Enhancing Cloud Data Privacy and Integrity Using Post Quantum

Cryptographic Algorithms

A. Mahendran

, M. S. Kavitha

, R. Ravi

, B. Veera Sekharreddy

Marrapu Aswini Kumar

and Shrilekha R.

Department of Computer Science, Sona College of Arts and Science, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Akshaya College of Engineering and Technology, kinathukadavu,

Coimbatore 642109, Tamil Nadu, India

Department of Information Technology, J. J. College of Engineering and Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India

Department of Information Technology, MLR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad‑500043, Telangana, India

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Andhra

Pradesh, India

Department of MCA, New Prince Shri Bhavani College of Engineering and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Keywords: Post‑Quantum Cryptography, Cloud Security, Data Integrity, Quantum‑Resistant Encryption, Privacy

Preservation.

Abstract: With the rise of quantum computing, conventional cryptosystems are vulnerable, particularly in the cloud

platform, where data confidential and integrity are strongly required. This paper provides a secure and

efficient scheme to realize the post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) algorithms for cloud environments.

Through combining lattice-based and hash-based schemes, as recommended by NIST, the framework

provides provable classical and quantum security while striking a balance between performance and security

of systems. The paper reveals real-world deployment approaches, it considers algorithm efficiency in multi-

cloud situations, and it emphasizes gains in terms of confidentiality, authenticity, and system durability.

Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model can significantly speedup encryption and enhance

the anti-tamper abilities, and it is a scalable technology and has great potential for the future-proof security of

quantum-resilient cloud storage applications.

1 INTRODUCTION

The rapid development of quantum computing has

brought about new challenges for the security of

digital systems that are deployed in cloud

environments. Today, classical public-key schemes

like RSA and ECC, once among the bastions of

security, are threatened by quantum algorithms such

as Shor’s and Grover’s, respectively. With cloud

platforms developing as the mainstay of data storage,

processing, and access, the need for deploying

quantum resistant cryptographic solutions has

become more pressing than ever before.

Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) provides a

possible solution to the approaching threat. It

comprises algorithms expected to be secure against

quantum and classical computing attacks. These are

standardizing global algorithms (especially lattice-

based, hash- based, code-based algorithms) are

organized by its entities like USA based National

Institute of Standards and Technology are being

approved. Nevertheless, their practical application in

big cloud data systems is still challenging, especially

on concerns of performance, integration complexity

and interoperability with existing systems.

This work serves this purpose by filling this gap

by proposing a complete deployable PQC Framework

dedicated for the cloud computing applications. It

addresses the deployment of a number of promising

QKD-resistant algorithms and analyses the degree to

which data security and integrity can be preserved in

the many data storage models of the cloud. The paper

also evaluates the trade-offs between security and

performance and suggests the optimizations for low

Mahendran, A., Kavitha, M. S., Ravi, R., Sekharreddy, B. V., Kumar, M. A. and R., S.

Enhancing Cloud Data Privacy and Integrity Using Post Quantum Cr yptographic Algorithms.

DOI: 10.5220/0013857900004919

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Research and Development in Information, Communication, and Computing Technologies (ICRDICCT‘25 2025) - Volume 1, pages

85-93

ISBN: 978-989-758-777-1

overhead with powerful protection. By specifically

addressing realistic use-cases and system-level

validation, we hope that the research will inform the

development of secure, scalable and post-quantum

cloud computing infrastructures.

2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The growing use of cloud computing for data storage

and processing has raised questions about privacy and

data integrity as cyber threats evolve. With the

development of quantum computing, the classic

public key cryptosystems like RSA and ECC cannot

ensure their future security as they will be broken by

a strong quantum attack. This can be a huge risk,

particularly in cloud environments with the constant

exchange, storage and retrieval of sensitive data. To

address this issue, several post-quanta cryptographic

(PQC) algorithms are presented, though practical

deployment of these algorithms in cloud-based

systems is relatively unexplored, particularly in terms

of performance, compatibility, and scalability. There

is an urgent requirement for a secure and fast

realization of PQC tools that can be integrated

without any change in the current cloud

infrastructures also being responsible for ensuring the

confidentiality, authenticity, and resistance of data

against quantum era threats.

3 LITERATURE SURVEY

With the advance of quantum computing, the security

of conventional cryptosystems becomes more and

more limited, mainly in cloud security. In the context

of emerging post-quantum cryptography (PQC) and

its applicability in the cloud, researchers have studied

a number of aspects of future secure and robust data

centres.

