Advanced Laser Light Communication for IoT and Smart

Infrastructure

C. Jency, Abinaya B., Shivashankari V. and Abishek B.

Department of AI&DS, Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology, Kalapatti Road, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Keywords: Laser Light Communication, Li‑Fi, FSO, q‑Factor, Bit Error Rate, OptiSystem, MISO, Attenuation,

Environmental Factors.

Abstract: Advanced Laser Light Communication for IOT and Smart Infrastructure represents a promising alternative to

traditional wireless communication systems, offering high-speed data transmission through free-space optical

(FSO) links using light waves, specifically laser beams. LLC, powered by Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) technology,

offers significant advantages such as lower cost, reduced complexity, higher data rates, and minimal losses

compared to fiber optics. However, challenges such as environmental interferences rain, fog, wind, and

obstacles impact signal transmission. This work proposes an advanced Li-Fi based FSO system using a laser

array to mitigate disruptions and ensure uninterrupted high-speed communication. A converging lens

enhances the system by focusing the beams at the receiver, increasing the signal's intensity. Performance

evaluation, using the OptiSystem tool, examines the quality factor (Q-factor), bit error rate (BER), received

power, and Eye diagram under varying link distances. The study also includes a hardware prototype to validate

the system's performance.

1 INTRODUCTION

However, as an alternative of the limitation from the

traditional wireless communication systems that use

mainly radio frequency (RF) waves, Laser light

communication (LLC) has come. System Based on

RF (Wi-Fi etc.) face all of above issue like limited

bandwidth, interference, low data-rates and security

problem because of large availability of radio signal.

Enter Li-Fi, one emerging technology that is gaining

traction to meet these communicating demands, a

system that uses light waves instead of the traditional

mediums to carry data.

As LLC was developed for RF transmission using

light in the 380 nm- 780 nm wavelengths in the

ultraviolet to visible range of wavelengths (or light),

it has substantial advantages like increased

bandwidth, heightened data rates, and resistance to

electromagnetic interference. While RF waves can be

directed, a laser beam can be tightly focused, which

enables secure, point-to-point communication with

significantly less interference. Additionally, the LLC

systems do not have bottlenecking problems that

usually happens when many devices use a same RF

channel in a particular geographic area, like for

example in a high-density urban area. Generally, a

mobile transceiver that can cover a large area and has

high-band transmission should use VLC with a laser

as compared to other technologies such as RF-based

networks during startup, which can easily implement

smart cities. The wide coverage areas of laser-based

light transmitters, combined with VLC’s m: Power

impact, gives urban areas greater data transfer rates

than RF systems working within the same

environments.

As a part of LLC system, PAVEWAY has

immersed advantages like low RF, direct-to-line of

sight energy transmission, minimal power usage, etc.

This can cause the signal quality to decay and the

communication to be lost especially over long

distances. This was susceptible to aforementioned

problems so in the proposed system multiple laser

beams focused on a converging lens, so at the

receiving end these beams completely converge, thus

increases the strength of signal and reliability.

Laser communication can be used for satellite

communication, inter-planetary exploration and

high-speed internet in isolated area. It can span long

distances with little signal degradation, so it’s a

contender in next-gen communications. Project

Visualisation: The feasibility of LLC has been

explored through OptiSystem, popular software for

Jency, C., B., A., V., S. and B., A.

Advanced Laser Light Communication for IoT and Smart Infrastructure.

DOI: 10.5220/0013902500004919

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Research and Development in Information, Communication, and Computing Technologies (ICRDICCT‘25 2025) - Volume 3, pages

595-601

ISBN: 978-989-758-777-1

595

optical communication systems simulation to

evaluate critical performance metrics (BER, Q-

factor, received power) with respect to different

environmental conditions and separation between

two communicating users. Also, we redesign a

hardware prototype from the results of our

experimentations to analyse how effectively our

proposed system works in real-time.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Literature Review: Laser Light

Communication

We also discuss several access technologies with

direct implications to LLC such as free-space optical

(FSO) and light fidelity (Li-Fi) and effects of the

surrounding medium on the signal when using LLC.

