Parkease IoT Driven Smart Parking with Seamless Pre‑Reservation

P. Uma, N. Kesavan, T. Thilak and M. Vengatesh

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Nandha Engineering College (Autonomous), Erode, Tamil Nadu, India

Keywords: Smart Parking System, IoT‑Based Parking, Real‑Time Parking Monitoring, Pre‑Booking System, Digital

Parking Reservation, Automated Parking Management, Contactless Payment, RFID‑Based Authentication,

License Plate Recognition, Urban Mobility, Traffic Congestion Reduction, EV Charging Integration,

Cloud‑Based Parking System, Smart City Infrastructure.

Abstract: Due to the fast-growing urban vehicle density, unreasonable parking management has become an important

issue, which results in traffic congestion, fuel loss and driver inconvenient. Regular parking IoT systems

usually do not provide real-time occupancy updates and pre-booking functions, which cause inefficient delays

and traffic congestion. This paper proposes ParkEase, an enhanced IoT-based smart parking system that offers

real-time parking availability monitoring, automated slot reservation, and seamless entry-exit management

through a dedicated pre-booking mobile application. The system uses sensors (IoT-enabled) placed in parking

lots to track slot occupancy constantly and send real-time information to the cloud-based server. Using the

easy-to-use mobile app, drivers can pre-book parking spots, also find the designated place, and also

contactless digital payments, which minimizes waiting times and also increases the convenience of the user.

Specifically, automated barrier control and license plate recognition enable a hassle-free parking experience

that obviates the manual confirmation process. The system also includes dynamic pricing, to maximize space

use during high demand hours and traffic flow optimization, reduce fuel use, and elevate user experience.

Through real-time data processing, automated booking, and contactless payments, the presented system can

provide a scalable and low-cost solution to the evolution of urban parking featuring. The realisation of this

IoT-based smart parking architecture has a high potential for traffic reduction, optimal use of space, and for

the growth of more intelligent, greener city areas.

1 INTRODUCTION

Parking management disorder due to rapid

urbanization and the increasing numbers of vehicles

has become a serious problem in contemporary cities.

Roadway congestion and poor fuel efficiency is often

a result of drivers spending an inordinate amount of

time searching for an empty parking space.

Traditional parking systems are devoid of real-time

information, dynamic space allocation and easy

online prebooking, which leads to users'

dissatisfaction and poor utilization of parking

facilities.

To overcome these difficulties, we present an IoT-

enabled smart parking system that contributes to

parking efficiency through real-time slot availability

information announcement, automatic reservation

scheduling, convenient digital payment, and effective

spatial allocation. With the combination of IoT-

sensing sensors, the system is able to track the

occupancy of the parking space in real-time and sends

live information to a cloud-based platform.

Information can be obtained through a mobile

application allowing a user to pre-book parking

space, find the designated area, and pay with a

contactless method, which dramatically reduces the

search time and traffic flow.

Furthermore, the system possesses auto-entry/exit

capabilities realized by license plate recognition, or

RFID authentication, that eliminates the need for

manual interaction and provides users with a parking-

free experience. In order to maintain sustainable

urban expansion, the system integrates EV charging

stations into parking lots, which commands the use of

electric vehicles.

Based on the combination of the ubiquitous

computing technology, real-time data processing and

user-oriented automation, the proposed smart parking

system would achieve an exceptional contribution to

urban mobility, in the reduction of waiting time,

space making and a convenience of the user. This

Uma, P., Kesavan, N., Thilak, T. and Vengatesh, M.

Parkease IoT Driven Smart Parking with Seamless Pre-Reservation.

DOI: 10.5220/0013908600004919

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Research and Development in Information, Communication, and Computing Technologies (ICRDICCT‘25 2025) - Volume 4, pages

88-94

ISBN: 978-989-758-777-1

paper explores the architecture, implementation, and

potential societal impact of this solution, contributing

to the advancement of smart city infrastructure.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Object This has been made possible by improving

methods of managing efficient parking such as

developments in the management of spaces at which

a car can park. Increased research undertakings have

been carried out into IoT-based smart parking. Some

of these studies include various technologies and

techniques that help achieve a more effective parking

method under less traffic congestion but also take

user convenience into consideration.

This is manifested in a paper by Author and others

in the year, who developed an IoT based real-time

parking monitoring system that detects occupancy

through ultrasonic sensors. This system promises to

offer availability updates live, thus saving time as

well as congestion. It has the disadvantage of not

providing for pre-booking and digital payment

facilities, which would have maximized its use,

especially in high demand areas.