Saha et al. (2021) in the post-quantum model

presented a blockchain construction and made a first

approach on showing the power of decentralized

structures for integrity in the quantum world, but the

concrete construction turned out to be very

inefficient. Khan et al. (2024) presented chaotic

quantum encryption for image data protection, which

is a proof of concept for quantum-safe techniques for

user’s consumer technologies, but is not applicable

for cloud setting. Similarly, Saha et al. (2024)

explored randomisation in multi-party computation

as a basis for privacy, but it is not system-integrated

at the level of real-world cloud.

The National Institute of Standards and

Technologies (2024) has played a major role in

standardization by publishing the standards FIPS 203,

204, 205 that describe key encapsulation mechanism,

digital signature schemes post quantum attacks.

While being great guides for specific domains, no

practical implementation considerations for cloud

infrastructure are presented. Moody (2024) gave an

overall sense of the state of NIST’s PQC

standardization, describing updates in on-going

algorithm vetting, but without guidance in terms of

direct deployment.

From an application viewpoint, Sreerangapuri

(2024) and Ashok (2024) also explored PQC-backed

AI-based cloud security models, suggesting abstract

frameworks that are yet to be validated. Legitimate:

On a legal note, Lienau (2025) pointed out the lack of

a federal data privacy framework to enable PQC

deployment, and hence associated policy voids that

might influence technical deployment.

Xu et al. (2020) and Kumar et al. (2020) extended

PQC research into IoT and vehicular networks,

respectively, offering secure frameworks using

signcryption and contact tracing models, though their

specificity limits direct application to generalized

cloud systems. Popov and Buchanan (2021) and

Davies et al. (2021) investigated consensus protocols

and ransomware detection, indirectly contributing to

security but not centered on quantum-resilient

encryption.

Corporate and industry reports have also fueled

discussion. Google (2025) and Versa Networks

(2025) announced post-quantum upgrades to digital

signatures and network security, though details about

implementation remain limited. Tuta (2024)

introduced TutaCrypt to enhance email security using

PQC, showing commercial traction but lacking

technical transparency. The Cloud Security Alliance

(2025), CIO Influence (2024), and Wavestone (2025)

provided strategic recommendations for post-

quantum preparedness, primarily targeting enterprise

and executive-level stakeholders.

Additional contributions from SGNL (2025) and

Futurum Group (2025) have outlined the

transformation of cloud identity and infrastructure

under PQC, offering foresight into quantum-era

transitions. These sources collectively indicate a

strong theoretical and preparatory foundation for

PQC, but also reveal a gap in hands-on, scalable, and

performance-validated implementations tailored

specifically to dynamic cloud environments. This

research aims to bridge that gap by demonstrating a

real-world, efficient, and adaptable PQC-based

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solution that enhances cloud data privacy and

integrity.

4 METHODOLOGY

This work develops a new architecture for deploying

PQC algorithms in cloud to protect data

confidentiality and integrity from the post-quantum

threat at the quantum threats era. The method includes

a plurality of stages tailored to solve distinct

challenges of accommodating PQC in cloud systems,

without significantly compromising performance,

scalability, and compatibility with the existing

infrastructure.

Figure 1: Post-Quantum Cryptography Integration in Cloud

Environments.

The first phase of the technique is choosing

suitable post-quantum cryptographic systems. As the

standardization process conducted in the NIST is

ongoing, here the emphasis is on lattice-based and

hash-based cryptographic constructions, as they are

the most promising for practical purposes. We use

lattice-based schemes NTRU and Kyber because it's

better for key generation, encryption time. The hash-

based schemes such as XMSS (eXtended Merkle

Signature Scheme) are appealing by their resistance

to the creation of digital signatures in classical

computers that would be secure also in post-quantum

computing paradigm. When coupled with algorithms

that are secure against quantum attacks, include in the

NIST’s PQC standardization effort demonstrate that

these solutions have forward-looking design and can

potentially be incorporated into many practical

applications.

With the choice of algorithms, the second aspect

of the methodology is centered on finding Cloud

adaptations of those algorithms. Cloud systems are

frequently characterized by multi-tenancy,

distributed storage, and virtualization, which results

in the challenges of key management and data

transmission as well. In this phase, we aim to develop

an abstraction layer for PQC algorithms in different

models of the cloud (IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS). The

abstraction layer fits between cloud services and

cryptographic operations and provides transparent

integration with strong security guarantees.

Figure 1

shows the Post-Quantum Cryptography Integration in

Cloud Environments.