Notably, enabling data rates using arrayed lasers,

and adapting techniques to counter environmental

disturbances, are both key innovations.

2.1.1 Laser Light Communication Systems

Overview

Compared to more common RF communication,

LLC systems have major benefits. Gupta et al.

(2020), further emphasize upon the unique

advantages of FSO systems in providing much higher

bandwidth and data rates available than that of RF

based systems, making them an attractive solution.

Zhang et al. (2021) investigates Li-Fi technology for

using visible light to transfer data at high speed,

highlighting its potential application in replacing

congested RF channels in certain applications.

Kumar et al. (2022), exploring optical wireless

communication as a remedy to radio frequency (RF)

spectrum congestion and its advantages for

communication over long distances. Zafar et al. The

basis of laser-diode based VLC systems is provided

by who shows that they are capable of achieving

gigabit-class data rates, as their modulation

bandwidth is significantly higher compared to that

of an LED based model.

2.1.2 Free-Space Optical System

Attenuation

LLC performance is heavily influenced by

environmental factors like fog, rain, and wind.

Sharma et al. (2021) analyze the impact of weather

conditions on laser communication systems and

suggest adaptive mechanisms to ensure reliable

communication under varying conditions. Rajput et

al.) study the effects of fog attenuation and create

models to predict signal degradation based on

visibility levels. Chauhan et al. (2021) study rain

attenuation and provide methods for adapting laser

beam power and reducing signal loss from heavy

rain.

2.1.3 Laser Arrays as a Tool for High-Speed

Communication

LLC reliability in challenging conditions comes

down to laser arrays. Saini et al. proposed a multi-

laser array to ensure that the communication is

always ON by splitting the data to all the laser beams,

which in turn reduces the interdependent loss of

signal in adverse weather conditions. Garg et al.

2020) showing how to use converging lenses to

concentrate the intensity of the signal at the receiver,

thus improving system performance. Joshi et al.

Another research showing on the usage of multi-

input singleoutput (MISO) systems in FSO

communication, stating that such systems have the

potential to improve the communication reliability

and the communication speed. Achieving data rates

of up to 113 Gbps, a near-real-time VLLC system is

demonstrated in Optics Express (2024).

2.1.4 Performance Evaluation Using Optical

Simulation Tools

Numerous simulation tools are available for the

assessment of LLC systems such as OptiSystem.

Garg et al. H Addel et al. use OptiSystem to analyze

FSO systems with varying conditions where they

present the power versus bit error rate (BER)

relationship. Hou, Y., et al. (2024) High-speed laser

light communication is applied into underwater

wireless optical communication (UWOC) and next-

generation optical networks in, Chao Shen (2021).

The data suggests that this typical technologynegates

the complication of keeping data reliable even over

long distances, proving to be an effective alternative

for the burdensome situations.

2.1.5 Detection of Epileptic Seizures Based

on Eeg Signals

The coupling of laser light-based communication

system will be beneficial in detecting the occurrence

of an epileptic patients disease using EEG, which

will provide real time healthcare monitoring in IoT

and smart infrastructure. This is because it is key that

the wavelet coefficients capture only that part of the

signal that matches with the frequencies required for

ICRDICCT‘25 2025 - INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN INFORMATION,

COMMUNICATION, AND COMPUTING TECHNOLOGIES

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classifying the signal. The wavelet coefficients

generated represent the energy distribution in time

and frequency of the EEG signal, providing a

compressed description of the EEG signal (V

Seethalakshmi., et al., 2022).

2.2 Directions for Future Research and

Challenges

Integration: Laser Light Communication (LLC)

systems will need to be integrated seamlessly with

existing terrestrial and satellite communication

technologies in order to create a unified

communication network. A potent class of

investigation will be around adaptive systems that will

adjust transmission power and beam characteristics to

match weather or environmental factors (fog, rain,

dust, etc.) for uninterrupted communication.

Increasing the reliability of LLC systems under

inclement atmospheric conditions will be crucial for

wider application in outdoor operations.

