End‑to‑End Encryption in IoT System with AES Technique

A. V. Nageswara Rao, Bellamkonda Harshavardhan, Kollipara Sujith and Kyathi Priya

Department of Advanced Computer Science and Engineering, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research

(Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh, India

Keywords: End‑to‑End Encryption, Internet of Things (IoT), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Security, Privacy,

Data Integrity, Cryptography.

Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) has deeply impacted various industries such as healthcare, smart home

automation, transportation, and industrial automation. However, the rapid uptake of IoT technologies has

introduced substantial concerns about security and privacy. Protecting the confidentiality and integrity of the

data that is communicated between IoT devices, particularly as the devices are often found in exposed and

vulnerable settings, is extremely important. End-to-end encryption (E2EE) is a reliable mechanism for

encrypting data transfer between IoT devices so that the information can only be accessed by the intended

sender and receiver. This article explores the use of end-to-end encryption in IoT systems using the Advanced

Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. The AES encryption technique achieves an optimum balance between

computational cost and protection, making it highly appropriate for resource-constrained IoT devices. We

discuss the structure of IoT systems, the security challenges they pose, and the incorporation of AES to

enhance privacy and data integrity. Additionally, we evaluate the performance of AES encryption in IoT

settings, considering aspects such as power usage, processing overhead, and scalability.

1 INTRODUCTION

The Internet of Things (IoT) covers a group of

connected devices that are able to communicate and

exchange information via an autonomous action,

without direct human involvement. This network

involves sensors, actuators, and other common

objects that have computing power and are the ability

to join networks. IoT use is common in various

industries, including smart homes, healthcare, smart

cities, and industry automation.

With the increased spread of IoT devices, the

protection of the information shared through these

networks has become an important issue. The

confidential nature of the data being shared, such as

personal medical records and financial interactions,

makes it critical to secure such data from misuse or

unauthorized access. In such scenarios, end-to-end

encryption (E2EE) has played a crucial role in the

protection of data in IoT networks.

End-to-end encryption works by encrypting the

data at the source (sender) and decrypting it

exclusively at the destination (receiver) so that any

middlemen or attackers cannot read the data as it is

transmitted. The Advanced Encryption Standard

(AES) is well recognized to be a safe and effective

method of encryption and hence a perfect option for

data protection in IoT settings. AES is a symmetric

key block cipher that uses the same key for encryption

and decryption, allowing for relatively quick and

efficient processing—a critical consideration for IoT

applications that seek to keep power consumption and

computational requirements low. This paper

discusses the use of AES-based end-to-end

encryption in IoT systems, highlighting the benefits,

challenges, and performance considerations involved

in this approach.

IoT devices are constantly exchanging sensitive

information, making them good targets for

cyberattacks. Cybercriminals take advantage of

vulnerabilities in communication protocols to

intercept or tamper with data, leading to breaches and

unauthorized access. The problem is how to deploy

encryption mechanisms that provide strong security

while maintaining computational efficiency. Given

the resource constraints of many IoT devices. This

paper presents an approach using AES encryption

over TCP to enhance security without significantly

impacting system performance.

Rao, A. V. N., Harshavardhan, B., Sujith, K. and Priya, K.

End-to-End Encryption in IoT System with AES Technique.

DOI: 10.5220/0013892800004919

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Research and Development in Information, Communication, and Computing Technologies (ICRDICCT‘25 2025) - Volume 3, pages

105-112

ISBN: 978-989-758-777-1

105

1.1 Security Requirements

IoT systems are frequently deployed in environments

that may be hostile or untrusted, leading to a

heightened risk of cyberattacks. The primary security

requirements for IoT systems include confidentiality,

which ensures that only authorized parties can access

the transmitted data; integrity, which guarantees that

the data remains unaltered and untampered with

during transmission; authentication, which verifies

the identities of the devices involved in

communication to prevent unauthorized access; non-

repudiation, which ensures that the sender cannot

deny having sent the message; and availability, which

makes sure that the IoT system and its data are

accessible to authorized users when needed.

IoT devices encounter a range of threats, such as

eavesdropping, where unauthorized parties intercept

data during transmission; Man-in-the-Middle (MitM)

attacks, which involve interception and alteration of

data between the sender and receiver; Denial-of-

Service (DoS) attacks, which overload IoT devices or

networks to render them unavailable; and physical

attacks, where unauthorized access to IoT devices is

used to extract sensitive information or compromise

the system.

