Enhancing Database Security through Multi‑Layered Cryptographic

Techniques

Gayathri Ramasamy, Gurupriya M., Govindu Lvn Sridhar, Unnam Aditya and Nalla Shreyas

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru,

Karnataka, India

Keywords: Advanced Substitution Cipher, Encryption, Database Security, Cryptography, Homomorphic Cipher.

Abstract: In light of the computer age, the rise in the number of unauthorized access and cyber security threats makes

use of reliable forms of encryption a must in protecting people’s data. This paper demonstrates the

enhancement of an elaborate cipher system to include advanced forms of substitution ciphers besides the

classic Caesar Cipher, Homomorphic Cipher, and Napoleon Cipher. The research work focuses on the use of

the concept of unique keys aimed on increasing crypto- graphic security and the safety of the database data

kept, transferred and retrieved from the database. The study also looks into the working of multi-layered

cipher integration in light of real word data security and draws out the benefits and drawbacks of such

encryption methods against data manipulation. The results extend knowledge about the possibilities of

complex cryptographic solutions for the database protection and indicate the prospects for further research

aimed at strengthening cryptographic protection against new kinds of threats.

1 INTRODUCTION

Modern citizens are living in an informational world

where the amount of information increases with the

speed of light as a consequence of storing and using

it in digital mode, which, with all the advantages, has

led to substantial existential threats, first of all,

concerning data storage and processing. Primary data

storage systems commonly implement simple data

security measures to protect the information;

nevertheless, these measures could be insufficient in

low-impact databases as they do not employ elaborate

security models typical to the databases of high

impact. Small level databases which are used in

narrowed areas with poor economy or simple

applications have become more and more likely to be

attacked because they have poor encryption ability.

This growing risk puts demands to design

sophisticated cryptographic solution more suited to

improve the security on those databases while not

compromising much on performance and

functionality.

The proposed Advanced Cipher System addresses

the shortcomings of the traditional encryption

methods through the development of a new multiple

layer since low-level databases are the target.

Contrary to ordinary approaches to encryption that

involves the use of a single layer of security, this work

combines multiple ciphers to develop a strong

Substitution Cipher System. By encrypting using

unique keys the system adds an extra layer of security

and makes it way harder to crack compared to other

attacks such as using brute force or cryptography

attack. In contrast to the general encryption solutions,

the proposed framework considers the peculiarities of

low-level DBs: low computational overhead and

increased flexibility in terms of scenario for resource-

limited scenarios.

This is a complete secure system intended to

afford data storage, transmission and even access.

What the research is able to show through a structured

evaluation is that the integrated advanced ciphers are

attained in their objectives of thwarting the

unauthorized access or alteration of the information

in question. Probabilistic analysis of the solution in

conjunction with its actual application allows for not

only solving the current problem related to the

encryption of the database at the application level but

also to put the basis for further development of

cryptographic methods, especially for lower-level

database applications.

532

Ramasamy, G., M., G., Sridhar, G. L., Aditya, U. and Shreyas, N.

Enhancing Database Security through Multi-Layered Cryptographic Techniques.

DOI: 10.5220/0013901400004919

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Research and Development in Information, Communication, and Computing Technologies (ICRDICCT‘25 2025) - Volume 3, pages

532-540

ISBN: 978-989-758-777-1

The following are the objectives of the proposed

work:

• Establish a secure multilayer encryption model

using sophisticated alphabetic substitution

techniques such as Caesar Cipher and advanced

Homo- morphic Cipher and Napoleon Cipher to

encode the database data.

• Proposed an encryption framework that

addresses an important class of databases,

leveraging low-level models while providing

significant protection in fractionated

environments while keeping intensive security

services costs low.

• Provide a concise and readable design of the

chat application interface and do not interrupt

the user with issues related to encryption, which,

nevertheless, occurs at the time of

communication.

