Innovative Solutions for EV Charging and Passenger Handling in

Public Transport

K. Karthika, Kishore Kumar D. and Lakshmikant Kanav

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, KCG College of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Keywords: Electric Vehicles (EVs), Advanced Charging Infrastructure, Wireless Charging, Smart Grids.

Abstract: The rapid emergence and evolution of electric vehicles have created a need for new technologies that can help

improve the passenger handling and efficiency of public transport systems. An emphasis will be on the

development of new integrated solutions that involve advanced charging infrastructure and the optimization

of passenger handling procedures. The goal is to foster energy-efficient, time-efficient, and easier-to-use

systems that improve the overall experience for the end-user. Additionally, these steps include the

implementation of modern public transport network technologies that incorporate smart grid systems,

automated passenger handling systems, and wireless charging. This will make public transportation much

more efficient and better for the environment.

1 INTRODUCTION

Transport, the economy, and the individual itself are

key elements of modern life. Every day, it is not only

important, but also necessary for the physical

movement of people and property in profitable ways.

With the population and the number of urban

residents increasing rapidly, the impact of human

mobility behaviour and environmental impacts with a

variety of major challenges. The fatigue of finite

resources of fossil fuels, the global heating crisis due

to increased concentrations of greenhouse gases, and

the rise in air pollution in particularly large cities, are

serious issues that need to be addressed. As a result,

pressure on the sector will be transformed into

sustainable alternatives, increasing to reduce negative

environmental impacts and promote long-term

sustainability.

Perhaps the most attractive approach that has

attracted a huge amount of attention in recent years is

the use of battery types. Driven electric vehicles

(EVs). Vehicles with electric motors powered by

rechargeable batteries have proven to be a potential

replacement for traditional internal combustion

engines (ICVs). Compared to electronics/trolley cars,

electricity, for example B. electric vehicles and

vehicles, backup electrical networks, etc. are external

(and do not rely on excessive line wires). This

freedom offers a wide range of options in terms of

different applications of different modes of

transportation, different applications of vehicles

belonging to individual users (such as cars) or multi-

users (such as buses and vans). The greatest

advantage of EVS lies in the submission of local

contamination solutions. EVs cannot release

emissions from tail tubes, as electric vehicles do not

emit fossil fuels. Therefore, EVs can generally

significantly improve the air quality of urban cities

where pollution is worsened. This improvement in air

can then be used to significantly reduce the burden of

respiratory disease, improve public health, and ensure

a safe environment. Furthermore, the energy

efficiency of the EVS is much greater than that of

TEC vehicles. The EV shows the energy of the Rad

well. This indicates the total energy fertility that

begins from generating electricity to moving the

vehicle. EVs are ICVS competitors, and their

efficiency comparisons show that they have better

fountains than cycling metrics. This example is

particularly reflected in cars as EVs have internal

engines compared to IEVs. This allows for easier

mobility, cleaner air and increased energy efficiency.

EVs offer amazing benefits, but not without

environmental impact. The main drawback is your

life cycle, and in the case of the recycling reduction

stage, it is also known as a "cradle to grave" or a

critical cradle. This refers to such a life cycle,

including any level of the lifespan of a product that

begins or is recycled from extraction of raw materials

268

Karthika, K., D., K. K. and Kanav, L.

Innovative Solutions for EV Charging and Passenger Handling in Public Transport.

DOI: 10.5220/0013881300004919

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Research and Development in Information, Communication, and Computing Technologies (ICRDICCT‘25 2025) - Volume 2, pages

268-273

ISBN: 978-989-758-777-1

(cradles) to discard or recycled (graves). The

production stage, particularly lithium-ion battery

production level, is a major EVS environmental issue.

Raw material extraction (such as lithium, cobalt,

nickel) has devastating environmental films in these

batteries. Recovery through use could lead to the

destruction of habitat, water diseases and human

rights violations in mining areas, mainly through an

increase in international violations. Furthermore,

battery production with electricity is hungry and

creates a large amount of carbon emissions. In other

words, the environmental benefits of electric motors

(EVs) have been partially neutralised. Additional

concerns regarding toxicity and environmental

damage during the period of disposal or recycling

strategies have priorities related to the use of heavy

metals in EV batteries. These demanding situations

need to be resolved with technology in a larger state,

primarily in terms of layout and battery shredding.