End-to-End Encryption (E2EE) protects IoT data

by ensuring that only the intended recipient can read

it. Even if hackers intercept the data, they will only

see scrambled, unreadable text. Only the recipient

with the correct decryption key can unlock and view

the original information. To achieve this, different

encryption techniques are used. For IoT systems,

symmetric encryption, such as AES, is a popular

choice because it is both fast and efficient, making it

ideal for resource-limited devices.

1.2 AES Encryption Technique

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a

symmetric key block cipher that encrypts data in

fixed-size blocks of 128 bits. It supports three key

sizes: 128 bits, 192 bits, and 256 bits. AES is widely

recognized as a secure and efficient encryption

algorithm, having been adopted by various

organizations and standards, including the U.S.

National Institute of Standards and Technology

(NIST). AES functions through a series of well-

defined rounds that include substitution, permutation,

and mixing, which help it resist common

cryptographic attacks. The strength of AES lies in its

large key size (up to 256 bits), making it

computationally impractical to break through brute

force methods (S. P. Suresh, A. Kumar, and R. K.

Sharma., 2020).

1.3 AES in IoT Systems

IoT devices often have limited resources, including

processing power, memory, and battery life.

Therefore, selecting an encryption algorithm that

balances security with computational efficiency is

crucial. AES is particularly well-suited for IoT

systems for several reasons. It is highly efficient in

both encryption and decryption, which is vital for IoT

devices with limited processing capabilities.

Additionally, AES has a lower computational

overhead compared to other encryption algorithms,

helping to reduce the energy usage of IoT devices. It

is also highly scalable, making it suitable for both

small and large-scale IoT networks. Furthermore, (N.

Elgendy et al., 2023) AES offers robust encryption,

making it resistant to brute-force attacks and other

cryptographic vulnerabilities (] H. Zhang, Y. Liu, and

X. Wang., 2023).

An IoT system generally includes several

components. Devices gather data and transmit it over

the network. The gateway or router serves as a bridge

between IoT devices and cloud services or other

devices. The cloud or server processes and stores the

data collected by IoT devices, often providing

additional functionalities.

1.4 IoT System Components

An IoT system generally includes the following

components: Devices/Sensors, which are IoT devices

that gather data and transmit it over the network;

Gateway/Router, which serves as a bridge between

IoT devices and cloud services or other devices; and

Cloud/Server, which processes and stores the data

collected by IoT devices, often providing additional

functionalities (J. T. Olsson and P. Andersson., 2023).

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

End-to-end encryption (E2EE) is a security method

that keeps data safe and unchanged while it moves

from one device to another in an IoT system. This

means that only the intended recipient can access the

original information, keeping it safe from hackers or

unauthorized access. One of the most commonly used

encryption methods for this is AES (Advanced

Encryption Standard). AES is a type of encryption

that uses the same key to both lock (encrypt) and

unlock (decrypt) the data. It is popular in IoT because

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it provides strong security without slowing down

devices, which often have limited processing power.

This survey looks at how AES is used in IoT to

protect data, discussing different ways it has been

implemented, the frameworks that support it, and the

challenges researchers have found in making it even

better.

2.1 ISA 100.11a

Several IoT frameworks have integrated AES to

secure data transmission effectively. The ISA

100.11a standard uses AES-128 for data

confidentiality and message integrity. This standard

employer’s device authentication and freshness

checks to prevent replay attacks. These mechanisms

ensure that IoT systems maintain a high level of data

security during trans mission and processing.

2.2 6LoWPAN

Another key approach is 6LoWPAN, which combines

IEEE 802.15.4 with IPv6. This framework uses AES-

based security modes at the link layer and integrates

IPsec at the network layer, offering comprehensive

end-to-end encryption. This dual-layer encryption

enhances both the security and reliability of data

exchanges in low-power, low-bandwidth IoT

environments.

2.3 LoRa Wan

LoRa WAN implements a dual-layer encryption

mechanism based on AES. It uses a network session

key to protect communication between devices and

network servers and an application session key to

ensure encryption at the application level. This

layered security architecture enhances the secure

transmissions of data across long-range IoT networks.

2.4 Adaptive Framework

Given the limited computational resources of many

IoT devices, adaptive and lightweight

implementations of AES have been proposed. One

such approach involves an adaptive framework that

considers five different AES implementation

schemes. This framework uses the Hungarian

algorithm to optimize resource consumption and

throughput, balancing security and performance in

heterogeneous IoT environments

2.5 Lightweight Encryptography

NIST’s lightweight encryption competition has

introduced encryption algorithms like GIFT-COFB

and Tiny JAMBU, which provide authenticated

encryption while maintaining efficiency. These

lightweight algorithms are specifically designed to

address the performance constraints of IoT devices

while ensuring robust data protection.