A further complication is increasing the

communication distance(far) whilst retaining high

data rates and reducing signal fade. Future research

is expected to center on achieving tighter laser beam

accuracy and integrating more sophisticated optical

apparatus, such as converging lenses, to increase

signal strength over distance. Moreover, the use of

multi-laser arrays can be additionally exploited to

enhance reliability and data throughput, especially

applicable for long-range scenarios.

In the Future, Would Be Exciting Partnership of

LLC with 5G Li-Fi & IOT Integration of LLC with

RF and Li-Fi systems in a seamless manner can help

optimize bandwidth usage as well as improve

communication efficiency in futuristic urban

environment with huge number of connected devices.

Hybrid communication systems that enable

switching between different modalities as the

environmental and operational needs change will also

be a significant area of study. Ryu Yeon-Il; Jin Ying-

Jie; Bai Wei Managing Editor: Charles K. B. The

adaptive RL-patch: Learning to optimize DNNs via

QoS-driven environments for DNN-based AI. The

work also proves its applicability for a potential

long-distance, low-latency optical transmission, and

has further implications as a candidate for future

high-speed data communication.

3 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Using Free-Space Optical (FSO) technology, the

proposed system provides a novel framework for

reliable, high-speed Laser Light Communication

(LLC) by employing an array of laser beams and

advanced optical components. The system provides

some essential capabilities that can help us overcome

the environment interference and attenuating the

signal limitation in existing LLC contenders.

3.1 Array of Lasers for Data Transport

At the center of the proposed system is a slew of

lasers which transmit data through free space. The

lasers in the array can be forced to work at the same

time, sending data through several different streams,

thus raising the rate of data through the system and

delivering robust contact. The multi-laser array

compensates for interference from fog, rain or wind.

Since the transmitted data is spread across various

beams, the system significantly reduces the risk of

total signal loss, which enhances the robustness of

the channel.

3.2 Converging Lens for Focus Signal

At the receiver end, a converging lens is used to focus

these diffraction-limited laser beams on a single

point with high intensity to get the better performance

of the system. As conditions improve and the bit error

rate (BER) decreases, it allows the transmitted data

to be accurately received and decoded even under

adverse weather conditions. If you use a converging

lens, you can keep larger distances between the

lights with comparatively negligible signal loss.

3.3 Adaptive Power Control for

Environmental Adjustment

The system that we propose has a cross-sectional area

with a power-control mechanism that can modulate

the laser beams according to real-time

environmental conditions. Sensors constantly

measure elements like visibility, humidity, and wind

speed, and adjust the laser power in real time as

necessary to keep a steady communication link. This

enables best performance when the system operates

in harsh weather conditions as it greatly reduces the

effect of attenuation due to rain, fog, or dust.

3.4 Monitoring Performance and

Errors

The system includes a real-time performance

monitoring module to guarantee continuous and

reliable communication. It measures important

performance metrics including received power,

Advanced Laser Light Communication for IoT and Smart Infrastructure

597

BER, and signal quality. If any degradation does

occur, the system automatically adjusts the laser

array and/or power settings. They include error

detection algorithms, enabling the system to self-

correct small transmission errors in order to preserve

data integrity even over extended ranges.

3.5 Multipurpose Utility and

Scalability

Only time will determine the success of this new

LLC system but the design will be adaptable and

scalable. This supports any of multiple applications,

including but not limited to indoor short-range

communications, outdoor communications systems,

and satellite communications systems. The system

has a modular design so that more laser arrays could

be bolted on if needed to increase data transmission

capacity. This flexibility allows for effortless

tailoring of the system to accommodate various use

cases, such as internet services in rural

environments, high-speed data transmission between

buildings, and satellite communication.

3.6 Implementation Details

FSO Links: Instead of traditional methods, the system

operates using Laser arrays. The lasers transmit

simultaneously in parallel, minimizing both the data

transmission latency and susceptibility to signal loss

from environmental factors, such as rain or fog.

Converging Lens System: A converging lens is

used to focus the multiple laser beams in front of the

receiver to enhance the signal intensity and to lower

the Bit Error Rate (BER). This enables system to be

used with even at distances.