More efficient recycling technology will regain

valuable substances from used batteries, reduce the

desire to extract raw materials, and increase the

ability to minimize adverse environmental impacts to

dispose of waste batteries. In the same style,

improving battery consumption performance reduces

energy loss and can decorate the total environmental

balance of your EV. One of the most important drivers

for moving to an electric motor is the ability to limit

greenhouse gas emissions. EVs driven by energy

from renewable energy sources such as Sun, Wind,

and Hydropower have a near-zero CO2 footprint.

This makes for a perfectly ideal preference for

reducing climate change. Nevertheless, the

environmental benefits of EVS are immediately

related to the power generation resources provided. If

energy is taken from fossil fuel strength, especially

flowers from coal, the correct carbon emissions of

electric vehicles may be near traditional ICVs. This

makes it easier to take over EVs as it underscores the

need to migrate global energy networks to renewable

energy and transport electrification perfectly well for

Arena's decarbonisation target. And encourage your

use to promote your recordings. Such incentives

include subsidies, tax credits, gifts, and many

different systems that make EVs particularly

expensive for individuals and institutions. By using

EVs that can easily collect it, the government wants

to improve records and reduce reliance on fossil fuel

engines.

A lot of awful focus on EVS is on its use in

private transport, but there is a great ability for EVs

to trade public transport for good. Public transport is

an important part of urban mobility, offering

important offers to hundreds of thousands of people

every day. These include buses, trains and taxis that

limit traffic congestion, even if urban mobility is

much more achieved. However, at its greatest, public

transport has excellent environmental benefits,

especially in urban environments. Buses and taxis

release large-scale environmental pollution emissions

and CO2 footprints into the ecosystem via fossil fuels.

The involvement of electric engines in public

transport structures risks affecting the load on

emission discounts and operational performance.

Electric buses can offer a clean, quiet, energy efficient

alternative to conventional diesel engine buses. Other

benefits over time include lower operational costs,

along with much better air quality. Similarly,

electrified taxis may further lower urban mobility's

carbon footprint by giving cleaner and more

sustainable alternatives for short distances.

Yet integrating electric vehicles with public

transport is not without its challenges: the need to

provide widespread charging infrastructure to

supplement mass-scale electric bus and taxi use. It is

also essential to ensure that charging points are placed

where they are needed and can provide sufficient

electricity whenever there is a shortage of supply to

meet the high level of demand. The problem of

battery capacity is significant because public

transport vehicles must cover long distances and run

for long hours during the day. Batteries need to be

developed which have increased capacities with fast

charge time, so that, electric vehicles can meet the

demands of public transport.

The shift to battery electric vehicles is viewed as

a significant step forward in addressing

environmental issues related to the transportation

sector. Although EVs offer substantial advantages in

reducing local emissions and enhancing energy

efficiency, we must not ignore their environmental

impact during production and disposal. With ongoing

development in battery technology, recycling

technologies, and the penetration of renewable energy

into the grid, EVs can become a key part of creating

a more sustainable and environmentally friendly

transport future. Further, increasing the application of

EVs in public transport systems also presents a

chance to achieve maximum environmental gains of

electric mobility, lower emissions at a larger scale,

and provide more environmentally friendly urban

environments.

The integrated systems are oriented toward

bettering the greatest advancement, upgrading public

transport through introducing technologies like

Wireless Sensor Network ticket readers and Wireless

Power Transfer. Passenger flow is enhanced,

congestion is reduced, and energy efficiency is

Innovative Solutions for EV Charging and Passenger Handling in Public Transport

269

boosted. This system allows for real-time updates on

passenger counts and bus locations that enable

seamless travel. Future upgrades involve machine

learning for route optimization, cloud platforms

centralizing data management, and IoT-supported

safety features to ensure reliability and protection.

