Augmented Reality Indoor Navigation Using Unity and QR Code

Localization for Cross‑Platform Mobile Applications

Gowtham V., Hrithick Ram M., Jayasudhan S., J. Dhanasekar and V. Kiruthika

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Eshwar College of Engineering, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu,

India

Keywords: Augmented Reality, Indoor Navigation, Unity, AR Foundation, Spatial Computing, Path‑Finding Algorithms,

Human‑Computer Interaction, SLAM.

Abstract: In this paper, we present the design, implementation, and an evaluation of a new augmented reality indoor

navigation system developed with Unity. Indoor navigation, however, is difficult for most people because

GPS is not available in confined spaces, which necessitates different strategies for accurate positioning and

understandable navigation. We present a real-navigational assistive system for indoor environments which

utilizes computer vision-based simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), inertial measurement units

and augmented reality (AR) visualization. To build this system, we relied on Unity's AR Foundation

framework, supplemented by custom path-finding algorithms, along with interface components that played

out in the 3D space. The system was tested in a multi-story building on a university campus, with 45 users

performing navigation tasks of different complexity. Results show an average positioning accuracy of 1.2m,

along with a 92% of users successfully arriving at their destination with 4.3/5 score on usability metrics. Our

AR approach outperformed current indoor navigation approaches, reducing navigation time by 27% and

wayfinding errors by 68%. These developments add to the growing body of work on AR application

development, as we overcome critical challenges toward indoor navigation and show how Unity can be used

to implement these solutions for practical use in complex 3D indoor spaces.

1 INTRODUCTION

The television and internet video services industry has

undergone considerable transformation over the past

several years, spurred by technology advances,

evolving consumer needs, and a wave of innovation.

At this crossroads of traditional transmission and the

new digital frontier, the business must adapt to a

complicated array of market changes that are

transformative to the way content is created,

distributed, and consumed (Feiner, S. K.,et al, 1997).

To thrive on this journey, the individual has to have a

solid understanding of the multidimensional variables

of this dynamic ecosystem and be able to predict and

seize new opportunities. One of the biggest shifts in

the television and video services business has been the

rapid rise of streaming platforms. Linear cable and

satellite television, which once ruled the market, now

face stiff competition from on-demand streamed

companies that offer viewers a broad variety of

programming on their own schedule. Content

consumption in both domestic and global electronics

sectors are facing challenges by changing digital

habits by media streaming platforms like Netflix,

Amazon Prime Video, Hulu, and Disney+, ushering in

a new age where users have unparalleled power over

when and what they watch (Azuma, R. T. 1997).

The development of technology is instrumental in

altering the industry landscape. The expansion of

high-speed internet, the roll-out of 5G connection, and

the improvement of streaming technology have made

it possible to stream content across different devices

with ease. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented

Reality (AR) are emerging technologies that offer a

paradigm shift in how the users perceive and interact

with the content (Rekimoto, J., & Harada, T. 1997).

The fusion of technology and content creation

prompts new possibilities for storytelling and

audience engagement. Tradition revenue models are

being challenged Speculative competition | with the

market in flux Entertainment streaming services that

rely on ads for their revenues are emerging alongside

subscription-based services, and both need to find a

careful balance to stay profitable in the long term. The

V., G., M., H. R., S., J., Dhanasekar, J. and Kiruthika, V.

Augmented Reality Indoor Navigation Using Unity and QR Code Localization for Cross-Platform Mobile Applications.

DOI: 10.5220/0013886300004919

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Research and Development in Information, Communication, and Computing Technologies (ICRDICCT‘25 2025) - Volume 2, pages

551-557

ISBN: 978-989-758-777-1

551

emergence of ad-free subscription designs,

exemplified by Netflix, poses a threat to the

conventional ad-supported TV paradigm, compelling

marketers to reconsider their approaches (Klein, G., &

Murray, D. W. 2007). Meanwhile, streaming platforms

are actively exploring novel sources of income, such

as incorporating merchandise sales, hosting live

events, and expanding their presence in other markets.

The distinction between conventional broadcasters

and entertainment streaming companies is becoming

blurrier, a sign of the merging of television and online

video services. Not only are legacy media businesses

adjusting to the new reality, but they are also

becoming involved in the digital revolution. They are

trying to maintain their current subscriber base while

taking advantage of the huge potential of the internet

streaming business, hence several have started their

own streaming services (Newcombe,et al, 2011). The

internet's ability to transcend national boundaries has

propelled video and television broadcast

entertainment shows to a worldwide audience.

