Blockchain‑Enabled E‑Voting for Secure and Transparent Elections

Sivakumar Ponnusamy

, Nandhini S.

, G. Vidhya

, B. Veera Sekharreddy

and Iyyappan M.

Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, K.S.R. College of Engineering, Tiruchengode, Namakkal,

Tamil Nadu, India

Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology, RMK Engineering College, RSM Nagar, Kavaraipettai,

Thiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu, India

Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology, J.J.College of Engineering and Technology, Tiruchirappalli,

Tamil Nadu, India

Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology, MLR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Department of MCA, New Prince Shri Bhavani College of Engineering and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Keywords: Blockchain, e‑Voting, Electoral Integrity, Vote Verification, Fraud Prevention.

Abstract: The credibility of democratic activities depends on secure, verifiable and credible voting systems. Classical

electronic voting systems face challenges of fraud, lack of openness, and centralized control, which reduces

the public confidence about them. This paper introduces a secure and trustworthy e-voting scheme based on

blockchain technology to deal with privacy and security concerns of existing e-voting systems. Implemented

using the decentralized ledger technology, the proposed system supports immutability of the recorded votes

participatory, verifiable transactions and real time auditability, by preserving the privacy of the voter. The

architecture is intended to be scalable, inclusive for different voting processes, and customizable to diverse

electoral moves, and relies in smart contract automation, cryptographic vote validation, and a modular

integration with national ID systems through privacy-preserving mechanisms. Experimental results show the

efficiency of our voting system in preserving data integrity, preventing double voting, and withstanding

malicious abuses. This study offers a practical and scalable solution to the age-old issues of digital voting,

thereby reinforcing the credibility of the electoral process and instilling the trust of the public in democratic

institutions.

1 INTRODUCTION

Although technology has changed the world, from the

way we work and communicate to how we shop and

entertain ourselves, the electoral process in many

areas still suffer from inefficiency, fraud and

obscurity. With the pressing need to secure and make

voting more accessible and reliable, the inclusion of

blockchain technology in electronic voting system

comes forth as a promising one. Its features

tamperproof, decentralized, and crypto secure render

it as a perfect solution for the pressing issues in the

realm of elections. Unlike the current systems that

typically use a central token-based infrastructure, that

can be gamed, or even be compromised for data, the

blockchain-secured voting guarantees that each and

every vote is explicit and time stamped, and voted

can’t subvert the records.

This paper presents the model of an e-voting

system based on the blockchain which preserves the

integrity of the elections and voters' privacy. Through

inclusion of secure smart contracts and encrypted

identity verification, the system provides end-to-end

verifiability such that voters and auditors can verify

the integrity of the election process. Moreover, the

proposed architecture is inclusiveness driven; remote

and mobile voting can be done while adhering to

regulatory requirements. As a global society we are

moving toward more digital governance models and

it is gradually becoming more important to implement

technologies that bolster trust and participation in

democracy. This paper is intended to be a solid,

scalable, and transparent blockchain-based system

that solves current issues with electronic voting and

lays the groundwork for a resistant democratic

future.

Ponnusamy, S., S., N., Vidhya, G., Sekharreddy, B. V. and M., I.

Blockchain-Enabled E-Voting for Secure and Transparent Elections.

DOI: 10.5220/0013866200004919

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Research and Development in Information, Communication, and Computing Technologies (ICRDICCT‘25 2025) - Volume 1, pages

381-388

ISBN: 978-989-758-777-1

381

2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

With the progress of digital systems, the integrity and

credibility of electronic voting had not been widely

addressed. Many of the existing platforms suffer from

problems including the centralization, susceptibility

to manipulation, lack of transparency, and

ineffective voter authentication capabilities. This

risks the legitimacy of the election results while

damaging public trust in the democratic process.

Furthermore, the lack of end-to-end verifiability and

limited access of remote or marginalized groups

reject the efficacy of classic e-voting systems. There

is an urgent requirement for a secure, transparent and

tamper evident voting system that not only guarantees

voter anonymity, but also facilitates real-time

auditability and can be employed in various voting

scenarios. This work sheds light on these concerns,

by advocating for a model for a blockchain-based

electronic voting system with the proper mechanisms

to avoid the existing flaws on contemporary systems

and which could serve as a robust platform for

inclusive and unmanipulated democratic

participation.