The same author et al. Year, employed RFID with

mobile-based authentication in automated entry-exit

mechanisms. Manual ticketing is no more pre-

emptive removal of the automatic ticket issuing

system, while security improves. Though effective,

the system is limited by the absence of centralized,

cloud-based platforms making it difficult for access

and scalability. One of the most recent research is on

the integration of cloud computing and mobile

applications in parking systems through the work of

Author et al., Year. The new system interfaces users

with provision for viewing real-time slot availability

and navigation assistance using contactless payments.

The new system drastically improves user experience,

but the authors did not include the future essential

parts of smart cities such as EV charging stations and

sustainability criteria.

Studies on RFID and license plate based on

recognition authentication have improved security

and reduced fraud in parking facilities. A

combination of these technologies has streamlined

parking but not yet made it more efficient when

combined with a comprehensive pre-booking

mechanism. This is as follows: Real-world cases are

the majority of existing systems.

Using ultrasonic sensors to detect whether

parking bays are occupied or not, Author et al. (Year)

deploys an IoT real-time parking monitoring system.

The efficiency of the system in providing real-time

updates on availability to users is expected to save

search time and reduce congestion.

Self-service automated ticketing, enhanced

security, and the removal of manual ticketing for

entry and exit vehicles are made possible-open from

the RFID and mobile-based authentication facility.

Though very effective, the system does not have a

centralized platform built into the cloud through

which information can be accessed or scaled easily.

Recently by Author et al., Year have derived almost

the same research on automated parking systems

integrating cloud computing and mobile applications

to enhance user experience in real-time information

view of slot availability and navigation assistance

using contactless payments.

Without EV chargers and sustainability points,

however, the intelligent city in the future may not be

realized. So far, various research endeavors have

resolved questions regarding the use of RFID and

license plate recognition-based authentication in

bringing security and a reduction of fraud. All those

who use these technologies are facing a seamless

parking operation, and of course, they have not yet

been combined with a highly effective pre-booking

mechanism.

2.1 Comparative Studies

Although traditional smart parking systems leverage

the latest in Internet of Things (IoT) and use real-time

slot detection, cloud computing, and RFID to improve

efficiency, there are still places where the systems are

deficient like in par-booking, automation in

payments, and infrastructure features which just limit

their efficiency in the modern world's possible urban

settings. AI-powered parking solutions improve

predictive accuracy but have a high computational

resource requirement and complex infrastructure,

thus becoming less feasible for use in lower scales of

operation. The same is true for License Plate

Recognition (LPR) systems as to security

improvement, high installation costs, and recognition

errors under poor conditions.

The enhancement of this system is the

modernization of the existing IoT-based parking

systems, which is mobile app-based pre-booking,

real-time slot updates, contactless payments, RFID

authentication, and EV charging stations in one place.

Not only that, but this system will also be green since

it integrates with solar-powered sensors with energy-

efficient hardware, thus providing a scalable, eco-

friendly way of managing urban parking. By

combining all these elements, convenience premise,

secured, and sustainable parking operation

Parkease IoT Driven Smart Parking with Seamless Pre-Reservation

management should bring about reduced congestion

and maneuver parking operations toward smarter

urban mobility. Architecture of Automated

Parking Slot Detection Shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Architecture of automated parking slot detection.

3 METHODOLOGY

This particular IoT-based smart parking system is

equipped to tackle issues of urban parking using real-

time monitoring, pre-booking, automated payments,

and smartness in developed infrastructure. It promises

to build efficiency, reduce the space occupied by

vehicles in parking areas due to jams, and offer a

seamless experience to the users. It also adopts a

systematic approach which includes the deployment

of smart infrastructure, cloud-based data

management, automated entry and exit, sustainability

features, and strong security mechanisms.

3.1 Gathering Intelligent

Infrastructure Implementation

The first step consists in deploying IoT-enabled

sensors like ultrasonic or infrared sensors inside the

parking lot that detect the vehicle presence for each

slot. These sensors give continuous information about

the occupancy status and in turn send it to a

centralized cloud server. The data transfer is via low

power, long range communication technologies such

as Wi-Fi, LoRa, or Zigbee, ensuring connectivity

even in a large-scale parking environment. The

system will also consist of RFID or QR code-based

entrance and exit authentication methods, to make the

process streamlined for vehicle verification, and also

prevents unauthorized access.

3.2 Data Management and Mobile

Application from the Cloud

Once acquired in real-time, parking data is processed

and stored in a cloud database with a friendly mobile

application. This mobile application serves the user

as the interface to check available parking slots, pre-

book such slots for a specified amount of time, and

make digital payment without any physical

interaction.

The cloud infrastructure makes it possible for data

to be accessed and updated seamlessly throughout the

user devices; hence there is no division of data

between the operations of the parking lot and the user

engagement. Furthermore, the system automatically

notifies the users about their bookings, remaining

parking time, and the status of their payment.