Adaptive Power Control: An adaptive control

mechanism is used to control the power of the laser

beams that can be adjusted on the fly, according to

weather events like fog, rain, and wind, ensuring

stable communication.

Performance tracking: The system evaluates

regularly performance parameters (received power,

BER, etc.), and adjusts in real-time those parameters

in order to achieve the best communication status.

Finally, error detection and correction algorithms

maintain data integrity despite all permutations of

error conditions.

User Interface: A friendly user interface is

designed to display the system status and the

environmental conditions. At the user interface, direct

access to system configuration parameters, real-time

views of metric values and display of system health is

available.

3.7 Novelty and Contributions

It is characterized, in particular, by the use of a

multi-laser array for reliable fast speed data

transmission in free-space optical communication.

Consequently, including adaptive power control to

compensate for environmental fills, combined with

converging lens design for signal achievement,

allows steady continual dependant communication.

As a result, this solution could be a powerful

alternative for traditional RF systems to facilitate the

transmission of high-speed, long-distance data across

long distances, high-speed applications, and some

rainy days, which is highly available for satellite

communication, remote internet access, and many

other application scenarios.

4 METHODOLOGY

The methodology section includes technical

procedures and algorithms used in designing the

Laser Light Communication (LLC) system. The

second half involves developing the hardware

prototype for the Laser array, the converging lens,

and also dealing with data transmission and

performance evaluation with OptiSystem.

Figure 1

shows the System Architecture.

1. Laser Array Implementation The

foundation of our system is a laser array,

designed to enhance free-space optical

(FSO) communication. Laser beams are used

for transmitting data across varying distances

with minimal signal degradation. The

implementation involves:

 Beam Generation and Transmission:

Multiple laser beams are emitted

simultaneously, increasing the system's

data transmission capacity.

2. Laser Array and Converging Lens

Architecture The system leverages a laser

array combined with a converging lens to

improve data transmission reliability and

performance in free-space optical

communication:

 Laser Array: Multiple laser beams are

transmitted simultaneously, increasing the

system’s data transmission capacity and

reducing the likelihood of signal

disruption.

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Figure 1: System architecture.



Converging Lens: A converging lens

focuses the laser beams at the receiver,

enhancing signal intensity and ensuring

consistent high-speed data transfer

3. Data Handling and Preprocessing

Proper data handling and preprocessing are

essential for optimizing the communication

system:

 Data Transmission Protocol: A robust

protocol is used to manage data transmission

between the laser transmitter and receiver,

ensuring minimal data loss.

 Error Detection and Correction: Techniques

such as forward error correction (FEC) are

applied to mitigate data corruption during

transmission.

 Environmental Data Integration: Real-time

environmental data is integrated to adjust the

system's parameters, minimizing the impact of

adverse weather conditions like fog, rain, and

wind.

4. System Training and Performance

Optimization

 OptiSystem Simulation: OptiSystem is used

to simulate the performance of the laser

communication system under various

conditions, providing insights into key metrics

like bit error rate (BER), quality factor (Q-

factor), and received power.

 Hardware Prototype: A hardware prototype

is developed to validate the system’s

performance in real-world scenarios, testing its

ability to maintain communication under

environmental challenges.

5. Adaptive Mechanisms for Environmental

Interference Mitigation

To address environmental factors that affect

signal quality, the system integrates adaptive

mechanisms:

 Beam Intensity Adjustment: The

systemdynamically adjusts the intensity of the

laser beams based on real-time environmental

data, ensuring consistent signal strength.

 Multi-Beam Redundancy: The laser array

provides redundancy by transmitting multiple

beams, minimizing the likelihood of complete

signal loss in adverse weather conditions.

6. Interface and User Interaction

A user-friendly interface is developed for

monitoring and managing the system’s

performance:

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 OptiSystem GUI Integration: The interface

integrates OptiSystem’s GUI, allowing users to

visualize key performance metrics like BER,

Q-factor, and signal power.