The system tackles existing utility limitations while

creating further grounds for smarter and sustainable

future public transit networks.

2 LITERATURE SURVEY

Integrating such wireless charging systems into

public transportation represents an innovative

approach in charging technologies for electric

vehicles (EVs). Central to this development is

dynamic wireless charging (DWC), which permits the

vehicle to charge while on the move, intervening to

correct some major issues such as range anxiety and

long periods of charging downtime by the user. The

demand-side management for EV charging, using

mobility-aware algorithms, is key to optimizing

utilization of such infrastructure, enabling balanced

load on grid and preventing overloads. It also has

optimization through online, spatial EV allocation

strategies, when applied to an Internet of Electric

Vehicles (IOEVs) network, as evidenced by case

studies for cities like Dubai and Sharjah, UAE, which

indicated noticeable load balancing and energy

efficiency improvements.

Moreover, Location-Based Social Network

Services (LBSNs) like Foursquare have been

explored to analyse urban mobility patterns and to

ameliorate destination choices, ultimately for

transportation planning purposes. The vast volumes

of data created through user check-ins allow for a

more precise prediction of travel behaviours,

especially for leisure and business trips, which is

opposed to traditional, manual data collection

methods. This methodology informs improved

modelling of long-distance travel and transportation

systems when more informational inputs such as

destination attractiveness are taken into consideration

based on user activity intensity. (R. SA, M. A. Karim

et al 2015).

With the incorporation of the IoT-based sensing

technology into public transport systems, crowd

management and passenger control have improved

multi-fold. The facilities allow on the spot survey and

forecasts into crowd congestion so that realization

may be afforded in the form of adaptive route

planning, real-time alerts, and indicative notifications

to passengers. The deployment of such technologies

does not only enhance the efficiency of the urban

transport system but also advances the comfort and

safety of passengers during heavy traffic situations or

emergencies, such as in COVID19. In addition,

mobile communication data, particularly anonymized

call detail records (CDRs), have been employed for

mapping urban dynamics and for shedding insights on

labour and recreational movements and citywide

activity patterns. With these insights in hand, urban

planners might make rational decisions on how to

optimize city layouts and transportation

infrastructure. (G. Sagl et al. 2014), (R. A. Becker et

al.,2011).

The development of wireless inductive power

transfer systems for charging while in motion has also

been a crucial area of research, especially regarding

power transfer efficiency and driving range

enhancement. Addressing the issues related to the

power pad designs and the magnetic resonance

coupling, researchers have identified that there are

several parameters to ensure the optimized

performance of dynamic wireless power transfer

systems. These proposed methods give great promise

in solving the issues associated with in-motion EV

charging.

Likewise, cloud-based frameworks, such as Cloud

Track, enhance the functioning of data-driven

intelligent transportation systems by monitoring real-

time logistical operations and supply chain

management. These frameworks make a mark by

utilizing cloud computing features to improve vehicle

routing and fleet management thus opening greater

avenues for transportation care operations

optimization on a larger format. (Bahga and V.

Madisetti,2013).

To enable developing and planning into the future

of EV charging infrastructure, analysis of the

charging profiles and waveforms, as recorded in the

EV-CPW dataset, would be paramount. Hazardous

events such as distortion in voltage, harmonic

content, and load behaviour significantly throw light

on power quality issues which can further assist

investigations in preparing for the burgeoning

expectation for EV charging that will ensure a stable

and robust power grid as more vehicles get integrated

into the system.

Finally, the study of commuting flexibility shows,

by means of GPS data, that commuting patterns are

much more variable than it has been traditionally

assumed. This flexibility allows further planning of

transportation services, such as dynamic route

changing to optimize travel time management,

improving the efficiency of and alleviating the strain

of daily commuting. (Y. Shen et al. 2013).

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3 PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system comprises of two sections

namely Bus section and Station section. In bus

section, ticket reader acts as a fundamental input. The

reader reads each passenger’s travelling ticket to

monitor entry and exit details of every passenger.