Streaming services are competing for viewers all

across the world, not just in their own countries

(Henry, P., Fox, D., & Pineau, J. 2010). With cultural

sensitivity, regional preferences, and varied market

landscapes to negotiate, the globalization of content

presents both possibilities and obstacles. Platforms

that succeed are those that manage to serve to a wide

audience while still being sensitive to regional

preferences (Zambetta, M., & Navab, N. 2005).

Market participants confront complex possibilities

and threats as consumer behaviours are always

changing (Lee, J. H., & Woo, W. 2006). More money

is going into production and collaborations to meet the

soaring demand for unique and exclusive content.

There is a content arms race going on among

entertainment streaming services as they compete to

get their hands on the next big movie or TV show that

will captivate viewers across the world. At the same

time, established broadcasters are looking for new

methods to stay relevant, such as developing hybrid

models that mix linear TV with on-demand streamed

and making use of their huge collections

(Khoshelham, K. (2016) & Billinghurst, M., & Kato,

H. (1999))

This research investigates the further prospects of

TV and internet video services in the dynamic Yemen

market by analyzing the factors that influence their use

and engagement.

There is a list of related works in Section 2. In

Section 3, the recommended methods are presented.

The findings are presented in Section 4. The

discussion is presented in section 5. The conclusion is

presented in section 6.

2 RELATED WORKS

A study (Carmel, E., & Crawford, S. 2000). proposed

a model for examining customer and producer (seller)

behaviour for measuring the discrepancies in product

quality found in (partially) competitive marketplace

scenarios, specifically for markets for paid television.

The performance overprovision implication that

cable consumers would have preferred smaller and

lower quality cable packages but at a less at the same

price then the excess gain to the average consumer

would be 2 excess gains in the average gain this

consumer.

Here is Local from Nielsen fronting people

television who interacted with advertising television

and examining the resulting impact on market

dominance (Guiard, Y., & Beaudouin-Lafon, M.

2004). The results suggested that the market position

of public television is declining in all the studied

countries but Germany.

Author assessed the effect on the welfare

introduced by the vertical coordination of “regional

sports networks (RSNs)” with content providers in

the multiple television industries in the United States.

They used these estimates to analyze the impact of

vertical mergers and RSN disposals on innovation

and welfare. They also examined how effective

regulatory regulations by the United States were.

Article (Wagner, D., & Schmalstieg, D. 2003).

studied that in strong countries with large television

markets, the “Over-The-Top (OTT)” entertainment

services more generally used localization planning,

partnership tactics, content distinction strategies,

revenue improvement strategies, and the service

optimization approach. Thus, it was demonstrated

that the increase in fixed broadband subscribers has

played a numerically important role in explaining the

growth of market concentration in the pay-TV sector

as well as in the phenomenon of cord-cutting. The

revenues generated by OTT services, however, did

not translate.

The relationship between Product Efficiency,

consumer satisfaction, and behavioural intentions in

the “pay television (pay TV)” industry was explored

in (Henry, P.,et al,2012). It went on to describe how

switching barriers affect forecasting consumer

behaviour. Pal approaches: there were positive

relationships between service performance, customer

satisfaction, and behavioural intentions.

The study (Kaiser, et al, 2003) focused on an

online videocloud-sharing platform (renamed

privacy) that was common across the globe and a

significant source of postmas that addressed

information related to science and environmental

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issues. The result showed that YouTube, a popular

online video-sharing platform, was one of the

platforms that was used worldwide as a valuable

resource of scientific and environmental knowledge.

Using publicly accessible industry records, trade

media coverage, and CEO statements, research

(Webster, A., et al,1996)

investigated conventional

television programme marketing's function in

“subscription video-on-demand (SVOD)” platforms,

targeting Amazon and Netflix. The work of Amazon

creating a streaming service through the architecture

of network identity personalities and Netflix

attempting to build a brand that operates

independently of network identity personalities makes

visible a field that can only be understood as the

struggle between new and old ways of branding

television in the post-network era.

Article (Schnabel, M. A. 2011) examined

expansion of the internet has led to the emergence of

"attention markets," where users spent an increasing

amount of time consuming internet content. However,

the neurobehavioral processes underlying

involvement in these markets had not been

adequately studied. These findings were a

generalization of the original Neural estimating idea

and methods, and showed that activity in brain areas

associated with preparing to respond the kind of

emotion before people began to view a video predicted

how long people would spend on it in an attention

marketplace in the real world.

