Enhanced 3D Model Generation from 2D Object Images: A Deep

Learning Approach Integrating Shape and Texture Learning with

Real‑Time, Occlusion‑Aware and Object‑Agnostic Methods

A. Bhagyalakshmi

, S. Prabagar

, Guruprasad Konnurmath

, D. B. K. Kamesh

R. Vishalakshi

and Victoriya A.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and

Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600062, India

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, COE in IoT, Alliance School of Advanced Computing, Alliance

University, Karnataka, India

School of Computer Science and Engineering, K.L.E. Technological University, BVB Campus, Vidyanagar, Hubballi,

Karnataka, India

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, MLR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad‑500043, Telangana, India

Department of Computer Science and Engineering (Data Science), Vardhaman College of Engineering, Shamshabad,

Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Department of ECE, New Prince Shri Bhavani College of Engineering and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Keywords: 3D Model Generation, Deep Learning, Shape, Texture Learning, Real‑Time Performance, Occlusion‑Aware,

Object‑Agnostic, Hybrid Learning, Temporal Consistency, Video‑Based Input, Platform‑Agnostic.

Abstract: The problem of generating 3D models from 2D object images has been very difficult because it is very

complex to capture real shape and texture. The work presents an improved deep learning method for 3D model

synthesis which addresses the shortcomings of existing approaches. Our approach embeds the shape and

texture learning process in a single framework allowing for real time performance and invariance towards 2D

occlusion. Unlike prior methods that need category-specific training, our weapon bidder is object-agnostic

and works for various objects other than human-centric ones. We also use effective priors and a novel hybrid

learning approach to massively reduce computational cost and improve model generalization. The outcome

is a fully scalable, real-time system that can handle high-quality decoding of 3D models from a single 2D

image, with potential applications to tasks in augmented reality, virtual reality, and product design. Our

method also enforces temporal coherence when applied to videos and is device-agnostic, enabling deployment

on edge-based inference devices. We demonstrate experimentally on a broad set of object categories and

image qualities that the proposed method is effective and scalable.

1 INTRODUCTION

Reconstruction of 3D models from 2D images is a

fundamental leap in computer vision, augmented

reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and digital design.

Most of the conventional 3D model acquisition

systems are based on multi-view images or Depth

sensors, which are resource hungry and difficult for

real-time scenarios. Recently, deep learning

techniques have been developed that generate 3D

models given a single 2D image, yet such approaches

suffer from problems of texture detail, accurate shape

reconstruction, occlusions, and the necessity of a

large amount of labelled data.

This work fills up those gaps, and propose a novel

deep learning framework for 3D model generation

which takes both shapes learning and texture learning

into account in a joint manner. Our approach works

in real time and guarantees that occluded and

partially visible objects can be reconstructed with

high accuracy. Although the model is not limited to

any specific object class, it is very versatile, and it can

handle many different object types, from rigid objects

to complex human avatars.

Bhagyalakshmi, A., Prabagar, S., Konnurmath, G., Kamesh, D. B. K., Vishalakshi, R. and A., V.

Enhanced 3D Model Generation from 2D Object Images: A Deep Learning Approach Integrating Shape and Texture Learning with Real-Time, Occlusion-Aware and Object-Agnostic Methods.

DOI: 10.5220/0013857700004919

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Research and Development in Information, Communication, and Computing Technologies (ICRDICCT‘25 2025) - Volume 1, pages

71-77

ISBN: 978-989-758-777-1

Furthermore, our methods use efficient priors and

hybrid learning mechanisms to make the best use of

computation and at the same time achieve high

performance. Our method enables generalization

across different datasets by providing object-agnostic

capabilities and minimizing the reliance on category-

specific training. We extend the system by adding

temporal consistency ability for video-based inputs,

taking texture transitions and object motion in

dynamic scenes into account.

Our study not only enhances the quality and

consistency of 3D models recovered from 2D images

but also offers a practical and scalable solution, which

can be easily deployed on the edge side for real-time

applications. In the rest of this paper, we discuss the

methodology, experimental setup, and results of our

approach showing that it is an effective, versatile, and

potentially useful tool for various industries and

applications.

2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

One of the key challenges in computer vision and

graphics is the accurate reconstruction of 3D models

of an object from 2D (2 dimensional) images.

Methods currently suffer from problems as

occlusions, freely-object pose and texture mapping

invariance which are hard to deal with objects in

various categories. Existing methods mostly rely on

multi-view input, which are computationally

expensive, or are object-category-specific, which

limits their practical application. Worse still, most

existing methods cannot generalize well on other

datasets, which makes them ineffective to cope with

large-scale and diverse datasets.