Micro controller which is implemented in bus

calculates passenger’s entry and exit details through

output of ticket reader. If a bus departs from a

particular bus stop, count of passengers is sent to next

bus stop through wireless sensor network (WSN).

This process will notify the number of passengers in

bus to the people waiting for that bus in second bus

stop. In station section, bus id reader is installed to

read each bus id number to verify which bus is arrived

to that bus stop. This information is also sent to next

bus stop via WSN and it is displayed for public

monitoring.

Wireless power transfer setup is installed in every

bus stop to supply electric charge to bus as it is

considered as an electric vehicle. Charging unit in bus

is covered by glass to protect passengers from any

shock effects. LCD is incorporated in both bus and

station sections to notify various live statuses. The

system data can be further integrated to web

application for better user convenience.

4 METHODOLOGY

The steps in the development and implementation of

the proposed system involve key fundamentals. Crux

to these steps is a detailed study of how to design and

install the wireless power transfer (WPT)

infrastructure in support of electric vehicle charging.

This involves choosing wireless power transfer

technology and light integration of this technology

with bus stops and depots, enabling the charging

process to be well-integrated into operating schedules

(figure 1).

At the same time, the real-time bus tracking will

be done employing RFID technology; RFID tags are

fixed on each bus and RFID readers are placed along

the route to get real-time tracking data. The passenger

management component will involve the RFID based

ticketing system on the bus’s onboard system to

facilitate smooth and quick ticket processing and

through the number of tickets it will calculate the

passenger count. After the successful pilot testing, the

system will be unveiled throughout the public

transport network, where it will undergo inspection

and maintenance to assure its reliability and

encourage more continuous improvements. The

integrated approach is toward improving the

efficiency of public transport while reducing

operational costs and ensuring comfort and seamless

experience for passengers without being a burden

(figure 2).

Figure 1: Block Diagram of Bus Section.

Figure 2: Station Section.

• HARDWARE REQIUREMENT (figure 3)

• MICROCONTROLLER

• RFID READER/TAG

• WPT MODULE

• WSN MODULE

Innovative Solutions for EV Charging and Passenger Handling in Public Transport

271

• POWER SUPPLY

• BATTERY

• LCD

• VOLTAGE SENSOR

Figure 3: Hardware Connection.

• SOFTWARE REQIREMENT

• EMBEDDED C

• ARDUINO IDE

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The prototype shows the successful communication

of two ESP32 devices based on the ESP-NOW

protocol. The sender device, monitoring the number

of passengers with the help of an RFID Reader, the

voltage, and charging status, sends this information to

the receiver in a precise format. The receiver displays

this information on an LCD in real-time and controls

the relay for charging based on the received status.

The system is resilient enough and offers clear serial

statistics for debugging the data

transmission/reception to establish the system is

functional. Although the implementation is

functioning and fairly low-latency, aspects that can be

improved are; the use of unused variables to carry

more information, error handling in the event of a

transmission failing, and energy conservation mode

improvements. Overall, this goes toward showcasing

a practical demonstration of real-time monitoring and

control with a simple/expandable design. Also, the

data of number of passenger, bus starting/next stop

along with its number and date will be displayed in

the web application (figure 4).

Figure 4: Software and Results Obtained.

6 CONCLUSIONS

Innovative solutions for EV charging processes and

passenger handling in public transport "focusing on

technology sectors to optimize energy efficiency,

passenger flow and environmentally friendly

alternatives in public transport Wireless Electricity

transmission, feature tickets and real-time passenger

tracking including RFID-based. For this project, the

rationale behind working on smart, green public

transport solutions was to decrease manual tasks,

increase bus occupancy, and therefore be capable of

conducting seamless charging for EBs to increase

operational efficiency. The project additionally aims

to advance wireless charging technology to enhance

charging speed, improve passenger data collection,

and allow for interoperability among other emerging

smart transport systems in the future work to be

undertaken. Focusing on pushing for innovation and

sustainability, this project will be a springboard to an

efficient, environmentally friendly, and customer-

oriented system in public transport; a huge leap

toward taking cognizance of global requests for

greener urban mobility solutions.

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