Electromagnetic Band Gap MIMO Antenna for 5G: Sub‑6 GHz

Communication

Yogesh Raj M., Roshith Gs and R. Kangeyan

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology (An Autonomous), OMR,

Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Keywords: ISM Band, Gain, Isolation, Fractional Bandwidth, SAR, Diversity Gain, Channel Capacity.

Abstract: The growing needs for high-data-rate and guaranteed communication in sub-6 GHz millimetre-wave 5G

applications require miniaturized antennas with high performances. This study proposes a novel multiple-

input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna based on the electromagnetic band gap (EBG) that can be used for 5G

sub-6 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) spectrum applications. The intended antenna, which is

mounted on a Rogers RT/droid 6010 high-dielectric substrate, is a low-profile, planar slotted antenna with a

reduced size of 25 mm × 25 mm × 0.635 mm. The modified EBG structure, which achieves higher isolation,

improved MIMO performance, and improved gain features in a compact form factor, is the main attribute of

the suggested antenna. The antenna offers a maximum Channel Capacity (CC), a low Envelope Correlation

Coefficient (ECC), and a decent Diversity Gain (DG). The computed fractional bandwidth (FBW) is 20.67%,

and the realized peak gain that was attained conforms with the ISM band standard. The specific absorption

rate (SAR) falls within safety constraints. The intended antenna ensures increased link budget to be efficient

in 5G wireless communication systems.

1 INTRODUCTION

The exponential development of wireless

communication technologies has dramatically

amplified the need for high-speed, low-latency, and

high-reliability connectivity. Of the numerous

developments, the roll-out of 5G networks is central

to addressing the rising data needs of contemporary

applications. 5G technology functions across a range

of frequency bands, such as the sub-6 GHz spectrum,

which offers (K. -L. Wong, et al. 2023) a trade-off

between coverage and capacity. The sub-6 GHz band

is popular for providing improved propagation

behaviour, minimum path loss, and better obstacle

penetration, rendering it an indispensable element of

wireless next-generation systems. The

implementation of multiple-input multiple-output

(MIMO) technology also maximizes the efficiency of

5G communication systems. MIMO supports higher

rates of data transfer, higher spectral efficiency, and

greater signal dependability by the application of

numerous antennas at the transmitting and receiving

(H. Harkare, et al. 2023) ends. By taking advantage

of spatial diversity, MIMO decreases fading effects

and increases channel capacity, and thus becomes an

essential necessity for contemporary communication

networks. Efficient antenna systems for use in MIMO

are, however, facing some challenges such as the

need to have high isolation between the antenna

elements, compactness, and high gain for effective

communication.

Electromagnetic interference and mutual coupling

among antennas closely placed together generally

lower the performance of the MIMO system. To

overcome these issues, several techniques have been

investigated by researchers including defected

ground structures, decoupling networks (M. A.

Nassar, et al. 2023), and electromagnetic band gap

(EBG) structures. EBG structures have attracted

considerable interest because they can suppress

surface waves, decrease mutual coupling, and

enhance isolation between antenna elements. These

features make EBG structures a suitable solution for

improving the performance of compact MIMO

antenna systems. With increasing demand for 5G

devices, designing high-efficiency, wide-bandwidth,

and better-isolation antennas is highly important.

Wireless system antennas employed in contemporary

wireless systems need to meet strict demands, such as

SAR compliance standards to guarantee safety for

580

M., Y. R., G S, R. and Kangeyan, R.

Electromagnetic Band Gap MIMO Antenna for 5G: Subâ

S6 GHz Communication.

DOI: 10.5220/0013937300004919

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Research and Development in Information, Communication, and Computing Technologies (ICRDICCT‘25 2025) - Volume 5, pages

580-587

ISBN: 978-989-758-777-1

users. Moreover, link budget calculations also have

(M. K. Gaur, et al. 2024) a significant role in

ascertaining the overall system performance based on

the transmission power, path loss, and receiver

sensitivity. The design of an antenna should optimize

all these parameters in such a way that it still has

compact dimensions to be accommodated in

handheld and portable devices.