3 LITERATURE SURVEY

Electronic voting with blockchain technology has

attracted attention from researchers for years,

providing a potential solution for some problems in

electoral systems, such as behavioral fraud, lack of

transparency, and centralization. Chouhan and

Sharma (2025) have also highlighted blockchain-

based voting system, comparing it with traditional

poll process and underlining its importance to

decentralise electoral power which will bring trust

and transparency. Al-Ali and Al-Mashaqbeh (2025)

presented the architecture of a system designed for

fraud prevention, focusing on verifiable and tamper-

proof records, however scalability was not treated.

Benabdallah and Benslimane (2024) studied the

impact of blockchain on voter privacy and system

validity. Their discovery also served as important

evidence showing how distributed ledgers, when

combined with cryptography, can provide a high level

of security and transparency. In another study, the

authors in (Huang & Wang (2023)], performed an in-

depth survey on blockchain voting models and

highlighted the major technical challenges in the

existing planned models, such as transaction latency

and resource consumption that hinder practical

realization. Kim et al. (2021) proposed a hybrid

approach by incorporating homomorphic encryption

together with blockchain to enhance vote

confidentiality but its high computational overhead

posed some efficiency issues.

Chirotonia, introduced by Russo and co-workers

(2021), developed a ring-signature-powered

approach to ensure voter anonymity and scalability.

Although it was innovative, the communication

overhead was a bottleneck unable to be overcome.

Damle et al. (2021) Smart Contract-Based Distributed

Voting FEr System (FASTEN) uses smart contracts

to ensure fairness in distributed voting, thereby

providing a more secure solution but increasing the

requirement for high-tech equipment. Jafar and Ab

Aziz (2021) presented a survey to identify the

currently available blockchain-based solutions and

open research challenges, such as usability and

legality.

Devi and Bansal (2021) provided an important

review of blockchain voting systems, but did not

include an implementation analysis, and

Benabdallah and Benslimane (2021) reviewed

consensus algorithms for voting, with no validation

metrics provided. Vladucu and Popescu (2021)

debated the long-term implications of blockchain on

election systems, but expressed issues with the size of

the blockchain and node synchronization.

The end-to-end verifiability is still a focus for

blockchain voting (Shahandashti and Hao, 2021),

which offered the improved privacy algorithms for

traceability. McCorry et al. (2021) studied Open Vote

Network (OVN), a protocol that (like IRV) is

transparent and can be self-checked, but is however

subject to a possible coercion. Siri (2021) presented

an avant-garde platform Democracy Earth for public

voting based on the blockchain, which operates

globally, but it was not applied in practice.

Jung (pp. 86-89) contains the analysis of Polyas,

a private blockchain-based voting approach targeted

at institutional elections, which can also have trade-

offs with decentralization. Martin (2021) studied

Votem, a company that enables mobile voting with

identity verification but “excludes low-digital-

literacy populations”. Goggin (2021) gave Horizon

State, a quality of confidence aware system with weak

verifiability features. Ilves (2021) presented the case

of Estonia as a model of e-voting in reality, which can

be regarded as digital democracy in practice, but as a

real application, it scales only to a somewhat larger

population.

Semenova (2021)) had in practice to grapple with

real-world concerns on system security and

transparency. Nitsche (2021) scrutinized liquid

democracy 12 as implemented in LiquidFeedback, a

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decentralized application designed to facilitate direct

democracy under the condition of active citizenry.

Chouhan and Sharma (2021) suggested blockchain

voting with Aadhaar Linkage with mention to privacy

issues and localistic bias. Al-Ali and Al-Mashaqbeh

(2021) also stressed the importance of identity

verification and fraud prevention, and Benabdallah

and Benslimane (2021) re-examined blockchain

voting challenges through the lens of systems design.

Lastly, (Vladucu and Popescu, 2021) provided

prospective views on blockchain-enabled e-voting

systems, but did not give concrete implementation

recipes for existing technologies. Altogether, these

studies provide an extensive body of evidence on the

possibilities and challenges of real-world deployment

of blockchain e-voting in mature democracies.

4 METHODOLOGY

This paper is a systematic study for the purpose of

developing a blockchain-based secure and verifiable

e-voting scheme. The methodology focuses on some

of the vital aspects like blockchain, voter

authentication, vote concealment, tamper-proof and

system scalability with a frictionless user experience.

The proposed system is based on a hybrid of

cryptographic methodologies, decentralized ledger

architecture, and smart contracts to overcome the

shortfalls of conventional e-voting and to maintain

the sanctity of vote casting.