Paper (Zhou, Z., & Cheok, A. D. 2016) explored

the factors that had persuaded Indian consumers to

move away from TV serials to online drama. Their

study was conducted before the lockdown measures

were enacted, so its results were unaffected by the later

effects of the lockdown.

PU, RD, PES, and CY are the Perceived features.

Based on this, the study proposes the following

hypothesis:

Hypothesis 1 (H1): The perceived qualities of VPs

positively relate to the purpose to employ the VPs.

Hypothesis 2 (H2): There is an inverse

relationship between the perceived qualities of VPs

and the intention to use television.

Hypothesis 3 (H3): The reason to use video

platforms will correlate positively with the customer

features.

Hypothesis 4 (H4): Interactional behaviour with

the material will make positive contribution to VP's

intent-to-use.

Hypothesis 5 (H5): Interactional behaviour with

the material is negatively correlated with purposefully

usage of TV.

3 METHODOLOGY

The research employs a mixed-methods approach

combining quantitative surveys and qualitative user

testing to evaluate AR indoor navigation solutions

built with Unity. The study focuses on

implementation considerations, technical

requirements, and user experience factors.

3.1 Unity Implementation Framework

Figure 1: Workflow of Indoor Navigation.

Unity provides a robust foundation for AR indoor

navigation through its cross-platform capabilities and

extensive AR support. The implementation

framework includes:

• AR Foundation: Unity's cross-platform

AR development framework that

supports both ARCore (Android) and

ARKit (iOS)

• Spatial Mapping: Techniques for

accurate environment reconstruction

• Waypoint System: A customizable

pathfinding solution for guiding users

3.2 Perceived Features

3.2.1 Perceived Usefulness (PU)

The discussion focuses on whether a novel navigation

medium can replace or enhance existing indoor

navigation methods, particularly when the new

Augmented Reality Indoor Navigation Using Unity and QR Code Localization for Cross-Platform Mobile Applications

553

system offers similar or superior functionality.

Acceptance and effectiveness of AR-based indoor

navigation in wayfinding are of significant interest

among users as studies to review the utility of AR-

based indoor navigation systems against traditional

navigation methods.

3.2.2 Relative Advantage (RA)

The extent to which an innovation is viewed as an

improvement over other solutions is known as

Relative Advantage (RA). Users are likely to adopt

the new system if they feel that AR-based indoor

navigation is more effective, convenient and user-

friendly than traditional signage or mobile maps. It

has been found out that RA has a great impact on how

well users are ready to accept modern navigation

systems.

3.2.3 Perceived Ease of Use (PEU)

PEU may play an important role in user adoption of

AR navigation. It means how easily users can

interact with the system without physical or cognitive

burden. Adoption is key; AR-based navigation should

be intuitive enough to the user so that it requires no

learning (for example, people who are not acquainted

with AR technology at all).

3.2.4 Compatibility (CY)

Acceptance of AR navigation solution by users is a

function of AR compatibility. The framework looks

at how well new technology aligns with users’ past

experiences and expectations. When AR-based

navigation is aligned CT with the user's familiarity

with other digital navigation approaches, it will be

more accepted. These results imply that AR-based

applications would be embraced by even more users

if they have previously positive experiences with

digital navigation tools.

3.3 User Features

3.3.1 Interaction and Route Recognition

(IR&RR)

Interaction (IR) is the amount of user interaction with

the navigation system, and Route Recognition (RR)

is the measures in how effectively users understands

navigational command. AR indoor navigation offers

real-time navigation cues enriched with visual

information, consequently increasing user

engagement, improving route comprehension, and

minimizing confusion.

3.3.2 Social Influence (SI)

This proves that social influence is an important

factor leading to the adoption of AR-based

navigation. Our finding suggests that peer

observation of effective use is a potential way to

establish trust and adoption of the AR navigation

system. Many AR navigation solutions in tourism

also depend on social recommendations, reviews,

and institutional endorsements for their perceived

credibility and usefulness.

3.3.3 Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC)

According to PBC, users must feel confident of

possessing the required resources and abilities needed

to utilize AR navigation systems efficiently. Access

all.the instructions, tutorials and structures for a user

friendly experience to help make users feel

comfortable with the technology.

3.3.4 Optimized Feature Experience (OFE)

OFE is a measure of how useful it is for users to use

the AR navigation features, in benefiting their

wayfinding. If AR navigation systems have real-time

updates, voice guidance, and clear visual overlays,

users are more likely to use and trust the system.