Various research studies have aimed at designing

antennas for sub-6 GHz 5G applications, each

utilizing various methods to optimize performance.

Some of them are designed to enhance gain, while

others are designed to reduce mutual coupling (M. R.

Jadhav, et al. 2023) or maximize bandwidth. It is still

a difficult task to achieve all these features in one

compact structure. The ever-growing wireless

technologies require novel antenna designs that can

satisfy the stringent specifications of future

communication systems. In this research, a new

antenna design is introduced to address current

limitations and improve the performance of 5G sub-6

GHz communication systems. The originality of this

work is that it optimally (S. Ahmed, et al. 2023)

utilizes an electromagnetic band gap structure to

greatly enhance isolation and gain without sacrificing

compactness in the design. By meticulously

designing the antenna layout, the proposed structure

attains excellent performance parameters without

sacrificing compliance with safety and operation

standards. With the growing dependence on 5G

networks for autonomous cars, smart cities, and

Internet of Things (IoT), the demand for high-

performance antennas is also rising. The suggested

antenna's design aims to satisfy these demands by

offering (W. -S. Chen, et al. 2023) an economical and

effective alternative for next communication systems.

This work advances wireless communication

technology by guaranteeing optimal performance in

terms of gain, isolation, and bandwidth, opening the

door for more dependable and efficient 5G

connectivity.

This work is organized with literature survey

review which is arranged in Section II of this study.

The functioning of the methodology is highlighted in

Section III. Results and discussions are presented in

Section IV. Finally, the key recommendations and

conclusions are presented in Section V.

2 LITERATURE SURVEY

There have been a number of studies aimed at

designing compact and high-performance antennas

for 5G sub-6 GHz systems. Studies have indicated

that high isolation and low mutual coupling in MIMO

technology are imperative for improved performance.

Several methods, including the use of slotted

structures and high-dielectric materials, have been

studied to enhance antenna efficiency. An

examination of the use of a variety of substrate

materials has also been undertaken in order to

maximize gain and bandwidth. Research shows that

miniaturized antenna designs are critical for

contemporary wireless applications, providing

smooth integration into handheld devices with high

radiation efficiency and low interference in dense

communication scenarios.

The latest developments in 5G antenna

technology highlight the need for miniaturization

without sacrificing performance. Researchers have

explored various antenna configurations, including

planar and conformal antennas, to realize space-

efficient structures with enhanced gain

characteristics. Different fabrication methods have

been investigated to improve (L. Zhang, et al. 2023)

impedance matching and bandwidth. Research

emphasizes the importance of a wideband response

with stable radiation characteristics. Antenna

placement analysis in MIMO systems has also been

performed to reduce the effect of environmental

factors. These researches help develop stable

antennas for high-speed wireless communication.

The 5G antenna designs need to consider material

properties and structural configurations with caution

to satisfy rigorous performance requirements.

Various studies have aimed at enhancing gain,

bandwidth, and radiation efficiency through

optimization of substrate materials and antenna

shapes. It has been (U. Tripathi, et al. 2023) shown by

researchers that high-dielectric substrates facilitate

miniaturization without compromising performance.

The effect of integrating antennas with other

electronic components has also been investigated to

provide smooth compatibility. These results highlight

the importance of effective antenna designs providing

stable and quality signal transmission in adverse

communication scenarios.

The use of multiple antennas in small-sized

devices brings challenges of mutual coupling and

interference. Various methods to improve isolation

and provide optimal performance have been studied

by researchers. Research indicates that careful

positioning of antenna elements is crucial in avoiding

correlation effects. Experimental measurements of

various (Vosoogh, et al. 2023) antenna prototypes

show that optimized element spacing greatly

enhances diversity gain and overall system

efficiency. In order to meet the growing demand for

Electromagnetic Band Gap MIMO Antenna for 5G: Subâ

S6 GHz Communication

581

quicker and more effective communication

technologies, these discoveries are useful in the

development of high-performance MIMO antennas

for next wireless networks.