2.6 AES and Blockchain

Hybrid encryption approaches combining AES with

other cryptographic techniques offer enhanced

security and flexi bility. One innovative framework

integrates AES encryption with blockchain

technology.

Table 1: Literature Review.

Study

Focus Area

Key Findings

ISA 100.11a

AES-128 for data

confidentiality and message

integrity.

Prevents replay attacks using linchpins for

device authentication and freshness checks.

6LoWPAN

Combination of IEEE 802.15.4

with IPv6 and AES-based

security modes.

Provides link-layer and network-layer

security using Ipsec for comprehensive

encryption.

LoRaWAN

Dual-layer AES encryption:

network session key and

application session key.

Ensures secure communication between end

devices and network servers.

Adaptive Framework

Five AES implementation

schemes optimized using the

Hungarian algorithm.

Balances resource consumption and

encryption throughput in heterogeneous IoT

environments.

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IoT data is encrypted using AES in Cipher Block

Chaining (CBC) mode with dynamically generated

private keys, and the encrypted data is stored on

Solidity-based smart contracts. This method ensures

data con f identiality, integrity, and immutability

while leveraging the security benefits of blockchain.

In conclusion, AES is a robust solution for

securing data transmission in IoT systems through

end-to-end encryption. Ongoing research focuses on

improving key management strategies, optimizing

encryption algorithms, and exploring hybrid

encryption techniques to face the unique number of

challenges posed by IoT ecosystems. Table 1 shows

Literature Review.

3 EXISTING SOLUTIONS

End-to-End Encryption (E2EE) is increasingly being

implemented in IoT systems to ensure secure data

transmission between devices, gateways, and cloud

services. Given the growing cybersecurity threats,

E2EE is essential for protecting sensitive data from

unauthorized access and tampering. Include Smart

Homes Consumer IoT, where devices like smart

cameras, door locks, and voice assistants use E2EE to

secure communication between users and cloud

services, often employing protocols like MQTT with

TLS and HTTPS to encrypt data. In Healthcare IoT

(IoMT), E2EE protects sensitive medical data

transmitted between wearable health devices and

healthcare providers, with standards like HIPAA

enforcing encryption for remote patient monitoring.

Industrial IoT (IIoT) utilizes E2EE in

manufacturing plants to protect real-time sensor data

and control signals from cyber threats, with Secure

SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)

systems implementing AES encryption. Automotive

IoT sees connected vehicles employing E2EE to

protect vehicle-to-cloud and vehicle-to-vehicle

(V2V) communications, and technologies like V2X

(Vehicle-to-Everything) incorporate encryption to

prevent cyberattacks on autonomous systems. Smart

Cities Infrastructure, encompassing IoT-enabled

traffic systems, energy grids, and surveillance

networks, uses E2EE to prevent hacking and

unauthorized data access, with protocols like

LoRaWAN and NB-IoT supporting encryption for

securing large-scale deployments. However, current

E2EE implementations face challenges such as

computational overhead, where IoT devices with

limited resources struggle with processing-intensive

encryption, and key management, where secure key

distribution and storage remain major concerns.

4 PROPOSED SOLUTION

The current approach to implementing IoT systems

with AES follows these key steps:

• IoT Devices: Sensors and actuators collect

data from their environment.

• IoT Gateway: Serves as a bridge,

connecting devices to the cloud for secure

data transfer.

• Cloud Server: Stores and processes the

encrypted data received from IoT devices.

• End-User Applications: Provide users with

access to the decrypted data through apps or

dashboards.

4.1 Encryption and Transmission

Process

Step 1: Key Generation and Distribution AES keys

(128- bit, 192-bit, or 256-bit) are generated using a

secure key management system.

Step 2: Data Encryption at the IoT Device. Data is

encrypted using AES before transmission. Encrypted

data is transmitted securely over MQTT or HTTPS.

Step 3: Secure Transmission via IoT Gateway. The

gateway ensures secure routing but does not decrypt

the data. TLS/DTLS is applied to protect data

integrity during transmission.

Step 4: Decryption at the Cloud or End-User

Application. The recipient decrypts data using the

pre-shared AES key. The original plaintext data is

recovered.

Lightweight Cryptography

NIST lightweight encryption

competition, including GIFT-

COFB and Tiny JAMBU

Offers authenticated encryption suitable for

resource-constrained IoT devices

AES and Blockchain

AES-CBC mode encryption

with dynamic private keys and

smart contracts.