To examine the applied PQC algorithms in cloud

systems, the following phase of the work proceeds

with the creation of a testbed. The testbed is a

distributed cloud structure that has a number of

virtual machines positioned in various geographical

areas. These are machines that mimic different cloud

scenarios, with the aim of testing how PQC algorithm

performance behaves under different conditions.

Monitoring tools are implemented in the cloud

infrastructure that collect resource usage, processing

time, and data throughput information to allow

monitoring performance metrics and their

corresponding measurements during testing.

Data privacy and security are major challenges in

cloud-based environment, plans to ensure data is end

to end encrypted in all data transactions. The

encryption is meant for the data both at rest and in

transit, and the chosen PQC algorithms could protect

the sensitive information stored in the cloud. Also, the

method comprises a full management of keys to

handle production, distribution, and renewal of

cryptographic keys. This KMS is intended to

decouple from but support existing cloud security

Enhancing Cloud Data Privacy and Integrity Using Post Quantum Cryptographic Algorithms

frameworks such as the Cloud Security Alliance

(CSA) and have ensured that quantum resistant

cryptographic algorithms are in place to secure the

cryptographic keys.

One of the major challenges of the PQC

algorithms integration is to keep the high performant

system secure. In order to solve this problem,

optimisations can be performed in the algorithm level

and system level. Algorithmic optimizations attempt

to minimize the computational cost of PQC schemes

without sacrificing their security. (BN, HW, Z et

al.2020) This is to ensure optimizing the parameters

of lattice-based cryptographic algorithms to trade-off

between key size, encryption speed, and the

computational cost. System level parallel processing

is utilized and exploits the distributed characteristic

of cloud to speed up implementation of cryptographic

operations by breaking the complex cryptographic

computation into simple computations and

scheduling them on available processing units.

In addition, the cloud environment is also with

dynamic `real-world’ workloads. This method

introduces a load balance mechanism to select which

cloud instances are using the resources based on

demand and attempts to not let the cryptographic

operations become a bottleneck in high load traffics.

This load balancing also considers the computation

intensity of PQC algorithms-the system dynamically

reconfigures itself to balance out the resource use.

On completion of the system, its security and

performance should be assessed when fully deployed.

The level of security is further tested via a collection

of penetration tests that emulate quantum attacks

against the cloud infrastructure. These tests assess

how resistant the implemented PQC algorithms are

with respect to quantum-specific attacks, such as

Shor´s and Grover´s algorithms, for instance.

Performance is assessed by recording basic metrics

including encryption and decryption rates, key

generation duration and resource usage, this allows

for the system to expand and process large data

without a noticeable loss in performance.

Along with security and performance evaluation,

the process involves a usability process that examines

that the PQC the integration does not increase the

complexity of the user experience. Users do not need

to care about the cloud integration itself, and a user-

friendly interface is provided for administrators to

configure settings for encryption, encryption key

lifecycles and access controls. This interface enables

users to interact with the cloud system easily

\uneditable{without having to grasp the underlying

cryptographic} mechanism.

Finally, a case study is carried out to verify the

proposed framework in practice. The case study

consists in deploying the system in cloud provider

infrastructure and testing its application in different

domains,including healthcare, finance and IOT. The

case study results offer important lessons learned

about challenges and benefits of the practical

deployment of PQC algorithms at scale in cloud

computing.

In summary, the approach incorporates post-

quantum cryptography algorithms to cloud by

addressing secure data transmission, efficient key

management, and high performance. The framework

also integrates optimized cryptographic mechanisms,

dynamic load balancing, and extensive testing,

providing cloud computing with the capability to

gracefully endure the advent of quantum computing

and maintain the privacy and integrity of user data.

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Deployment of PQC algorithms in cloud environment

was subjected to robust testing, focused towards the

security and performance evaluation of the system.

The comparison considered different cloud service

models, including IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS and also

emphasized the efficiency and scalability of PQC

algorithms in the cloud-practical sense. The findings

of this testbed present must-have observations of

PQC for cloud data privacy and integrity in the

quantum era.

Figure 2: Performance Comparison of PQC Algorithms.

Security testing was given special attention, being

one of the research objectives to guarantee that the

cloud infrastructure will be secure towards quantum-

enabled attacks. The system underwent a quantum-

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resilience penetration test according to the test

scenarios. The tests on the lattice-based encryption

algorithm Kyber and hash-based digital signature

algorithm XMSS aimed to evaluate their functionality

with respect to logic conducted with the quantum

algorithms Shor’s and Grover’s. The security of both

algorithms is robust in which they are able to resist

decryption attacks and signature forging against the

quantum attack simulations. One of the prominent

lattice-based candidates, namely Kyber, was very

secure but also had been subject to delicate, key-size

considerations for efficiency. The XMSS scheme, on

the other hand, maintained good security but at much

higher computational costs in both signature

generation and verification.