Substrate materials have been explored by several

studies as influencing the overall performance of 5G

antennas. Studies indicate that high-permittivity

materials enhance miniaturization but can cause

unwanted losses. Comparative studies of various

dielectric materials indicate compromises between

efficiency (O. Abdullah, et al. 2023) and size

reduction. The use of low-loss substrates has been

found to improve impedance matching and gain.

Results show that the choice of materials is essential

for obtaining the desired antenna performance. These

studies provide helpful design recommendations for

producing efficient antennas that meet the rapid

connectivity and low-latency requirements of 5G

networks.

The influence of antenna geometry on bandwidth

and gain has been the subject of recent research.

Researchers have explored different design

adjustments, including the addition of slots and patch

size optimization, to realize broader bandwidths.

Research shows that certain geometrical adjustments

(Wahdiyat, et al. 2024) can improve radiation features

and enhance impedance matching. The connection

between the shape of an antenna and its resonance

frequency has also been examined. Results show that

well-engineered geometries lead to robust

performance for various frequency bands. These

findings help in developing multifunctional antennas

that can perform efficiently within 5G

communication systems.

Environmental conditions and their effects on

antenna performance have been thoroughly explored

in wireless communications research. Experiments

demonstrate that antenna performance like gain and

efficiency is influenced by nearby structures and

proximity of users. Experimental results show that

changes in environmental parameters can have an

impact on propagation (E. Ovelatama, et al. 2024) of

the signal as well as the quality of reception.

Researchers have suggested design methods for

compensating degradation in performance because of

external conditions. Shielding methods and adaptive

structures have been considered for improving

robustness. These findings underscore the

significance of environmental factors in creating

stable 5G antennas for practical applications.

Experimental studies of various antenna

configurations identify radiation pattern stability as

crucial in wireless systems. Scholars have

investigated the impact of polarization diversity on

(K. V. Prasad, et al. 2024) communication reliability.

It is found that cross-polarized antennas enhance

signal quality in multipath propagation environments.

Experiments confirm that stable radiation

characteristics over different operating frequencies

improve system performance. Studies of

beamforming methods have evidenced that

directional patterns of radiation lend improved

reliability of the link. The findings strengthen the

requirement of accurate control over radiation in

designing antennas for superior signal reception and

transmission in dynamical 5G environments.

Research into impedance matching methods has

contributed immensely to 5G antenna performance

optimization. Various matching networks and tuning

systems have been researched to reduce reflection

loss and enhance signal transmission. Experiments

prove that adaptive impedance (H. T and B. Roy, et

al. 2024) tuning improves efficiency overall,

particularly in wideband antennas. Test results show

that well-matched antennas have increased gain and

more efficient power transfer. The incorporation of

tenable matching circuits has been investigated to

increase adaptability. The significance of impedance

matching in achieving reliable and effective antenna

designs for wireless communication systems of the

future is highlighted by these findings.

The function of antenna diversity in improving

system reliability has been widely researched.

Research results show that diversity methods like

pattern, spatial, and polarization diversity enhance

signal reception and minimize fading effects.

Experimental tests demonstrate antennas with

properly designed diversity mechanisms offer

increased coverage (Bhosale, et al. 2024) and lower

transmission errors. Research emphasizes optimizing

the placement of antennas in order to gain maximum

diversity. Reconfigurable antennas have been

investigated to increase flexibility in dynamic

wireless systems. These findings aid in building high-

performance and fault-tolerant antennas for future

networks.

Innovations in wearable and IoT compact antenna

designs have been an active area of research.

Research highlights that flexible, lightweight, and

low-power antennas with high efficiency are

required. Findings indicate the use of conductive

fabrics and flexible polymers that improve wear

ability with consistent performance. Miniaturization

methods show that embedding metamaterials and

fractal (R. Kumar, et al. 2023) geometries offer better

impedance properties. Experimental assessments

show that the optimization of antenna designs

improves connectivity in handheld devices. Such

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COMMUNICATION, AND COMPUTING TECHNOLOGIES

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innovations back the increased need for optimized

antennas in next-generation smart technology and IoT

systems.