2 LITERATURE SURVEY

Ritwic et al. (2022) introduced a new encryption

technique combining modified versions of the

Vigen`ere and Polybius ciphers, offering enhanced

security over traditional classical ciphers vulnerable

to modern cryptographic attacks. Noor A. et al.

(2020) introduced a cryptosystem combining

Homophonic and Polyalphabetic Substitution

Ciphers using a circular queue and four keys,

providing fast encryption for personal and network

communication security. Carlson et al.2022)

demonstrated that permutation-substitution-

permutation (PSP) ciphers using regular byte-block

boundaries are as insecure as multi-byte substitution

ciphers, proposing counter measures and introducing

isomorphic cipher reduction. Aiman Al- Sabaawi

(2021) surveyed cryptanalysis techniques for classic

ciphers Caesar, transposition, and Hill demonstrating

how simple algorithms can break them, enhancing

understanding of cryptanalysis and its application in

securing information systems.

Dhavare A. et al. (2013) in his article discussed an

algorithm for breaking homo- phonic substitution

ciphers using a nested hill climb approach, tested on

various substitutions, with a special focus on the

unsolved Zodiac 340 cipher. Anuj Gu- rung et al.

(2024) presented a new encryption algorithm based

on the Caesar cipher, enhanced by random number

generation. It uses two random number lists as keys,

making decryption harder and improving security.

Srivastava et al. (2023) re- searched about the

transformation of data into an unreadable format,

encrypted, and decrypted; steganography is hiding

information within a file. The concept of this paper

will be to combine two technologies. With the use of

image steganography technology along with

cryptography, which is Caesar Cipher encryption,

data security will be improved. Akbar Serdano et al.

(2021) proposed a combined algorithm for the Hill

Cipher and the Caesar Cipher, increasing security

level in data. The research led to improvements in

both encryption and decryption times, especially as

the size of the matrix varied from one size to another.

Increasing the size of the matrix to 5x5 increased the

decryption time.

Oleksandr et., al. (2021) proposed work on

homophonic encryption which seems to have the

advantage of mapping any number of ciphertext

symbols to every plaintext character for improving

security, drawbacks seem to exist for modern

cryptograms. This paper will analyze the Z408 and

Z340 ciphers with emphasis on points of attack

against them. Manjunath S. et., al. (2024) proposed

work on the Pigpen cipher, also known as the

Freemason cipher, is somewhat limited: no key and

cannot encrypt numbers. The AlphaMeshX or AMX

improves it by making a key-based encryption

version using ASCII encoding and mathematical

substitution of 13 alphabetic and 18 numeric versions

for added security.

A recent work of B. Murugadoss et al. (2021)

discusses how watermarking intellectual property

rights over multimedia contents is safeguarded using

digital image watermarking exploiting the spatial and

frequency domains technique- DWT, DCT, and SVD.

Chaotic maps, such as Henon and Logistic maps, are

used for embedding the watermark securely as these

are sensitive to initial conditions. Cryptographic

techniques, such as RSA and Elliptic Curve

Cryptography (ECC), are used for secure keys.

Hybrid schemes are the recent ones that use DWT-

SVD for decomposition and chaos-based encryption

that resist cropping, compression, and noise addition

attacks. This provides strong watermarking as well as

secure multimedia content protection. The work by

Dhanyashree et al. (2021) talks about how graph

theory strengthens the security in the communication

net- work, especially in cryptography. In this study,

the methods of graph labeling are explored, including

both vertex and edge labeling that encodes secure

information. L (3,2,1)-path coloring is one of the

powerful encryption methods that is the extension of

the traditional method of vertex distance-based

labeling.

H. S. Chinta et al. (2024) have presented the work

on how the hybrid approach of deep learning-

cryptography ensures the confidentiality of medical

Enhancing Database Security through Multi-Layered Cryptographic Techniques

533

images and the risk of unauthorized access and

breaches. The study focused on DNA-based AES

encryption for strong data encoding and the LSB

embedding technique for effective data concealment

in steganographic contexts. Discrete Wavelet

Transform is used for compression, saving the storage

and transmission cost while not losing the image

quality.