3.3 Automated Entry and Exit System

The complete elimination of delays has been achieved

by complete automation of the entry and exit

procedure to enhance operational efficiency. Upon

arrival, the user scans either an RFID tag or a QR code

associated with the booking, whereupon the system

checks the reservation and opens the smart barrier.

Assigned to the booked slot, the current parking status

is updated in real time; and the smart barrier opens for

entry.

Figure 2: Circuit diagram.

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On exit, the duration of parking is recorded

against the system, the cost computed, and the

amount is deducted against the user-linked digital

wallet. Manual payments or ticket validations are not

required; hence reduced congestion and increased

turnaround for available spaces. Figure 2 Shows the

Circuit Diagram.

3.4 Sustainability and Energy

Efficiency

System features sustainable offerings in addition to

optimizing their parking efficiency-solar-powered

sensors and energy-saving communication modules.

Such renewables would significantly lessen the

operational cost due to functionality maintenance,

especially for areas where there may be power

outages. The inclusion of electric vehicle charging

stations within the parking system will, however,

improve this aspect of the entire situation, as this

reflects the impending trend toward the higher

popularity of electric vehicles. Dynamic algorithms

applied to price have introduced a price per parking

unit allocated into different slots as demand,

availability, or peak hours change so that they can

maximize their revenue collection for parking

operators and delivery mechanisms to users.

3.5 Data Privacy and Security

The fundamental pillars on which this system is built

are security and data privacy. Encrypted

communication protocols help in transferring data

between IoT devices and cloud servers. Such

communication would not allow unauthorized access

or breach of data. Therefore, to counter such forgery,

the process also incorporates multi-factor

authentication (MFA) user login. Last, but not least,

regular audits of the system and software updates will

enhance the security, reliability, and performance rate

of this parking system with time.

For scaling up the operations using IoT-driven

automation, real-time monitoring, and user-friendly

mobile applications, it is an efficient and scaled

solution within modern parking requirements. The

innovation here advocated, apart from reducing

unauthorized parking, also drastically cut down the

extent of time wasted in looking for parking space,

reduces traffic congestion, enhances user

convenience of parking, and makes the parking

process greener. Seamless pre-booking and

automated payment methods will render the

experience optimal as intelligent, cost-efficient, and

future-proof approaches to urban parking

management.

4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS &

DISCUSSION

4.1 Implementation and Testing

Environment

An experimental setup in a parking lot-based

controlled environment, to simulate real-world

scenarios, for testing the performance of the proposed

IoT-based smart parking system. The structure of the

system included infrared (IR) sensors to recognise the

vehicle, Arduino microcontroller for the data

processing, NodeMCU module for interaction with

the cloud and a server-based application for the user

interface. The experiment was carried out for weeks

across a large number of test cases by changing the

number of vehicles, sensor locations and the

environmental conditions in order to measure

performance in dynamic conditions. IR Sensor

Module for Object Detection Shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: IR sensor module for object detection.

4.2 Real-Time Parking Detection

Accuracy

Real time park slot occupancy detection capability of

the system was one of the most important evaluation

criteria for the system performance. The IR sensors

successfully identified vehicle presence with an

accuracy of 96% under normal conditions.

Nevertheless, small detection errors (4% as a result of

extreme illumination, sensor offset, and occlusion

caused by external objects) are also present. On

average, update of slot availability in the mobile

application took 1.8 s, i.e., the mobile application was

Parkease IoT Driven Smart Parking with Seamless Pre-Reservation

very responsive and powerful. Figure 4 Shows the

Automated Smart Parking System Prototype.

Figure 4: Automated smart parking system prototype.

4.3 Pre-Booking Efficiency and User

Feedback

The mobile application offered the user the option, of

pre-booking parking spaces, including confirmation

of the issued slot. However, tests with simultaneous

reservations by more than one user showed that the

system could effectively manage bookings without

conflicts. Users indicated an approximately 40

decrease in the time spent to find all available parking

than usual systems. A survey conducted among test

users revealed that 89% found the system easy to use,

while 92% appreciated the real-time updates on slot

availability. IoT-Enabled Parking Space

Reservation and Monitoring Shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: IoT-enabled parking space reservation and

monitoring.

4.4 Network Performance and

Connectivity Analysis

Since the system relies on wireless communication

between the sensors, the microcontrollers and the

cloud, network stability was a key parameter of

choice. Average latency between the detection and

updatesion the server was 1.5 s. However, up to 3 s of

delay in certain locations with poor Wi-Fi coverage

was reported. To overcome this problem, in future

deployments, it should be also considered the use of

a different communication protocol, such as

LoRaWAN, or a combined architecture (Wi-Fi GSM)

with the aim of ensuring the lossless delivery of

transmitted data. Figure 6 Shows the Smart Parking

Usage Insights.