Dilemmas of embedding various antennas in

handheld wireless devices have been extensively

researched. Studies indicate that shrinking antenna

size while high isolation is maintained is essential for

optimal performance. Experimental findings show

that spacing, orientation, and material choice have

significant effects on the efficiency of MIMO

systems. Research (H. Jia, et al. 2024) emphasizes

minimizing coupling effects to maximize data rates

and reduce interference. Advanced fabrication

methods have been investigated to enhance

integration. The research helps develop space-

efficient antennas for compact wearable and mobile

communication systems.

Antenna gain increase methods have been

explored to fulfil the increasing demand for high data

rate transmission. Research indicates that the use of

reflectors, directors, and lens structures enhances

directional radiation and overall efficiency.

Experiments confirm that gain-augmentation

techniques lead to longer communication distances

and improved link (H. T. P. Thao et al. 2024)

reliability. Experimental testing shows that

optimization of feed structures increases signal

amplitude. Studies of active gain control mechanisms

show that dynamic control increases adaptability.

These results provide useful information for the

design of antennas that have high gain with compact

form factors for future wireless applications.

The impact of frequency reconfiguration on

antenna performance has been extensively studied.

Researchers have shown that reconfigurable antennas

improve spectrum usage and flexibility in dynamic

wireless scenarios. Research has shown that

combining varactors, PIN diodes, and MEMS

switches provides (Z. Shao et al. 2023) tenable

frequency responses. Experimental outcomes

indicate that frequency-agile antennas enhance link

stability under different communication conditions.

Methods of software-defined radio have been

explored in order to support real-time

reconfigurability. These technologies make

significant contributions to realizing smart antennas

with the ability to handle multiple frequency bands in

future networks.

3 METHODOLOGY

The fast-growing 5G technology requires highly

efficient antennas able to operate satisfactorily at the

sub-6 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM)

band. Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)

antenna structures are key for increasing data rate,

reliability, and spectral efficiency. Mutual coupling

between MIMO elements is one of the strongest

challenges, causing overall system deterioration. To

overcome this challenge, this research introduces a

new low-profile slotted antenna integrated with an

optimized Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG)

structure. The introduced antenna provides enhanced

isolation, high gain, and small size while retaining the

best performance characteristics. The methodology

defines the design, simulation, fabrication, and

performance testing processes.

3.1 Antenna Design

The introduced antenna is a completely planar, low-

profile slotted design operating in the 5G sub-6 GHz

ISM band. It is small in size, measuring 25 mm × 25

mm × 0.635 mm, making it simple to integrate into

contemporary wireless devices. The antenna is

produced on a Rogers RT/duroid 6010 high-dielectric

substrate in order to attain improved gain and

bandwidth performance. The slot geometry and

feeding mechanism are both optimized to reduce

impedance mismatch and increase radiation

efficiency. The structural design of the antenna is

directed towards achieving compactness, gain, and

impedance matching for successful wireless

communication. Figure 1 shows Coupled-Human

Slotted Antenna (CHSA).

Figure 1: Coupled-Human Slotted Antenna (CHSA).

3.2 Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG)

Integration

An optimized EBG structure is integrated into the

design to counteract mutual coupling and improve the

isolation of MIMO elements. Strategically placed

Electromagnetic Band Gap MIMO Antenna for 5G: Subâ

S6 GHz Communication

583

around the radiating elements, the EBG elements are

used to eliminate surface waves and unwanted

interference. This integration results in a considerable

decrease in the Envelope Correlation Coefficient

(ECC) for better MIMO diversity performance. The

EBG structure also assists in the enhancement of gain

and directivity of the antenna through the suppression

of unwanted radiation modes. Suitable placement and

design optimization of the EBG elements help to

provide enhanced overall antenna performance

without a larger form factor. Figure 2 shows

Radiation Pattern of EBG-Integrated Slotted MIMO

Antenna.