A. S. Reddy et al. (2024) presented work about the

security of multimedia data, especially audio files,

because of risks in unauthorized access and

manipulation. The article focused on AES as an

efficient means for digital data protection but was

susceptible to attacks based on pattern recognition

attacks. Cellular automata have been emphasized on,

particularly Rule 30, due to its chaotic behavior and

generation of pseudo-random numbers, providing a

better layer of encryption. In addition, XORing

between the cellular automata sequence and AES-

encrypted data increases randomness while

eliminating any patterns. Loss- less compression

formats like WAV are used for the audio file so that

encryption and decryption maintain integrity and

quality during reconstruction. This hybrid approach

on AES and cellular automata has provided audio

data secure transmission and storage through an

efficient way. The work by M. Saraswathi et al.

(2022) discussed the application of graph labeling

techniques, particularly radio mean labeling, in

cryptography. In encrypting, radio mean numbers are

used to determine how key matrices should be

created. Using path graphs maximizes a given order’s

graph diameter and cycle graphs improve a

generator’s key so robust schemes of encryption may

develop from it. By combing graph labeling

techniques and those based on matrices within

cryptology, the given technique ensures that

communications become a challenge for an opponent

simply through the inherent complexity presented in

its radio mean labeling scheme.

Long et al. (2023) examined the application of HE

to multi-layer graph databases that enable secure

computations on encrypted data without revealing the

plain- text. It identifies trade-offs between HE’s

unparalleled security and its computational overhead,

demonstrating that the current HE systems are

practical for low-volume queries but are not scalable

for large-scale operations. This paper shows an

extensive performance evaluation that clearly shows

a quadratic growth of execution time against the data

size and a linear improvement due to parallelism.

Radhakrishnan and Akila (2021) extended the

research in RSA algorithm to be applicable in the

distributed database. Scalability data security and

efficiency problems solutions improved. In this

modified RSA algorithms, key sizes are modified,

and factorization ways are changed such that systems

be- come stronger while fighting off hacking threats.

Fatima et al. (2023) proposed an advanced encryption

technique for protecting facial biometric databases

using bit-plane scrambling with diffusion generated

from chaotic maps. This ensures that the data left in

the database is protected against several forms of

attacks, such as brute force and statistical attacks. The

encryption process consists of several rounds of

transformation and diffusion, resulting in a ciphertext

that is highly diffused, hence counter to known

cryptanalytic techniques.

Rao et al. (2021) addressed the concept of a hybrid

approach for encryption that incorporates Diffusion

Oriented Cryptography in the protection of both rest

and transit data through Diffie-Hellman for safe key

sharing among different entities. Diffusion would

actually make the data more random in nature, hence

the information cannot be easily reversed in any form

of cryptanalysis; therefore, Diffie Hellman technique

is used for ensuring the safe sharing among entities

that are authorized for use. The goals of the project

being considered are aligned with emphasizing

stratification and protection both for data and critical

transactions. Ryandika and Prabowo (2023)

discussed the implementation of integrating AES-256

with RSA to harden web-based databases from SQL

injection attacks. Using AES-256 is done because it

will efficiently encrypt sensitive information; the

incorporation of RSA is there to supplement a more

sophisticated key mechanism in that decryption will

only be made available through use of a

corresponding public and private key. Results show

some performance trade-offs, namely increased

response times for big datasets and RSA overhead

involved in generating its key pair. level database

operations. This survey done by Abood and Guiguis

(2018) reviewed various cryptographic algorithms,

including AES, DES, and RSA. The output may help

to mix together Caesar cipher and homophonic

encryption for your use case. This combination ties

simple methods together with security, forming a

powerful, multilevel encryption system. For instance,

Caesar cipher data can change in the quickest way

while homophonic encryption combats frequency

analysis. These together offer a complete security

mechanism.