Even with the progress of deep learning many 3D

generation models are based on hand-crafted priors,

which are not suitable for dynamic applications or

real-time usage. Further, the failure to deal with

occluded areas in images and the no real-time

performance render these works very cumbersome

for applications such as AR, VR, or product design

and anything which require speedily and accurately.

Hence, a fast-one-shot object-agnostic

reconstructing deep learning model which can

produce 3D models from a single 2D image such as

the occlusion is not addressed and create high-

definition textures and shapes in real time is in

demand. Overcoming these limitations would extend

the possibilities of 3D model generation and would

thus be more easily inducted to interactive and

immersive environments.

3 LITERATURE SURVEY

Deep learning has great impact on the paradigm of 2D

image reconstruction to 3D model recently. Early

incarnations have been biased towards multi-view

imagery processing, to which the current

development infers a more general accessibility and

practicality. Gao et al. (2022) presented GET3D, a

method to generate high-fidelity textured 3D shapes

from raw 2D images (e.g. these included in our

dataset) which relies on generative models. Their

method, however, suffered from extrapolation to

realistic image noise.

For high-resolution requirement, Liu et al. (2024)

introduced TexOct, an octree-driven diffusion model

for textures synthesis, which however are also quite

computationally expensive. Likewise, Gorelik and

Wang (2025) proposed Make-A-Texture for fast

texture synthesis with quality decrease in more

complex surfaces. These results made explicitly clear

this trade-off between quality and computational

efficiency of models.

Focusing on human-centered models, Hong et al.

(2022) and Cao et al. (2024) presented EVA3D and

Dream Avatar, respectively, which showed promise

in avatar generation but lacked object generalization

capabilities. Huang et al. (2024) further contributed

HumanNorm, a diffusion-based model for generating

realistic 3D human forms, though limited to specific

object classes.

Several studies emphasized the challenge of

occlusions and view inconsistencies. Wei et al. (2021)

introduced a hybrid self-prior model that partially

addressed mesh reconstruction under occlusions,

while Wen et al. (2022) focused on disentangled

attribute flows to improve pose variations.

Meanwhile, Gecer et al. (2021) explored high-fidelity

facial reconstruction using GANs, applicable to a

narrow object domain.

Efforts to create category-agnostic systems were

explored by Yang et al. (2021) through deep

optimized priors, although their model required

significant fine-tuning per class. Xu, Mu, & Yang

(2023) provided a comprehensive survey on deep

learning-based 3D shape generation, citing the lack of

generalized, real-time solutions across heterogeneous

datasets.

Texture-focused research such as TexFusion by

Liu et al. (2024) and web-photo-driven models like

Yu et al. (2021) tackled the synthesis aspect but were

often dependent on external metadata or captions.

Qian et al. (2023) with Magic123 and Zuo et al.

(2023) with DG3D introduced models that attempted

shape-texture disentanglement using diffusion and

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adversarial strategies, though training instability

remained an issue.

The field also saw methodological overviews, like

Sun et al. (2024) and Xu et al. (2022), who surveyed

implicit representations and mesh reconstruction

techniques, respectively. Their findings stressed the

need for scalable and memory-efficient solutions.

Some other general contributions): Balusa and

Chatarkar (2024) studied model integration

frameworks, but did not implement the framework

and did not test beyond a very small experimental

scope and (Dong et al. (2023) focused on the models

for avatars and did not support generic objects.

However, a conceptual chasm still exists towards

a joint real-time occlusion-aware and generic object-

agnostic framework that is able to generate high-

quality textured 3D models from a single 2D input.

This paper aims to close that gap and suggests a

holistic deep learning pipeline that couples shape and

texture generation with cross-category generalization

and deployment efficiency.

4 METHODOLOGY

Figure 1: The Workflow of Architecture.

We show the end-to-end pipeline of our proposed

real-time, occlusion-aware 3D model generation

system, and it can directly generate high-quality 3D

shapes and textures from a single 2D object image.

The method consists of the feature extraction with the

dual-branch structure, uniform shape-texture learning

through item optimization, and the designing of light

deployment strategy for real-world and edge-device

applications.

4.1 Input and Preprocessing Pipeline

The process begins with a single 2D image of an

object:

• Preprocessing: Includes normalization,

contrast enhancement, and optional super-

resolution.the workflow of this added in figure

1 .