Figure 2: Radiation Pattern of EBG-Integrated Slotted

MIMO Antenna.

3.3 Simulation and Optimization

The antenna structure is simulated and optimized with

full-wave electromagnetic simulation software to

meet the desired performance parameters. Several

parametric studies are performed to optimize the slot

size, feed locations, and EBG element spacing. The

optimization process is focused on enhancing return

loss, gain, isolation, and bandwidth parameters. The

effect of varying material properties, design

geometries, and structural changes is systematically

investigated. The iterative simulation procedure

guarantees that the final design of the antenna

complies with the specifications of 5G sub-6 GHz

communication. The optimized design is then made

ready for fabrication and experimental verification.

Figure 3 shows Optimized Return Loss (S11) of

Simulated MIMO Antenna Design.

Figure 3: Optimized Return Loss (S11) of Simulated

MIMO Antenna Design.

3.4 Fabrication Process

The optimized design of the antenna is manufactured

through standard PCB fabrication procedures to

guarantee high precision and reliability. The Rogers

RT/droid 6010 substrate is chosen for fabrication due

to its low loss and high dielectric properties, which

contribute to improved antenna performance. The

slotted structure and EBG elements are etched using

a photolithographic process. Post-fabrication, a

thorough inspection is conducted to verify the

accuracy of the fabricated dimensions. Any

deviations from the simulated design are minimized

by adhering to strict manufacturing tolerances. The

prototype is fabricated with artificial materials and

then made ready for experimental testing and

validation using real-time measurements.

3.5 Experimental Measurement and

Validation

The anechoic chamber is used to test the fabricated

antenna to measure the most important performance

parameters such as return loss, gain, radiation

patterns, and isolation. Impedance matching and

bandwidth performance are analysed using a Vector

Network Analyzer (VNA). Radiation patterns are

measured in the E-plane and H-plane to validate

omnidirectional coverage. The MIMO performance

metrics, such as Envelope Correlation Coefficient

(ECC), Diversity Gain (DG), and Channel Capacity

(CC), are calculated and compared. The values are

verified against simulated results to ensure accuracy.

Discrepancies are examined, and minor design

adjustments are made for further optimization. Figure

4 shows Current Distribution on MIMO Antenna.

Figure 4: Current Distribution on MIMO Antenna.

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3.6 Analysis and Compliance

The performance of the antenna is analysed based on

major parameters, such as realized gain, fractional

bandwidth (FBW), and Specific Absorption Rate

(SAR). The derived FBW is 20.67%, and it provides

a sufficient bandwidth for 5G sub-6 GHz operation.

The SAR is calculated to analyse human exposure

levels and is observed to be within safety limits. The

link budget analysis is performed to find the

efficiency of the antenna in real-world

communication applications. The overall conclusions

affirm the efficiency of the suggested antenna, in

agreement with its applicability for high-speed,

reliable, and secure wireless communication in 5G

networks. Figure 5 shows MIMO Antenna Array

Configuration. The Figure 6 shows Architecture

Diagram.

Figure 5: MIMO Antenna Array Configuration.

Figure 6: Architecture Diagram.

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The performance of the designed EBG-integrated

MIMO antenna is investigated using simulation and

experimental testing. The simulated and measured

results are in close agreement, ascertaining the

accuracy of the antenna design. The return loss values

are satisfactory within the ISM band, ensuring low

signal reflection and high-power transmission. The

measured S-parameters confirm the effective

isolation among MIMO elements, with significant

mutual coupling effects being suppressed by the EBG

structure. The Envelope Correlation Coefficient

(ECC) is found to be far below the acceptable value,

showing good MIMO diversity performance and

enhanced signal integrity.