The first step of our approach is the development

of the voting system architecture. The adopted

blockchain approach is a permissioned blockchain

because it provides an equilibrium between

decentralization and performance. To protect voters’

rights of privacy, an encryption method is employed

that will render it so that not any third parties can see

the contents of such packet, the private key is kept and

managed by each user, and election authorities and

candidates can only access to information at his own

right. This framework keeps the blockchain open and

secure, yet private for participants and parties

involved. Figure 1 shows the Blockchain-Based

Voting System Flowchart.

Then a hybrid cryptographic system is

constructed to ensure that the voter information and

the voting process themselves cannot be intercepted

or otherwise tampered with. On the voting end, we

encrypt the votes using Homomorphic encryption so

that the content of votes can be safely hidden from

prying eyes no one is supposed to be able to see what

you voted for! The encryption permits election

authorities to add up votes while the choices of

individual voters remain obscured, preserving

privacy yet verifying the result. Furthermore, zero-h

knowledge proofs are used in order for a voter to be

able to prove that her vote was recorded correctly

without revealing it. This method not only secures the

integrity of each cast ballot, but also makes the voting

system as a whole transparent and accountable.

Figure 1: Blockchain-Based Voting System Flowchart.

The voter authentication mechanism is a key

feature of the proposed scheme. The system

incorporates a multi factor authorization vehicle

where voters must first authorize their credential on a

secure online platform. This solution bundles

biometric authentication (fingerprint or facial

recognition) with national ID validation. Inclusion

Blockchain-Enabled E-Voting for Secure and Transparent Elections

383

of biometric data records so that the only registered

voter can cast his/ her vote leading to prevention of

proxy/ bogus voters. Identity verification, including

national ID compliance, combined with the

transparency of the blockchain ledger provides an

unforgeable linkage between the vote and its

originator a voter to guarantee system integrity.

Figure 2 shows the Voter Authentication Process

Performance.

Figure 2: Voter Authentication Process Performance.

Once duly authenticated, voters receive a unique,

time-dependent token in the blockchain to cast a vote.

This token is then secured on the decentralized

encrypted blockchain ledger, virtually tamper proof

and unchangeable. Every vote is associated with a

particular candidate or matter and the process ensures

a safe and clear recording of then voter’s decision.

Smart contracts automate validation and counting of

votes, thus preventing human mistakes and frauds.

Smart Contracts These are pre-defined contracts that

can perform an action when activated such as voting,

voter checking, candidate selection, and result

generation according to pre-set rules. They

furthermore allow them to monitor the elections as

they are happening, allowing them to catch any

unpleasantness or irregularities that may be

occurring.

To further promote system transparency and

verifiability, the proposed e-voting framework is

supplemented with an auditable trail, which permits

both election authorities and independent auditors to

verify the proper recording and counting of votes.

Each vote is time-stamped and voted up to a

blockchain block, for an imutable trace log that can

be scrutinated without de-anonymizing voters. The

system also permits live reporting of election results

to ensure that voters and authorities have the most

accurate, up-to-the-minute info at all times.

The scalability is another challenging issue in the

system design. The system must be able to process

thousands, millions of ballots at the same time, the

number of voters increasing day by day and in the big

scale election is rising. The blockchain is built to

support such a problem: transaction high throughput

(if indeed solving this type of problem). For voter

metadata: Non-essential data is stored off-chain to

keep the blockchain light yet capable of supporting

mass voting. What’s more, is the network is allowed

to reduce transaction costs in two ways: By fine-

tuning the consensuses, and lowering the quantity of

computing powers for validating votes.

Finally, we guarantee the system's robustness and

security by rigorous testing and validation. Phases of

the system Several periods of simulation training and

stress testing, such as vulnerability analysis and

penetration testing, are conducted to determine and

remedy weaknesses within the structure. It also has

been tested in various voting scenarios such as with

varying numbers of voters, different geographic

location and various network conditions, to verify its

dependability and fault-tolerance. Once validated, the

system is implemented on a pilot basis to simulate an

election process and identify remaining and required

enhancements before implementation full scale.

All in all, the method employed in this study

combines on the one hand various technologies and

means to realize a secure, transparent and scalable

blockchain-empowered e-voting process. The

intention is to overcome deficiencies in today’s

eVoting schemes and to bring together modern

cryptographic techniques, decentralized ledger

technology (DLT) as well as real-time verifiability in

order to improve trust in elections and to establish

secure footing for digital elections in the near future.