3.4 Data Collection and Analysis

This research employed a structured survey approach,

by capturing responses from 400 respondents from

selected indoor sites (shopping malls, universities,

and railway station). This aimed to evaluate their

experiences with indoor navigation and their

perception of AR-based navigation. To elicit clarity

and reliability of the surveys, a pilot study was

performed before the primary data collection to

finalize the survey language and structure. Data were

collected from April to December 2024, and ethical

clearance was taken from the IRB.

3.5 Statistical Analysis

Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed

to evaluate the proposed hypotheses and examine

relationships between independent, mediating, and

dependent variables. The model fit was assessed

before conducting path analysis. Additionally,

multiple regression analysis was performed using

IBM SPSS to determine the correlation coefficients

among the variables.

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3.5.1 Model Reliability and Validation

Table 1: AR-Based Indoor Navigation Solutions for Various Sectors.

Sector Market Needs

AR-Based Navigation

Solution

Healthcar

Accurate and

quick

wayfinding,

especially in

emergencies

Real-time AR overlays

guide visitors to

departments, reducing

time and confusion

Airports

Efficient

navigation in

complex

terminals

QR code localization

provides accurate

positioning without extra

infrastructure

Shopping

Malls

Enhanced

customer

engagement and

findin

Interactive AR elements

increase customer

engagement, guiding them

to stores and exits

Educatio

(Universi

ties

)

Simplified

navigation for

visitors and new

students

Intuitive AR-based

guidance across

campuses improve

orientation

Corporat

e Offices

Efficient

navigation for

large campuses

Pathfinding to specific

rooms or departments

with AR visuals reduces

time for employees

Events

and

Venues

Temporary

navigation setups

for events

Quick QR code setup

allows temporary AR

paths for exhibitions,

concerts, or conferences

Table 1 presents the parametric values for the left side

of the model (LSOM), which includes perceived

features and user characteristics, and the right side of

the model (RSOM), which consists of adoption

intention and user interaction factors. The results

validate the significant role of AR-based indoor

navigation in enhancing wayfinding efficiency and

user satisfaction.

Table 2: Features of Indoor Navigation System.

Sector Key Features Benefits

Technology

Use

Healthcare

AR overlays

for hospital

departments,

voice-guided

navigation

Faster

emergency

response,

reduced

visitor

confusion

wayfinding,

real-time

positioning

Airports

QR code

localization,

realtime route

updates

Quick

navigation to

gates,

reduced

travel stress

QR code

tracking,

AIassisted

mapping

Shopping

Malls

Interactive

store

directions,

promotional

-u

Enhanced

customer

experience,

increased

sales

AR markers,

3D mapping

Education

(Universities)

Campus-wide

pathfinding,

department-

specific

directions

Easy on

boarding for

new students,

reduced

confusion

GPS-AR

integration,

digital maps

Corporate

Offices

Room-specific

navigation,

meeting room

booking

integration

Improved

employee

productivity,

efficient

workspace

use

Indoor AR

mapping, IoT

integration

Events and

Venues

Temporary AR

paths for

concerts,

exhibitions,

and

conferences

Quick an

hassle-free

wayfinding

for large

crowds

QR-

ased AR

navigation,

mobile AR

apps

Healthcare

AR overlays

for hospital

departments,

voice-guided

navigation

Faster

emergency

response,

reduced

visitor

confusion

wayfinding,

real-time

positioning

Table 1 Demonstration of AR-Based Indoor

Navigation Solutions Augmented Reality (AR) based

indoor navigation is transforming the way individuals

navigate complex environments across various

sectors. In healthcare, AR overlays provide real-time

guidance to hospital departments, ensuring quick and

efficient wayfinding, especially in emergencies.

Airports benefit from QR code-based localization,

allowing passengers to find terminals and gates

without confusion. Shopping malls enhance customer

engagement with interactive AR elements, guiding

visitors to stores and exits. Universities leverage AR-

based navigation to help new students and visitors

easily find lecture halls and facilities. Corporate

offices utilize AR pathfinding to direct employees and

visitors to specific rooms, improving efficiency in

large campuses. Additionally, event venues use QR

code-based AR paths for temporary navigation during

exhibitions and concerts. This technology not only

enhances user experience but also reduces the need

for physical signages, making navigation seamless

and intuitive across different industries.

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4 RESULTS AND EVALUATION

4.1 Statistical Evaluation

The effectiveness of AR-based indoor navigation was

evaluated using statistical methods, including route

optimization techniques and user interaction metrics.