Awadh et al. (2023) introduced a multi-tiered

security framework, particularly designed for cloud

computing environments, using the integration of

RSA, AES, and steganographic techniques, which

ensure data integrity and confidentiality. The

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proposed model stresses layered security, where

encryption is used to protect data, steganography to

hide data, and compression to increase storage

capacity and transmission. It addresses some of the

shortcomings of standalone encryption strategies and

promotes a holistic approach to security. The depth

study done by Mushtaq et al. (2024) assessed the

security features of widely used cryptographic

techniques like AES, DES, and RSA. Highly relevant

to the integration of Caesar and homophonic

encryption is the fact that such an analysis

underscores the necessity for the balance of overhead

on computations with robustness to security. Drawing

from such findings, Caesar cipher may thus be

positioned as an easy method for quick obfuscation;

the more serious needs to ensure secure operation are

catered for by homophonic encryption. Nurhayati et

al, (2024) designed an instant messaging Android

application using the AES mode for message

confidentiality. The vulnerability of being an open

platform and susceptible to sniffing with

unauthorized access into the conversation platforms

that this article discusses has been addressed in the

E2EE model. Applying the emphasis placed upon

method on cryptographic efficiency on databases-

especially in relation to the layering of encryption

algorithms- the application of Caesar cipher design

could serve to provide a light initial obfuscation layer,

with homophonic encryption heightening complexity

to improve against frequency analysis attacks.

Goel et al. (2024) stressed the importance of secure

communication by using AES-256 encryption in a

Node.js-based application. The highly robust crypto-

graphic system with ease of implementation assures

the reliability of communication in real-time. The

paper focuses on primary cryptographic aspects like

data encryption, decryption procedure, and key

management strategy. Chat systems demonstrate that

AES-256 is strong enough for secret information to

protect it against unauthorized access. The Double

Layer Password Encryption algorithm is the next

stride in the research into strengthening safety in

cloud-based password administration systems.

Loganathan and Saranya (2024) integrated one- time

password generation technique using public-private

key cryptography for the process of dual encryption

for safe and secure authentication. DLPE af- firms

that its multi-level security approaches significantly

mitigate these risks of unauthorized access, hostile

intrusions, and data breach. This susceptibility focus

of cloud environments encompasses inadequate

authentication methods and session hijacking, and it

also addresses a robust encryption-centric mitigation

strategy. A. V. Kumar et al. (2024) explored the

importance of FHE in cloud computing and

particularly in its capacity to support computations on

encrypted data without decryption. The study puts

much importance on the use of FHE to protect data

privacy while the organization is carrying out

operations like mathematical operations and queries

in cloud contexts, the issue of third parties coming in.

It presents FHE’s four step procedure outsource,

query, computation, and decryption demonstrating

how it can protect organizational data even as it

processes it. The advantages found are data privacy

from breaches and the possibility of securely working

on outsourced data, and the disadvantages found are

computational overhead, consumption of memory

and infeasibility in some cases for some queries.

3 METHODOLOGY

This Figure 1 represents the general flow of

operations in the Advanced Cipher System with an

emphasis on status while reroute to be stored in

database and after being stored it is send to receiver

by performing decryption algorithms.

Figure 1: Work flow of cipher system.

The encryption and decryption process workflows in

the given algorithm 1 and algorithm 2 is a linear

process, which in detail undergoes the Sequential

Special Character Replacement, Caesar Cipher,

Homomorphic Substitution, Napoleon Cipher and

Rail Fence Cipher and vice versa. Earlier steps

increase the complexity of data in each iteration and

guarantee safe conversion of the plain text into the

cipher text with strong resistance to the attack on the

cipher text and other types of invasions.

Algorithm 1: Encryption Workflow.

Require: Plaintext P, Rail Fence Key K

Ensure: Encrypted Ciphertext C

1: Replace special characters in P using predefined Unicode

mapping

2: Apply Caesar Cipher on P with shift S to get intermediate

Enhancing Database Security through Multi-Layered Cryptographic Techniques

535

ciphertext C1

3: Perform Homomorphic Substitution on C1 using a

predefined dictionary to get C2

4: Substitute numbers in C2 with corresponding alphabetic

characters using Napoleon Cipher to get C3

5: Apply Rail Fence Cipher on C3 with key K to get the

final ciphertext C

6: return C

Algorithm 2: Decryption Workflow.