Ensures confidentiality, immutability, and

traceability in IoT data communication.

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Step 5: Key Management and Security

Enhancements. Periodic key rotation and multi-factor

authentication (MFA) improve security.

Requirement Analysis: This phase focuses on

identifying security threats in IoT systems, choosing

suitable data transmission protocols, and

understanding the hardware and software limitations

of the system. The main objective is to establish the

necessary security measures and assess the

computational feasibility for IoT devices.

System Design: During this stage, the overall

architecture of the encryption system is outlined. The

AES encryption algorithm is chosen for its effective

balance of security and efficiency. Communication

protocols such as TCP and MQTT are incorporated

into the system to guarantee secure data transmission.

Furthermore, lightweight cryptographic techniques

are evaluated to enhance performance on resource-

limited IoT devices.

The implementation phase includes data

collection, where IoT devices like Raspberry Pi and

Arduino gather sensor data in real-time. The

encryption process follows, where the gathered data

is encrypted using the AES-128 encryption standard

prior to transmission. The encryption key is securely

exchanged between the sender and receiver to prevent

unauthorized access.Data transmission is carried out

using TCP/MQTT over a secure TLS/SSL layer,

ensuring that the communication channel is

safeguarded against cyber threats. Finally, decryption

and processing take place, where the receiver uses the

shared AES key to unlock the encrypted data and

processes it for use within the IoT system. Figure 1

shows Block Diagram.

Figure 1: Block Diagram.

4.2 Technologies Used

Technologies Used: The implementation

methodology adopts a systematic approach.

Requirement Analysis: This phase focuses on

identifying security threats in IoT systems, choosing

suitable data transmission protocols, and

understanding the hardware and software limitations

of the system. The main objective is to establish the

necessary security measures and assess the

computational feasibility for IoT devices.

System Design: During this stage, the overall

architecture of the encryption system is outlined. The

AES encryption algorithm is chosen for its effective

balance of security and efficiency. Communication

protocols such as TCP and MQTT are incorporated

into the system to guarantee secure data transmission.

Furthermore, lightweight cryptographic techniques

are evaluated to enhance performance on resource-

limited IoT devices.

The implementation phase includes data collection,

where IoT devices like Raspberry Pi and Arduino

gather sensor data in real-time. The encryption

process follows, where the gathered data is m

encrypted using the AES-128 encryption standard

prior to transmission. The encryption key is securely

exchanged between the sender and receiver to prevent

unauthorized access.

Data transmission is carried out using

TCP/MQTT over a secure TLS/SSL layer, ensuring

that the communication channel is safeguarded

against cyber threats. Finally, decryption and

processing take place, where the receiver unlocks the

encrypted data using the shared AES key and

processes it for use within the IoT system. Figure 2

and 4 shows the flow diagram and figure 3 and 5 show

the hardware connection.

4.3 Hardware Used

• IoT Sensors Devices: Collects real-time data

(e.g., temperature, motion, humidity)

• Dht11 sensors: used for Temperature,

Humidity

• Gas sensors: mq135, mq137

• Microcontroller (Arduino/Raspberry Pi):

Processes sensor data and performs AES

encryption.

• Communication Module (Wi-

Fi/Bluetooth/LoRa): Transmits encrypted

data over TCP/MQTT.

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Figure 2: Sender Flowchart.

Figure 3: Physical Hardware.

Figure 4: Receiver Flowchart.

Figure 5: Device Connected to Laptop.

5 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

5.1 Sender Output

The ESP32 initiates sensor data collection by reading

temperature and humidity from the DHT11 sensor

connected to pin 4, as depicted in figure 4. It also

acquires gas concentration values from two MQ6 gas

sensors connected to pins 34 and 35. For network

connectivity, the ESP32 establishes a connection to a

WiFi network with the SSID "King kong" and the

password "123456789". Subsequently, the ESP32

transmits the collected sensor data to a receiving

device located at the IP address 172.20.10.5 and

listening on port 12345. The data is sent repeatedly in

the format "Temp:32.80C, Humidity:59.00",

confirming continuous measurement and

transmission. The serial monitor provides feedback

by logging messages indicating successful data

transmission, such as "Data to send: Temp:32.80C,

Humidity:59.00Data sent!". This output confirms the

ESP32's expected operation in acquiring sensor data

and transmitting it over the WiFi network. Figure 6

shows the Sender.

Figure 6: Sender.