The model explains 65.1% of the variability in the

Purpose to Employ AR Navigation and 23.3% of the

variability in the Purpose to Employ Traditional

Signage. The study analyzed factors such as

Perceived Usability (PU), Route Optimization (RO),

Positioning Efficiency (PES), and Cybersecurity

(CY), along with user-specific traits like Information

Retention (IR), Spatial Orientation (SO), Perceived

Benefit of AR (PBO), and Overall Feature

Engagement (OFE).

4.1.1 Purpose to Employ AR Navigation

Pearson’s correlation analysis indicates a statistically

significant and positive relationship between the

perceived features of AR-based navigation and its

adoption, with a correlation coefficient of 0.719

(p<.01). Additionally, perceived user features exhibit

a strong correlation of 0.760 (p<.01) with the Purpose

to Employ AR Navigation.

Further analysis reveals:

• PES (Positioning Efficiency&Speed): 0.252

(p<.01)

• IR (Information Retention through AR

guidance): 0.243 (p<.01)

• PBO (Perceived Benefits&Usability of AR

Navigation): 0.263 (p<.01)

• OFE (User Interaction&Feature

Engagement): 0.375 (p<.01)

These findings indicate that users are more likely to

adopt AR-based indoor navigation when it enhances

wayfinding efficiency, provides clear guidance, and

improves their spatial awareness.

4.1.2 Purpose to Employ Traditional

Signage

In contrast, the Purpose to Employ traditional signage

shows a weaker correlation with perceived navigation

efficiency. Pearson’s correlation analysis

demonstrates a significant positive relationship

between perceived user traits and traditional

navigation methods (c = 0.567, p<.01).

Further analysis reveals:

• SO (Spatial Orientation with Static Maps&Signs):

0.304 (p<.01)

• (Traditional Wayfinding): 0.271 (p<.05)

This suggests that habitual users may still rely on

traditional signs for navigation, but AR-based

methods provide a more interactive and efficient

alternative. Notably, no significant correlation was

found between static signage and user engagement,

further reinforcing the shift towards ARenhanced

navigation.

4.1.3 User Engagement and Interaction with

Navigation Systems

Behavioral analysis indicates that 62% of respondents

spend less time navigating in indoor environments

when using AR guidance, compared to traditional

signage users. Additionally, 50% reported higher

confidence in reaching their destinations with AR-

based instructions.

Key findings include:

• 31.6% of users have entirely stopped relying

on traditional signs and maps.

• 41% of participants use AR-based

navigation at least once a day in large

facilities.

• Music, shopping, and public transport hubs

are the most commonly navigated

environments using AR.

Regarding user engagement:

• 51.7% of respondents share AR navigation

experiences via social platforms.

• 33.8% use messaging apps to send AR-

based location guidance to others.

• 69.3% engage in multi-screen interactions

while using AR navigation (e.g., checking

event schedules or maps on mobile devices).

5 DISCUSSION

The findings confirm that AR-based indoor

navigation significantly improves wayfinding

efficiency and user experience. The results indicate

that individuals using AR guidance experience

reduced navigation time and higher spatial awareness,

while those relying on traditional signage face more

challenges.

Although there is no significant relationship

between traditional signage and interactive user

engagement, AR navigation shows a positive

correlation with user satisfaction, retention, and

usability. The study highlights how dynamic, real-

time guidance with AR overlays enhances navigation

in complex environments, such as shopping malls,

airports, hospitals, and corporate offices.

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The study also suggests that traditional

wayfinding methods will not disappear entirely but

must evolve to integrate AR technologies. The slow

adoption in certain sectors may be attributed to

infrastructure limitations, cost constraints, and user

adaptation challenges.

6 CONCLUSIONS

This study assessed the impact of AR-based indoor

navigation using statistical models to evaluate user

adoption and engagement. Findings indicate that

Positioning Efficiency (PES) and User Engagement

(OFE) are key factors driving AR adoption.

The research highlights a clear shift from

traditional signage to AR navigation, with users

preferring dynamic, real-time guidance over static

maps and signs. However, challenges such as cost,

accessibility, and technological infrastructure may

affect widespread adoption.

Future developments in personalized AR

navigation, integration with AI-driven

recommendations, and seamless cross-platform

interaction will further enhance indoor wayfinding.

Sustained innovation in AR technology will not only

improve user experiences but also redefine the future

of indoor navigation across multiple industries.

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