Require: Encrypted Ciphertext C, Rail Fence Key K

Ensure: Decrypted Plaintext P

1: Apply Rail Fence Decipher on C using key K to get

intermediate ciphertext C3

2: Reverse Napoleon Cipher on C3 to substitute alphabetic

characters back to numbers, producing C2

3: Perform Homomorphic Desubstitution on C2 to get C1

4: Reverse Caesar Cipher on C1 with negative shift S to

obtain intermediate plaintext P1

5: Replace special Unicode characters in P1 with original

special characters to get the final plaintext P

6: return P

4 PROPOSED SYSTEM

The flow of proposed system is shown in Figure 2

which resembles the flow of Encryption and how are

we going to perform it in the Database.

Figure 2: Work flow of encryption.

User Interface (UI).

In this way, the interface of the application offers

clear and simplified navigation for secure messaging.

UI is created by using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript

since the user interface has to be responsive. It

includes:

• Chat Interface: live chat window allows a user

to send messages back and forth in real-time and

offers such options as time stamps and chat log.

• Login and Registration: The system contains a

system, new users are expected to register on the

system. All user credentials that are provided are

securely encrypted before they are stored.

• Minimal User Interruption: The application of

the encryption and decryption processes is such

that there are no any prompt messages in the

application

so as to indicate whether or not the

encryption is being applied.

4.1 Backend and Server

The backend is in PHP and this is hosted on a

XAMPP framework to maintain the server system

locally. XAMPP is perfect for developing and testing

locally as it integrates Apache, MySQL, and PHP so

easily within the platform. The backend is responsible

for:

• Handling Requests: Producing modules for

user registration, login and logout, chat

interaction and message getting.

• Encryption and Decryption: To provide end

to end secured communication, all messages

stored in the database are encrypted and

decrypted when read.

4.2 Database

As for the storing of user details and chat

conversation the chat application employs the use of

XAMPP MySQL database. The key features of the

database include:

• User Data Storage: User information which

include, usernames password and the likes

are well stored in the database through a

strong encrypted format.

• Encrypted Message Storage: All the chat

messages are stored in an encrypted format

using the discussed multi-fold encryption

mechanism. The encrypted messages

include sender id, recipient id along with

message id.

4.3 Encryption Mechanism

One of the most significant components of the design

is the layered encryption complex which guarantees

the protection of the text messages of the application

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users. The encryption process involves the following

steps:

Unicode Mapping.

The steps of operation of an encryption workflow

consist of the first step of substituting some characters

in the plaintext with Unicode symbols in accordance

with the mapping. This transformation makes sure

that special characters are encoded in a standard

format which ease the encryption exercise and at the

same time, avoid some of the complications that may

be occasioned by non-standard encoding Instruction:

What are the complications that may be occasioned

by the non-standard encoding of these characters?

This step also increases the code complexity of the

ciphertext by reverting some of the characters to their

Unicode equivalents as part of its security

enhancement strategy to discourage a possible attack

by revealing or attempting to extract a

particular

pattern.

Caesar Cipher the Caesar Cipher is the simplest of

all encipherment techniques comprises of shifting the

letters in the plaintexts by a fixed number of times in

the alphabet. In this system, after the Unicode

translation of the text, a Caesar Cipher transformation

of the text is applied under which each character is

shifted by a shift value (S). This substitution ensures

that the characters are disguised, this is in a way that

they give an initial encryption. The Caesar Cipher is

also useful in hiding text given that when practiced

together with other methods the plain structure of the

text is not easily recognizable. While the basic Caesar

Cipher is fairly uncomplicated, it definitely deserves

to be applied, as used in combination with other

techniques in a cascading manner forming a multiple

level strong ciphering system.