• Data Augmentation: Techniques such as

random occlusion, horizontal flipping, and

brightness variation simulate real-world

conditions.

• Optional Modules:

o Object Segmentation (Mask R-CNN):

Isolates the object of interest for focused

learning.

o Monocular Depth Estimation (MiDaS):

Adds spatial priors to boost shape accuracy

under occlusion.

4.1 Dual-Branch Feature Extraction

The model separates feature learning into two parallel

branches:

• Shape Encoder:

o CNN backbone (e.g., ResNet-50) learns

geometric representations.

o Outputs point cloud and mesh-relevant latent

vectors.

• Texture Encoder:

o CNN + Vision Transformer (ViT) backbone.

o Captures fine-grained surface details, color

variations, and material textures.

These feature vectors are concatenated and passed to

specialized modules.

4.3 3D Shape Reconstruction Module

Shape generation proceeds through:

• Decoder Architecture:

o PointNet++ or Occupancy Network

architecture to produce 3D mesh from latent

vectors.

• Loss Functions:

o Chamfer Distance: Measures point cloud

similarity.

Enhanced 3D Model Generation from 2D Object Images: A Deep Learning Approach Integrating Shape and Texture Learning with

Real-Time, Occlusion-Aware and Object-Agnostic Methods

o Earth Mover's Distance (EMD): Adds

alignment fidelity.

o Surface Smoothness Loss: Ensures clean

mesh generation.

4.2 Texture Synthesis Module

The texture learning process includes:

• UV Mapping: Flattens 3D geometry into a 2D

texture space.

• Texture Diffusion Generator: Utilizes a text-

guided diffusion model for spatially coherent

texture.

• GAN Discriminator: Enhances realism and

removes noise/artifacts.

These outputs are rewrapped onto the reconstructed

3D model using differentiable rendering.

4.3 Shape-Texture Fusion and

Refinement

To ensure visual coherence, the shape and texture

streams are fused:

• Alignment is enforced via cross-attention layers

between texture and geometry representations.

• Inconsistencies (e.g., stretching or color

mismatch) are penalized using a joint shape-

texture consistency loss.

4.4 Model Optimization for

Deployment

To ensure real-time performance on edge devices:

• Model Compression:

o Quantization: 32-bit to 8-bit weights.

o Pruning: Removes low-activation filters.

o Knowledge Distillation: Trains a lightweig

ht version from the full model.

• Deployment Engine: Converted to ONNX

format for cross-platform compatibility.

4.5 Training Configuration

• Datasets Used:

o ShapeNet, Pix3D, and a custom real-world

dataset (500 objects across 8 categories).

• Loss Composition:

o Total loss = Shape Loss + Texture Loss +

Consistency Loss + Adversarial Loss.

• Training Specs:

o Trained for 34 hours on dual NVIDIA RTX

3090 GPUs.

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

To validate the effectiveness of the proposed 3D

model generation framework, extensive experiments

were conducted on benchmark datasets such as

ShapeNet, Pix3D, and a custom real-world object

dataset. A more detailed trade‑off between

reconstruction quality and runtime performance is

presented in Figure 2 The evaluation focused on both

qualitative and quantitative performance across shape

reconstruction, texture synthesis, and runtime

efficiency.

Figure 2: Model Quality Vs. Inference Speed.

Table 1: Quantitative Comparison With Existing Models.

Model

Chamfer Distance

↓

IoU (%) ↑

SSIM ↑

FID ↓

FPS (Edge Device)

GET3D

0.0201

75.3

0.891

34.7

3 FPS

DG3D

0.0178

80.1

0.902

28.9

5 FPS

TexFusion

0.0153

83.4

0.919

25.1

7 FPS

Proposed

Model

0.0123

87.6

0.942

21.4

18 FPS

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5.1 Quantitative Evaluation

The model achieved a Chamfer Distance (CD) of

0.0123, which is a substantial improvement over

existing baseline like GET3D (0.0201) and DG3D

(0.0178). Intersection-over-Union (IoU) averaged at

87.6%, indicating strong structural fidelity across

different object categories including furniture,

vehicles, and household items. For texture synthesis,

the model achieved a Structural Similarity Index

(SSIM) of 0.942, a PSNR of 26.7 dB, and an FID of

21.4, demonstrating realistic and high-quality surface

rendering. These scores reflect superior performance

when compared to existing models which often

struggle with occlusion and fine-grained texture

preservation. The performance of our model

compared to state-of-the-art methods is summarized

in Table 1.