Figure 2 shows the

Performance Comparison of PQC Algorithms.

Nevertheless, the PQC algorithms demonstrated

strong potential at mitigating security risks from

quantum attackers. The quantum specific penetration

tests showed that the algorithms were very robust

against the most common attack vectors based on

quantum technology.

Table 1: Performance comparison of PQC algorithms in cloud systems.

Algorithm

Encryption

Speed (ms)

Decryption

Speed (ms)

Key

Generation

Time (ms)

Resource

Utilization

(%)

Scalability

(Cloud Nodes)

Kyber 50 70 150 40% High

XMSS 120 150 200 60% Medium

NTRU 60 80 180 45% High

NTS-

KEM

110 140 210 50% Low

Picnic 100 130 160 55% Mediu

Yet, the issue on managing keys at lattice-based

cryptography is also a problem because the key

management is complicated in such lattices and large-

scale cloud systems need efficient and transparent

ways of key distribution. This was resolved by

designing a key management system to dynamically

distribute and update the cryptographic keys so that

they could be used on the fly without compromising

the system performance.

Table 1 shows the

Performance Comparison of PQC Algorithms in

Cloud Systems.

The performance testbed of the post-quantum

cryptographic system consisted of a distributed

cloud environment with different virtual machines

located in different geographical locations. This

configuration modeled actual cloud infrastructure and

served as the testbed to gain the

encryption/decryption speeds, key generation times

and average resource usage that were required. The

lattice-based Kyber algorithm provided a fast

encryption and decryption in the presence of high

computational load that can be deployed in high-

performance clouds. However, the larger keys needed

for quantum security led to slightly more resource

consumption when compared with conventional

algorithms such as RSA. By contrast, XMSS

algorithm showed good security properties but poor

performance due to large computational resources

involved in the signature creation and verification

steps, especially in the case of cloudes with high

throughput.

Figure 3 shows the Resource Utilization

in PQC Operations.

Load balancer tactics were investigated in order to

evaluate the scalability of the system under varying

cloud workloads, such that the PQC system remained

capable of efficiently processing cryptographic

operations, while not being influenced by any

increasing cloud work burdens. The dynamic load

balancing scheme, also known as demand-based load

distribution, was very effective in avoiding the

system overload during peak-workload conditions.

Figure 3: Resource utilization in PQC operations.

Enhancing Cloud Data Privacy and Integrity Using Post Quantum Cryptographic Algorithms

Table 2: Security testing results for PQC algorithms.

orith

Attack T

e Success Rate

(

)

Remarks

Shor’s Al

orithm 0% Resistant to

uantum-

ased attacks

XMSS Grover’s Algorithm 0% Resistant to quantum-

ased attacks

NTRU Shor’s Algorithm 0% Resistant to quantum-

ased attacks

NTS-KEM Grover’s Algorithm 5% Slight vulnerability under certain conditions

Picnic Shor’s Al

orithm 0% Resistant to

uantum-

ased attacks

It effectively s hared the processing load across a

number of servers: both encryption and decryption

could take place in parallel. The system's scale was

very important in order to guarantee that the

integration of PQC would not be a bottleneck in the

performance of cloud-services, since they generally

run in large-scale and serve a variety of users.

Table 2

shows the Security Testing Results for PQC

Algorithms.

Table 3: Cloud system resource usage during PQC operations.

eration CPU Usage (%) Memory Usage (%) Network Usage (MB/s) Disk I/O (MB/s)

Data Encr

tion 35 40 20 5

Data Decr

tion 40 45 22 6

Generation 55 50 15 4

Key Distribution 30 35 18 5

Load Balancing 25 30 10 3

Resource efficiency was also an important

consideration in the system. The improved version of

PQC algorithms with no significant impact when

applied to Cloud resources. For instance, using

parallel processing methods, the encryption and

decryption were distributed to several virtual

machines to reduce the load of the server. Even with

the higher cost from PQC, the system was still

efficient without significant performance degradation

when compared to non- isogeny based cryptographic

schemes. However, the computation cost increased

with more data for processing, when the data set was

large and real-time transactions in the cloud.

Table 3

shows the Cloud System Resource Usage During

PQC Operations.

Figure 4: Quantum attack resistance comparison.

The usability of the system was also evaluated.