 Real-Time Feedback: The interface provides

real-time feedback on the system’s status,

enabling quick adjustments to maintain

optimal communication.

7. System Testing and Iteration

The LLC system is rigorously tested to ensure

reliable performance:

 Unit Testing: All the separate hardware

components, such as the laser array and the

converging lens, are tested in isolation to

ensure proper functionality.

 Integration Testing: The system is thoroughly

tested to ensure all individual components

function effectively together, facilitating

seamless data transmission.

 Field Testing: The system is deployed in real-

life scenarios to see how well it performs in

different environmental settings while

allowing the feedback which continues to

improve the system.

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section presents the empirical outcomes of

deploying the proposed Laser Light Communication

(LLC) system, discussing its performance metrics

and implications for advancing high-speed optical

communication.

5.1 Performance Metrics

To evaluate the efficacy of the proposed system, the

following metrics were employed:

 Bit Error Rate (BER): Measures the rate of

errors in transmitted data, indicating the

system’s accuracy in signal transmission.

 Quality Factor (Q-Factor): Evaluates the

clarity and reliability of the signal, with higher

values representing better signal integrity.

 Received Power (dBm): Assesses the strength

of the signal received after transmission.

 Data Transmission Rate: Measures the

speed of data transfer in Megabits per second

(Mbps).

 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR): Compares the

signal strength to background noise, indicating

the signal quality.

 Latency: Measures the time delay in data

transmission, with lower values indicating

faster communication.

5.2 Comparative Analysis

Comparative evaluation with conventional random

forest based systems shows the preference of LLC

among the choice of systems specially in

interference-free scenario which provides high

datarate and nominal bit error rates. Compared with

single-beam FSO system, LLC system was more

robust and less sensitive to the environmental factors

as well because LLC system adapt a laser array and

converging lens.

5.3 Discussion

 System Efficacy: The system performed well

across all metrics, achieving low BER (Bit

Error Rate), high Q-Factor (Quality Factor),

and high Data Transmission Rates even in

conditions of adverse weather. By

incorporating a laser array and converging

lens, they were able to increase the signal

strength enough to allow high-speed

connections over large distances.

 Communication Effects: LLC tends to

provide sufficient operating space in

congested RF channels for non-obtrusive

communication in an urban environment.

Being immune to electromagnetic

interference and also having a high

bandwidth, it is suitable forof future

communication systems.

 Limitations and Challenges: Though results

are promising, the system struggles under

harsh environmental conditions such as heavy

rain or thick fog that create signal attenuation.

However, the laser array, as well as the need

for proper alignment of the converging lens

during deployment, increases costs due to

their complexity.

 Enhanced Resilience: Work can be done in the

future to enable even more resilient operation

against extreme (dusty or polluted, e.g.)

environments through combination with

adaptive beam steering techniques and an

increase in the redundancy of the laser array.

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Moreover, investigating more compact and

affordable hardware configurations may

support wider deployment.

5.4 Implications for Future Research

Thus, the achievement of the Last Link Completion

encourages to look out for Free-Space Optical (FSO)

technologies. Future research may explore the

incorporation of adaptive optics to account for real-

time environmental changes, as well as expanding

the system’s application to the fields of satellite

communication, in which high-speed data transfer is

imperative.

6 CONCLUSIONS

The Laser Light Communication (LLC) systems is

potential and suitable alternative system to the

current RF function systems which provides more

efficient bandwidth, higher data rates with less

electromagnetic interference. The system is capable

of transmitting data at high speed using Free-Space

Optical (FSO) technology comprising a laser array

and a converging lens for focused signal strength at

greater distances. Simulation and real-world

performance tests validated the system performance

and showcased its capability to maintain low bit error

rates along with high-quality signals in moderate

environmental conditions. Despite this, there are still

challenges due to fog and rain attenuation, and the

need for further advancements in adaptive beam

control and robustness of the system. In conclusion,

LLC can reshape communication for the most mobile

systems like urban, satellite and national penetration

systems where high-speed, low-latency

communication is critical. Future works need to

enhance the environmental resilience and lower

deployment cost for a more general purpose.

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