Figure 6: Smart parking usage insights.

4.5 Parking Slot Utilization

The Reservation Slot Utilization Chart indicates how

occupied the parking spaces are at certain times of the

day to aid in analyzing peak times and improving

space allocation. As can be seen, parking occupancy

reaches its highest of 80% at 12:00 o'clock, with only

10 spots available. This suggests that the busiest time

of the day is around noon, meaning that traffic control

and perhaps even differential pricing systems should

be developed to ensure that this demand is capped in

some way. In comparison, these time periods,

especially 8:00 AM and 8:00 PM, exhibit a smaller

occupancy. Such a drop-in occupancy suggests that

available spaces are easy to find during these hours.

This information would aid in making pre-reservation

more efficient, facilitate users into congested areas,

and automation of effective prices for maximized

usage of parking spots. Table 1 Shows the Parking

Slot Availability by Time of Day.

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COMMUNICATION, AND COMPUTING TECHNOLOGIES

Table 1: Parking slot availability by time of day.

Time of

Day

Total Slots

Occupied

Slots

Available

Slots

8:00 AM 50 15 35

12:00 PM 50 40 10

4:00 PM 50 30 20

8:00 PM 50 20 30

4.6 Performance Analysis

The table 2 performance analysis considers slot

identification time, mobile application feedback time,

and entry and exit speed. The system demonstrated

95% accuracy while detecting free slots, achieving

1.8 seconds per slot. Updates are guaranteed to be real

time. The mobile application was able to respond in

less than 2.5 seconds with a score of 92 percent,

enabling users to retrieve the parking slots. The users

completed the entry and exit process in less than 3

seconds, attaining 98% accuracy. Overall, this

improved the level of comfort and reduced waiting

time. A few users reported seeing minor disruptions

in weak network signal areas, which can be addressed

using hybrid communication protocols. In a nutshell,

this system boosts the efficiency for parking slots

while reducing the traffic congestion levels and

simultaneously providing an effortless experience to

the users.

Table 2: System performance metrics for smart parking

operations.

Parameter

Measured

Value

Expected

Value

Accuracy

Slot Detection

Time

1.8 sec <2 sec 95%

Mobile App

Response

2.5 sec <3 sec 92%

Entry/Exit Time 3 sec <5 sec 98%

5 FUTURE WORK

The described smart parking system has proven to be

feasible in parking space and traffic congestion

minimization. However, there are still many potential

enhancements that can be explored in future studies

in order to enhance its functionality and usability.

One of the main aims for performance improvement

is the integration of advanced sensors (sonography or

RFID type systems) to increase the reliability of

parking slot detection. Due to their ability to generate

accurate, low error, real time data, these sensors will

enable more precise space occupancy measurement.

In addition, scaling out of the system to support

multistorey car parks can further scale the system and

make it usable for urban environments with limited

parking. Notably, an analytic module that is also

predictive is included as an addendum. By using the

historical parking data, the system can predict

congestion time points and then inform the users of

the optimal parking time to reduce the congestion,

respectively. In addition, a dynamic price model that

relies on demand can also contribute to increased

space optimization and revenue for parkers'

operators. For more mobility and ease of use, the

mobile application is also configurable to allow

expansion in the form of incorporating voice-based

control, navigation feedback and multilingual

support.

6 CONCLUSIONS

Through Internet of Things (IoT) technology, the

application of smart parking information system has

been implemented to solve parking issue in city.

Sensor fusion, a microelectronic controller, and a

mobile application can provide in-time parking space

load information, which can reduce congestion and

enhance the convenience of a user. Automation of the

parking space detection and gate control eliminates

the need for human labor, which, ultimately, leads to

a better, more efficient parking process.

Experimental data have demonstrated that the

system significantly improves the use of parking lot

space, reduces the time it takes to locate a vacant

parking spot, and improves traffic management

efficiencies. Integration of cloud-based data write-

ups, on-demand data access, and usability through the

integration of parking and mobile applications

establish consistent data flow and enable information

sharing for users. While the efficiency of the system

has already been demonstrated, the system can be

further improved by learning predictive analytics,

advanced security devices, and parking guidance

integrated with multi-level parking guidance. Further

advancements may also focus on enhancement of

accuracy, incorporation of AI assisted parking

forecasts, and expansion for wider smart city

deployments. Conclusion Overall, this smart parking

Parkease IoT Driven Smart Parking with Seamless Pre-Reservation

system offers an efficient and feasible approach to

compensate for the defects of traditional parking

management.

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