlighted the systemic risks of insider

threats and the need for strong data protection

protocols.

11 THE KEYLOGGER FAMILY

As a malware category, keylogging covers a broad

spectrum of types and functionalities; understanding

its fundamentals is thus crucial. While keyloggers

have the potential for ethical use, they are typically

used in a nefarious manner. The following bar chart

illustrates the progress of keyloggers with respect to

their types, with a shift from legacy hardware to

software versions and have developed a lot in terms of

features. These findings serve as a reminder that there

is no time for complacency in cyber security.

Working in tandem with researchers, developers,

and security experts is crucial as keyloggers grow

increasingly sophisticated and less detectable.

Furthermore, user education on the dangers and

indicators of keyloggers and wider security practices

will go a long way to reduce the impact of these

applications.

Figure 4: Keylogger Family.

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12 ETHICAL AND LEGAL

CONSIDERATIONS

As their name suggests, the standard keylogger is

designed to capture and record key presses, secretly

capturing sensitive information including passwords,

private messages, and other sensitive information.

Their development and deployment raise big ethical

questions, especially about privacy and consent. The

main ethical concern is whether or not these

keyloggers should be used without the user's consent.

Users misuse those tools for criminal activities like

identity theft and financial fraud etc, this is undeniably

a grave invasion of privacy. But there’s a moral

calculus that needs to be done to ensure that people

utilize keylogging technology effectively.

The legality of keyloggers is a bit of a grey area,

and the use of them often raises serious privacy and

consent considerations. Keyloggers can be used

legally in cases like this, where potential use is

tracking keyboard activity of employees, assuming

they have given explicit consent and have a valid

justification for contact. However, they may also be

abused that result in serious invasion of privacy that

are highly regulated by laws such as the General Data

Protection Regulation (GDPR) (EU). Those legal

requirements need to be addressed and it is upon

organizational groups to be responsive, lest they face

the repercussions while also upholding protection

provisions for employees against individuals. Such

rules are important in reducing legal and ethical risks.

From an ethical point of view, there are numerous

caveats in the use of keyloggers by developers and

users alike that prevent them from falling into

unethical catagories. The consent to use these tools

must be proper with justification and they should be

accessible to the concerned parties. Transparency is

crucial: people must understand fully, the reasons,

process and timing of their surveillance. Since

accountability and trust are important, it is good to

always document and get a written consent as well.

This and a few other measures ensure that without

them the use of key loggers is an unethical behavior

and an invasion of the right to privacy of individuals.

This should all be done under a set of protocols to

ensure that this is happening in an ethical and lawful

manner. Installing a keylogger requires the permission

of all participants. This means getting all parties to

send a written agreement, which should outline how

we will be monitoring. That includes encrypting data

collected, using secure storage mechanisms and

applying fine-grained access controls. These steps

ensure sensitive data is not only protected against

unauthorized access and abuse but they are also

protected. Data Protection is the only solution to

eliminate all perils from the key logger.

Finally, periodic audits and compliance

assessments would be required to maintain adherence

to privacy laws and ethical standards. The purpose of

the audits is to recognize and eliminate possible

vulnerabilities in the monitoring process. This is just

one way to enable developers and users to employ

keyloggers while providing these significant

precautions to balance their positive benefits with the

ethical issue of preserving individual privacy. Not

only is this approach protective of sensitive data, but

it also builds trust and accountability, injecting it into

the use of monitoring technologies.

13 DEFENCES AGAINST

KEYLOGGERS

13.1 Behavioural Biometrics

Behavioral biometrics are good at differentiating

activity as an individual computer user carefully

follows an individual routine that identifies the user

from all others accessing that user’s computer, and can

thereby detect anomalies that flag a keylogger. This

and other techniques like this are hard to implement,

however this is very effective especially in high

security environments. For most of us, fingerprint or

facial biometrics, with much less data required, offer

sufficient security functions. NIST’s SP 800-63B

details a number of best practices to help protect users,

illustrating, for example, how multi-factor

authentication and biometric verification dramatically

reduce the risk of credential stealing showing how

user behavior can scale security exponentially.

13.2 System Audits and File Integrity

Monitoring

Logs are invaluable tools in malicious code detection;

the standard system audit identifies the file or

configuration changes that hide keyloggers. Other

software tools, such as Windows Defender’s file

integrity monitoring, can notify customers of

suspicious changes. Use MacOS Activity Monitor or

Windows Task Manager to spot suspicious packages

or actions. That gear has a technical sound to it, but do

have a relative effectiveness.

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13.3 AI-Driven Security Tools

AI-powered protection solutions are in evolution to

turning into extra handy to users and businesses.

Malwarebytes and Norton Antivirus use AI to

discover and reply to suspicious sports in actual-time.

With the aid of continuously learning and adaptability

to new threats, these tools are notably effective against

superior keylogger strategies. The MIT review on AI

and Cyber protection depicts the role of AI in

detecting complex threats, giving clarity in its

growing significance in the fight in opposition to

keyloggers.

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