Napoleon Cipher Napoleon Cipher technique is

used for managing the alphabets followed by numeric

characters in the text. The Napoleon Cipher, in this

case, replaces each number character with an

alphabetical character depending on mapping. It is

important for the purpose of hiding numerical data

within the ciphertext. Because with the translation of

numbers into letters it becomes more difficult for the

attackers to define and strike on the numerical values,

which in their turn are usually included into the key

parameters of the protected in- formation. The added

transformation not only serve the function of

obscuring numerical values but also contributes to the

augmentation in the given level of complexity of a

certain encryption system against frequency analysis

as well as brute force attacks.

Homomorphic Cipher Subsequent to the Caesar &

Napoleon Ciphering the latter is encrypted using a

Homomorphic Ciphering. Homomorphic encryption

may be described as an innovative cryptographic

concept that enables computations to be conducted

over encrypted data without having to decrypt such

data in the first instance. This property makes

homomorphic encryption especially beneficial in

areas that demand secure processing on anonymized

data, as secure computations on the data in cloud

services. In the given encryption process,

homomorphic substitution makes the task more

intricate than simple swapping so as to disguise

plaintext while allowing certain computations on the

encrypted information. This additional step

guarantees the security of the data, as well as

functionality when called upon for particular uses in

the process.

Rail Fence Cipher It needs to be pointed that the

Rail Fence Cipher is a transposition cipher used as the

final layer of encryption. In this process the encrypted

text from the above-mentioned step is then written in

a series of rows one below the other as is shown in the

figure following the given key (K). Finally, to

encrypted the last ciphertext the characters are then

read off row by row. This move of characters has

another feature of putting more difficulty in

deciphering of the ciphertext in that; changing the

structure of characters makes it even hard for an

attacker to logically decipher the plaintext without the

help of key and structure used. When used on its own

the Rail Fence Cipher is much less sophisticated in

the way it works than previous substitution

techniques: but when the order of the letters is

combined with previous substitutions then the Rail

Fence Cipher provides a higher level of security to the

encryption process.

5 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

5.1 MD5 Hashing

In the chat application the passwords that are created

by users they are encrypted using the MD5 hash

encryption as shown in Figure 3 before storing them

in the database. This makes sure that there will be no

plain text password saved, adding to security and

converting it into fixed length irreversible hashes

values. This makes user credentials secure from

access by unauthorized people even if the database is

infiltrated.

Enhancing Database Security through Multi-Layered Cryptographic Techniques

537

5.2 Chat Window

The Figure 4 shows the friendly chat or a dialogue

window where the interlocutors are the users. The

chat window layout is simplistic with user interface

design to the minimalistic level and switching

between the sender and the receiver’s interfacing

balloons. Every message has a timestamp and

formatted in a way that makes it easy to understand

and maintain communication without compromising

its encrypted status.

Figure 3: User password hashing using MD5.

Figure 4: Image displaying chat window.

5.3 Encrypted Message Inside the

Database

This Figure 5 shows the encrypted chat message

storage in the database. As mentioned above, to each”

msg id” there corresponds an encrypted message in

the form of emoji sequences as a consequence of

homophonic substitution. This de- sign guarantees

the messages stored in it are safe and meaningless to

a third party without decryption hence protecting

privacy of users.

Figure 5: Image displaying chat database.

6 CONCLUSIONS

The proposed system presents a highly secure system

of chat application that employs multilevel high-

secured encryption for the user’s data including

storage of data, sending and even retrieving of data.

Combining processes of substitution and

transposition ciphers promotes the security of

conveyance and resistance to most present-day

modern attack types. Because the system is aimed at

low-level databases, it has an optimal combination of

computational characteristics and the highest level of

data protection. This makes it an acceptable method

of maintaining privacy of user credentials through use

of MD5 hashing from passwords and of messages by

use of homophonic substitution. It thus paves the way

for the realization of layered encryption practice in

other mature and future secure database systems.

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