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The electronic voting system derived in this work,

based on a blockchain technology, was evaluated in

simulated environments and a pilot implementation in

order to examine performance, security, scalability

and usability. The findings of this paper demonstrate

the systems potential to offer secure, transparent and

tamper-resistance of voting, and simultaneously to

address some of the fundamental problems faced by

the traditional Electronic voting systems. The system

performance and scalability was tested through

transaction latency, encryption time, system through-

put and voter verification accuracy. Furthermore, the

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mechanisms of the system to avoid fraud, to keep it

secret, and the voter’s untraceability were exten-

sively evaluated in electoral scenarios simulation.

Table 1shows the System Scalability Test Results.

Table 1: System Scalability Test Results.

Test Scenario

Total Votes Cast

Transaction Time (ms)

System Throughput (TPS)

Latency

(ms)

Low Load (1,000

voters)

1,000

200

500

150

Medium Load

(100,000 voters)

100,000

220

480

200

High Load (10 million

voters)

10,000,000

300

450

350

One of the first remarkable results to emerge was

a favorably high throughput achieved by the system.

In blockchain-powered national-level elections, with

millions of concurrent participants, the platform was

tested to process up to 500 TPS which is a massive

leap from the industry-standard, traditional

centralised voting solutions that often fail to handle

the volume of transactions. With a permission-based

blockchain and an optimized consensus, the solution

struck a balance between decentralized principles and

efficient operations. This throughput was possible

while maintaining the transaction integrity (all votes

were recorded in a tamper-proof and time stamped

manner), and thus the system was suitable for large

scale elections. Figure 3 shows the Real-Time Vote

Tallying for Candidates.

Encryption and privacy features are also

important from the perspective of keeping the vote

confidential and were tested accordingly.

Homomorphic encryption, with the help of zero-

knowledge proofs guaranteed that each vote was

encrypted and indistinguishable at their casting and

could only be decrypted without special authorities.

The response time to the encryption by the system

was manageable, at around 200 ms delay per vote at

peak load. This delay of a few minutes allows

enough time for user’s votes to be decrypted and

tallied yet remains short enough not to interfere with

a smooth voting experience.

Figure 3: Real-Time Vote Tallying for Candidates.

By utilizing cryptographic mechanisms, votes

also stayed secret during the whole process of the

election, although the blockchain ledger was

transparent and open to the public for audit. Table 2

shows the Simulation of Election Results.

Table 2: Simulation of Election Results.

Election Simulation

Scenario

Voter

Participation

(%)

Fraud

Detection

Rate (%)

Vote Tallying Time (s)

Result Accuracy

(%)

Local Election (5,000

voters)

100%

0.8

100%

National Election (1

million voters)

98%

0.01%

4.2

99.99%

Global Election (10

million voters)

99.5%

15.3

100%

The pilot also tested the system’s process to

authenticate the voter, and this was a multi-factor

authentication process that included biometric

authentication (fingerprint or facial recognition)

paired with the integration of the national ID. The

accuracy of the voter identity verification achieved

was extremely high, receiving a false acceptance rate

Blockchain-Enabled E-Voting for Secure and Transparent Elections

385

(FAR) of less than 0.01% in the super-high FAR test,

thus revealing the strength of the authentication.

Furthermore, biometric data was fused with

blockchain, guaranteeing that the identity of the voter

is bound to the cast vote, preventing voter

impersonation and identity theft. No cases of

impersonation fraud could be detected in the test run,

and it is proved that the system is protected against

the abuse of the vote. Figure 4 shows the Vote

Distribution Between Candidates.

Figure 4: Vote Distribution Between Candidates.

Scalability tests also shows that even though the

demand of the system is high, the performance of the

system does not degrade. In an experiment over large-

scale simulations with 10 million votes sampled in 24

hours, the system sustained low latency and high

throughput. Non-essential non-core on-chain storage

was utilized to save some data (e.g. of voter

demographics and audit logs) resulting a further

reduction of the blockchain size and transaction cost.

This expandability makes the system applicable to

elections in high population countries, without

sacrificing response time.

Figure 5: Fraud Detection Performance.

Here, the key breakthroughs achieved by the

research were the capability of the system to provide

real-time results and that the system was continuously

verifiable. All voters and authorities could follow the

vote counts directly during the election, which made

it transparent and free from manipulation. Smart

contracts were used to handle vote counting, so

results would be calculated quickly and without

human input. This automation minimized the

possibility of human error and streamlined the

election process as a whole. Figure 5 shows the Fraud

Detection Performance.

Table 3: System Accuracy Comparison.