The radiation properties of the antenna are tested

via gain and directivity measurements. The achieved

peak gain is in the required range, guaranteeing stable

communication for 5G sub-6 GHz applications. The

radiation pattern measurements reveal

omnidirectional coverage in the H-plane and steady

directional characteristics in the E-plane, suitable for

different deployment modes. The presence of EBG

structures aids gain enhancement through

suppression of surface waves and interference

mitigation. This increased radiation efficiency helps

in improved transmission and reception of the signal,

which is critical for high-data-rate communication

networks.

The antenna's bandwidth response is examined

based on fractional bandwidth (FBW) calculations.

The measured 20.67% FBW provides adequate

bandwidth to support the transmission of high-speed

data on 5G networks. High bandwidth provides

quality connectivity, with minimal chances of signal

degradation and interference. The observed Diversity

Gain (DG) is approximately the theoretical value of

10 dB, demonstrating good diversity performance

and enhanced system capacity. Channel Capacity

(CC) is also assessed and proven to be ideal for

MIMO communication, thus proving the

compatibility of the antenna in multi-user

environments.

The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is calculated

to measure the safety of the proposed antenna. The

SAR values are revealed to be under regulatory

constraints, which ensures a minimal exposure of

humans to electromagnetic radiation. The safety

compliance with such standards positions the antenna

well for applications in portable and wearable

communication devices. Link budget analysis also

confirms the overall efficiency of the antenna for real-

world deployment conditions, and it shows

acceptable power margins for reliable wireless

connections.

The comparison between simulated and measured

results emphasizes the success of the antenna design

in attaining high isolation, low ECC, and maximum

gain. The small variations between simulated and

Electromagnetic Band Gap MIMO Antenna for 5G: Subâ

S6 GHz Communication

585

measured values are due to fabrication tolerances and

measurement errors. Nevertheless, the overall

performance agrees with the anticipated design

objectives, ensuring the strength of the proposed

antenna. The compact size, high isolation, and wide

bandwidth together render this antenna a potential

candidate for the next-generation 5G wireless

communication systems.

5 CONCLUSIONS

The accelerated growth of wireless communication

networks, especially 5G networks, has brought forth

a pressing requirement for high-performance

antennas. The sub-6 GHz frequency band is vital in

facilitating robust, high-speed communication with

enhanced coverage and penetration. To satisfy the

rising demands of new applications, antenna designs

need to provide high efficiency, miniaturization, and

better isolation while still complying with regulatory

requirements. The integration of MIMO technology

further boosts communications performance through

enhancements in data rate and spectral efficiency,

henceforth becoming a required component of future

wireless systems. Nonetheless, optimal MIMO

performance is accompanied by the challenges of

mutual coupling, electromagnetic interference, and

space limitation in small devices. Several methods

have been investigated to counteract these challenges,

and electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures have

proven to be a viable option for enhancing isolation

and suppressing surface wave propagation. The

demand for innovative designs to balance gain,

bandwidth, isolation, and miniaturization remains a

central point of interest in antenna research.

The research effectively proposes a new antenna

design that solves these issues and provides the best

performance for 5G sub-6 GHz applications. Through

the integration of an optimized EBG structure, the

new antenna provides better isolation, improved gain

performance, and enhanced overall efficiency

without sacrificing its compact size. The design also

satisfies the most important requirements of

contemporary communication systems, such as low

envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), high

diversity gain (DG), and maximum channel capacity

(CC). In addition, the designed antenna satisfies

specific absorption rate (SAR) restrictions, thus

providing a safe and convenient option for handheld

and portable devices. With a balanced link budget, the

structure facilitates effective communication, hence

applicable in various applications including IoT,

smart cities, and autonomous systems. Through

optimal parameterization, the research provides a

contribution towards the design of sophisticated

antenna solutions that improve the efficiency and

dependability of 5G networks. With further

advancements in 5G technology, the need for

miniature high-performance antennas will continue to

grow. The design presented herein is a step in

addressing these changing needs by presenting a

feasible and effective solution for next-generation

wireless communications. The conclusions of this

research offer useful insights to researchers and

practitioners alike, opening doors for further

developments in wireless communication

technology.

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Electromagnetic Band Gap MIMO Antenna for 5G: Subâ

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