The inclusion of these security-hardened PQC

algorithms within our well-established cloud

offerings should not become complex either for the

end-users or sufficiently-trained cloud administrators

to learn and use. A user-friendly administrative

interface was designed to handle the encryption

policies, key life cycle and users' access policies.

And in return the administrators could interact

with the system in a straightforward manner without

having to grasp the cryptographic details which

would enable the deployment of PQC for both

experts and non-experts. Although post-quantum

cryptography is significantly more complex, user-

friendly tools were provided by the system for

smooth operational management.

Figure 4 shows the

Quantum Attack Resistance Comparison.

Figure 5: Comparison of traditional vs. PQC cloud security.

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We also evaluated our system's deployment in

real-world settings, such as health, finance, and IoT.

In the health sector, the confidentiality of patients'

data in cloud database was effectively preserved by

the PQC system and live health-related data were

immune to quantum threats. The system was tested

in financial services for secure transactions, as well as

in the data exchange between financial institutions,

with the PQC algorithms showing strong resistance to

the future hack attempts on mission-critical systems

driven by quantum computing. The capability of the

system to protect data transmitted from IoT devices

was confirmed for IoT applications, and it was

verified that the confidentiality and integrity of the

data were not compromised in the case of data

collected from smart devices.

Table 4: System performance metrics for PQC algorithms in cloud environments.

Algorithm Latency (ms) Throughput (MB/s) Response Time (ms) System Load (%)

Kyber 50 80 55 70

XMSS 100 60 120 85

NTRU 60 75 65 72

NTS-KEM 120 50 150 90

Picnic 110 55 140 80

In conclusion, the results indicate that post-

quantum cryptography, when appropriately

integrated into cloud environments, can provide a

quantum-resistant solution for securing data privacy

and integrity. While there are challenges in terms of

performance overhead, particularly in key

management and signature generation, the proposed

PQC system demonstrates strong security features

with minimal impact on cloud resources. The

system’s scalability and usability, coupled with its

proven resilience against quantum-based attacks,

make it a promising solution for future-proofing

cloud infrastructures against the advent of quantum

computing. However, further optimization and real-

world testing will be necessary to refine the system

and ensure its widespread adoption in production

cloud environments.

Figure 5 shows the Comparison

of Traditional vs. PQC Cloud Security. Table 4 shows

the System Performance Metrics for PQC Algorithms

in Cloud Environments.

6 CONCLUSIONS

The emergence of quantum computing is threatening

the security of cloud systems, which is driving

forward the demand for quantum-safe cryptography.

In this paper, we propose a complete framework for

deploying post-quantum cryptographic (PQC)

techniques to enable secure and private cloud

systems. By an intensive fine-grained study, the paper

shows that PQC schemes like lattice-based Kyber and

hash-based XMSS demonstrate a strong resistance

against quantum threats and yet, provide reasonable

performance levels to make them applicable to a

large-scale cloud setup.

While PQC brings additional computation

complexity, especially in terms of key management

and signature generation, results show that these extra

charges ape ar to be mitigated by appropriate

optimization. The parallelism and distribution of

load is ensured by the parallel processing and

dynamic load balancing to that the system is effective

under different load situations. The designed key

management system further tackles the challenges

posed by PQC, enabling secure and scalable key

distribution without any performance overhead.

As for security, the PQC algorithms were able to

withstand quantum-aided attacks, repelling

decryption attempts and signature forgeries. Such

findings demonstrate the capabilities of PQC in

protecting cloud services against the emerging

quantum risks, while being future-proof.” Still, key

aspects of their approach need further tuning, and

practical validation, particularly to limi overhead in

larger cavalier cloud systems.

The usability of the system was another

important success. The framework is designed to

reduce operational overhead by providing an easy to

use interface for administrators and being seamlessly

integrated with extant cloud security mechanisms.

This user-friendliness is essential in order to make

quantum-resistance cryptographic techniques a

practical solution for the cloud applications of today.

In general, this study is one step forward for

securing cloud data in the quantum-based era,

providing a practical and scalable approach to realize

Enhancing Cloud Data Privacy and Integrity Using Post Quantum Cryptographic Algorithms

secure cloud. The results reveal the possibility of

deploying PQC algorithms in cloud environments and

show their capacity to protect confidential

information against technology threats and future

developments. Developing such solutions will

become increasingly important as quantum

computing progresses and is a crucial first step

toward long-term cloud security that is resistant to

quantum attacks.

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Enhancing Cloud Data Privacy and Integrity Using Post Quantum Cryptographic Algorithms