5.2 Qualitative Evaluation

Visual inspections of reconstructed models revealed

that the proposed system excels in preserving object

contours and internal texture details, even under

heavy occlusions or partial views in 2D images.

Unlike prior models that either generate blurry

textures or oversimplify shapes, the integrated

texture-shape architecture allowed for highly accurate

and visually coherent 3D outputs. In scenarios

involving complex surfaces such as reflective

materials or textured clothing our model-maintained

sharpness and pattern alignment without visual

artifacts. To validate the contribution of each module,

an ablation study was performed as shown in Table 2

Table 2: Ablation Study on Model Components.

Configuration

Chamfer ↓

IoU ↑

SSIM ↑

FID ↓

Full Model

0.0123

87.6

0.942

21.4

– No Texture Diffusion

0.0123

87.6

0.763

38.2

– No Shape Regularization

0.0156

80.3

0.942

21.1

– No GAN Discriminator (Texture Only)

0.0124

87.6

0.869

29.7

– Without Joint Training (Separate

Modules)

0.0142

82.1

0.896

27.3

5.3 Real-Time and Edge Performance

The optimized version of the model, when deployed

on NVIDIA Jetson Nano, achieved an average of 18

FPS, maintaining both shape accuracy and texture

realism without compromising latency. The complete

model size after quantization was reduced to 42 MB,

demonstrating practical feasibility for edge

deployment. This real-time capability marks a notable

improvement over resource-heavy approaches that

require GPU-intensive environments for inference.

5.4 Ablation Studies

Component-wise ablation studies confirmed the

critical contribution of each module. Removing the

diffusion-based texture enhancer resulted in a 19%

drop in SSIM, while excluding the shape decoder

regularization increased CD by 27%. This highlights

the synergistic impact of integrating texture and shape

learning in a unified pipeline.

5.5 Generalization and Robustness

Table 3: Model Efficiency and Deployment Statistics.

Metric

Value

Model Size

(Quantized)

42 MB

Inference Time (per

image)

56 ms

Edge Device FPS

18 FPS

Compatible

Platforms

Jetson Nano, Raspberry Pi,

Android

Training Time

34 hours (on 2× RTX

3090)

Enhanced 3D Model Generation from 2D Object Images: A Deep Learning Approach Integrating Shape and Texture Learning with

Real-Time, Occlusion-Aware and Object-Agnostic Methods

The model also exhibited strong generalization

capabilities across object categories not seen during

training, such as tools, toys, and clothing accessories.

This confirms the strength of the object-agnostic

design. Table 3 provides runtime and deployment

efficiency details of the proposed model Additionally,

when tested on noisy, low-resolution images, the

model sustained reasonable reconstruction accuracy,

validating its robustness under real-world constraints.

6 DISCUSSION

These results emphasize the effectiveness of

combining shape and texture learning for 3D

reconstruction from single 2D images. The ability to

process occluded and noisy images, alongside the

lightweight and real-time inference capability,

positions this model as a practical solution for real-

world applications. Use cases may include AR/VR

object integration, e-commerce visualization, digital

twin modeling, and interactive robotics.

7 CONCLUSIONS

This research presents a comprehensive and unified

deep learning framework for generating high-fidelity

3D models from single 2D images by effectively

integrating shape and texture learning. Unlike

traditional approaches that are either computationally

intensive or limited to specific object categories, the

proposed method offers a scalable, real-time, and

object-agnostic solution. By leveraging advanced

deep learning modules such as shape decoders,

transformer-based diffusion models for texture

enhancement, and efficient inference optimization

techniques, the system demonstrates significant

improvements in geometric accuracy, texture realism,

and cross-category generalization.

The results show strong quantitative performance

across standard metrics like Chamfer Distance, IoU,

SSIM, and FID, along with qualitative improvements

in texture detail and surface continuity. Furthermore,

the model's lightweight architecture enables

deployment on resource-constrained edge devices

without compromising output quality or speed,

making it suitable for a wide range of real-world

applications including virtual reality, e-commerce,

mobile visualization, and digital content creation.

Through extensive experimentation, ablation

studies, and cross-domain evaluations, the research

confirms the robustness and versatility of the

proposed approach. Future work will focus on

enhancing dynamic scene reconstruction,

incorporating temporal consistency across video

frames, and expanding the framework to support

interactive 3D editing directly from 2D input images.

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Enhanced 3D Model Generation from 2D Object Images: A Deep Learning Approach Integrating Shape and Texture Learning with

Real-Time, Occlusion-Aware and Object-Agnostic Methods