System

Vote

Accura

cy (%)

Fraud

Detection

Rate (%)

Transparenc

y Score (1-

10)

Blockc

hain-

based

Voting

System

100%

Traditi

onal E-

voting

System

95%

Other

Blockc

hain-

based

System

99.8%

0.1%

Nevertheless, some challenges arose in the

deployment and testing phases related to user

accessibility. Though the system was meant to open

the election up to voters in all parts of the country,

there were problems reported in places without strong

internet access. In the rural areas or remote areas,

where there is intermittent internet connectivity,

people had to wait to cast their votes. One way to

address this would be to build the system in a way that

allows it to function on low bandwidth, e.g., using an

offline voting system or enabling the use of another

voting service (i.e., a mobile app service) that

eventually syncs to the blockchain when the user is

back online. Table 3 shows the System Accuracy

Comparison.

A second concern was regarding the regulatory

and legal environment that needed to be established

for the potential adoption of blockchain powered

voting systems. Although the technology itself was

quite promising, there are no uniform regulations on

digital voting and blockchain-based election systems

across regions. Legal issues regarding voter

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authentication, data privacy, and deployment of

blockchains need to be addressed before the system

can be operational in national elections. “parodytitle=

“Pausing for hacks Explainer: EVMs and the JAR

2.0 system. Figure 6 shows the Election Result

Accuracy Comparison.

Security wise, the system did a good job in

rejecting attacks like Double Vote, Sybil. Use of the

blockchain’s tamper-proof ledger meant that votes,

once recorded, could not be changed or deleted.

Furthermore, the incorporation of smart contract

technology added another layer of security by

automating the verification of votes at the vote

counting stage, which meant that bad actors would

find it hard to disrupt election results. Table 4 shows

the System Performance Under Load.

Figure 6: Election Result Accuracy Comparison.

Table 4: System Performance Under Load.

Scenario

Number of Voters

Response

Time (ms)

Transactions Per Second

(TPS)

Latency

(ms)

Low Load (1,000

voters)

1,000

150

500

100

Medium Load

(100,000 voters)

100,000

180

480

180

High Load (10

million voters)

10,000,000

220

450

300

In summary, these findings show that blockchain

technology can provide a secure, transparent, and

scalable electronic voting solution. The integrity of

the voting process in general is ensured and the main

issues (namely: the anonymity of voters, the

prevention of fraud, scalability, and transparency)

have been addressed. Certain technical and regulatory

challenges do exist; nonetheless, they need to be

resolved before it can be deployed at a national level.

Given the proper level of optimization and

development, blockchain-based voting systems could

change the way in which the democratic process is

carried out by offering a more secure and reliable

system for elections throughout the entire world.

6 CONCLUSIONS

In this paper; we provide a blockchain based secure

e-voting system to overcome current threatening

issues like security, transparency & fraud prevention

in the contemporary voting system. Using blockchain

based technology, cryptographic methods and

decentralized infrastructure, the system under

discussion provides a secure and efficient way to

keep elections integral, anonymous and tamper-

proof. Seamless homomorphic encryption & zero

knowledge proofs for keeping votes private: Smart

contracts make vote counting automatic, less of a

headache, less error prone & more efficient.

The simulation and prototype-based experiments

have shown that the system can scale, is reliable and

can handle large-scale elections with low-latency

and high throughput. Due to its performance,

security capabilities, and scalability, the system is

usable in various elections, regardless if local or

national referenda. And multi-factor authentication,

including biometric authentication, means that we

have reliable voter identification – no fraud, and only

those eligible to vote can do so.

Nevertheless, there are still some drawbacks. The

problem of accessibility in poorpipe areas and

regulatory laws need to be tackled if they seem to be

adopted by a large population. Further, incorporating

blockchain into the current election framework will

need to take into consideration international

standards, as well as the legality of voter data privacy

and authentication.

So, In Conclusion, While Voting-On-Blockchain

Offers A Potential to Increase the Security On-And

Transparency In-Elections, It Also Represents A Way

for Old, Vulnerable Elections Systems To Be Left in

The Dust. As the technology continues to mature,

further improvement and optimization is necessary to

promote the large-scale use of it in election systems

Blockchain-Enabled E-Voting for Secure and Transparent Elections

387

in different countries, eventually enhancing people's

confidence in democratic practices.

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ICRDICCT‘25 2025 - INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN INFORMATION,

COMMUNICATION, AND COMPUTING TECHNOLOGIES

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