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5.2 Receiver Output

This output originates from an ESP32-based sender

program designed to transmit temperature, humidity,

and gas sensor data over WiFi to a designated

receiver. The ESP32 begins by collecting sensor data,

specifically temperature and humidity from a DHT11

sensor connected to pin 4, and gas concentration

levels from two MQ6 gas sensors connected to pins

34 and 35. For network access, the ESP32 connects

to a WiFi network identified by the SSID "King

kong" and the password "123456789". The collected

data is then directed to a receiver with the IP Address

172.20.10.5 on Port 12345. The transmission process

involves repeatedly sending data in the format "Data

to send: Temp:32.80C, Humidity:59.00Data sent!".

The serial monitor serves as a confirmation

mechanism, indicating successful transmission after

each data packet is sent. Figure 7 shows the Receiver.

Figure 7: Receiver.

5.3 Encrypted Sender Output

The ESP32 initiates encrypted sensor data collection

by reading temperature and humidity from a DHT11

sensor and gas concentration levels from two MQ6

gas sensors. For network connectivity, the ESP32

connects to a WiFi network with the SSID "King

Kong" and the password "123456789". It then

prepares to send encrypted data to a receiver at IP

Address 172.20.10.5 and Port 12345. Prior to

transmission, the sender encrypts the sensor data

using AES with a specified AES Key (0x2B, 0x7E,

0x15, 0x16, 0x28, 0xD2, 0xa6, 0xab, 0xf7, 0x09,

0xcF, 0x4F, 0x3C, 0x76, 0x2F) and AES

Initialization Vector (IV) (0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03,

0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0A, 0x0B,

0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0D, 0x0D, 0x0D, 0x0). The

decrypted data at the sender matches the original

sensor reading (Temporary: 33.00C, Humidity:

58.00). The encrypted data itself appears as a long

string of hexadecimal values (e.g., Ae Bf 19 62 C0 8E

B5A ... 4A D6). The encrypted data is then sent to the

receiver, which is expected to use the same AES key

and IV for decryption. The serial monitor confirms

successful transmission with the message "Data

sent!". A key observation is that the sender

successfully attaches and transmits data, and the

encrypted data differs with each transmission due to

the AES encryption process. The receiver is expected

to decrypt and display the original sensor readings.

Figure 8 shows the Encrypted sender.

Figure 8: Encrypted Sender.

5.4 Encrypted Receiver Output

The ESP32, acting as an encrypted data receiver,

connects to a WiFi network named "King Kang" and

listens on Port 12345. It successfully receives

encrypted data packets transmitted from another

ESP32 sender over the WiFi network. Upon receiving

data, the ESP32 initiates the encryption and

decryption process. The received data, which is in

AES-encrypted form, is initially displayed as a

hexadecimal value (e.g., 22 AB 7F 29 ...). The ESP32

then decrypts this data using the pre-configured AES

Key and IV, subsequently printing the decrypted

sensor readings to the serial monitor. The serial

monitor output displays "Decrypted sensor data:

Decripted Data: Temp: 33.00C, Humidity:

58.00Encrypted Data: 22 AB7F 29 33 0 C 919D ...

Get IP Address Data received from IP: 172.20.10.3".

These decrypted values accurately represent the

temperature, humidity, and gas sensor readings

originally captured by the sender. This output

confirms that the receiver is successfully decrypting

the data transmitted by the sender, effectively

demonstrating end-to-end encrypted communication.

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Figure 9: Encrypted Receiver.

6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE

WORK

This study shows that AES encryption is highly

effective in protecting IoT systems from unauthorized

access and cyber threats. It provides a strong yet

efficient encryption method that works well even on

devices with limited processing power. To ensure

secure and reliable data transmission, the study also

integrates TCP (Transmission Control Protocol),

which guarantees that encrypted data is delivered in

the correct order and without errors.

This makes AES and TCP a great com bination

for IoT applications that require continuous, secure

communication, such as smart homes, industrial

automation, and healthcare monitoring. The results

indicate that AES encryption adds very little delay

while still maintaining high security, making it

suitable for real-time applications. When compared to

older encryption methods, AES proves to be more

secure and more efficient, making it a preferred

choice for modern IoT systems. Future Research

Directions: Looking ahead, researchers can work on:

Optimizing encryption for ultra-low-power IoT

devices to enhance efficiency. Exploring hybrid en

cryption methods to improve security while

conserving energy. Developing lightweight

cryptographic techniques to strengthen security in

constrained environments, making se cure IoT

systems more widely accessible. Figure 9 shows the

Encrypted Receiver.

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