Cultural Communication Effects of Black Myth: Wukong
Jingxuan Luo
School of Economics, Hefei University of Technology, 230601, China
Keywords: Black Myth, Wukong, Cultural Communication, Symbol Production, Technology Empowerment,
Commercialization.
Abstract: As Chinas first AAA game, Black Myth: Wukong has garnered widespread global attention since its release.
Through a literature review, this study systematically examines the multifaceted effects of the game on
cultural communication. The findings indicate that Black Myth: Wukong successfully achieves the modern
transformation and international dissemination of traditional Chinese culture through symbol production and
reconstruction, interactive communication mechanisms, and social identity and sharing. Leveraging advanced
technologies such as Unreal Engine 5 and high-precision modeling, the game transforms traditional Chinese
cultural symbols into interactive digital experiences, creating an immersive "digital cultural landscape."
Additionally, through layered narratives and internationalized symbol strategies, the game balances the
uniqueness of local culture with universal themes, effectively mitigating "cultural discount." Furthermore, the
game expands the boundaries of cultural communication and fosters commercial feedback through a "gaming
+ cultural tourism" model and cross-industry collaborations. This study also explores controversies
surrounding the unidirectional nature of cultural output, reliance on classic intellectual properties (IPs), and
the balance between commercialization and cultural integrity, proposing future research directions, including
the impact on non-gamer audiences, technology-driven cultural communication mechanisms, and pathways
for original IP development.
1 INTRODUCTION
As the first Chinese developed AAA game in China,
Black Myth: Wukong has, since the release of its
2020 trailer, emerged as a phenomenal topic in global
gaming and cultural spheres due to its exquisite visual
presentation, profound narrative core, and innovative
reinterpretation of Journey to the West culture. The
game not only captivates global players with its
surreal Eastern aesthetics and action-based
gameplay—evidenced by over ten million views of its
debut trailer on YouTube and sustained discussions
on domestic and international social media—but also
reconstructs traditional mythological symbols (e.g.,
"Lady White Bone" and "Seventy-two
Transformations") to deeply integrate the
philosophical essence of Chinese classical literature
with contemporary digital art, forming a cross-media,
cross-cultural communication paradigm. Its influence
extends beyond gaming into fields such as film,
animation, and academia, serving as a quintessential
case for exploring the modern transformation and
international dissemination of traditional culture.
The research value of this topic lies in its
multidimensional breakthrough significance. First,
amidst intensifying global cultural industry
competition, Black Myth: Wukong, as China’s first
AAA game with international appeal, marks a shift
from "following" to "original output" for Chinese
cultural products, offering new pathways for telling
Chinese stories. Second, the game’s digital re-
creation of classic IPs reveals the mechanisms of
traditional culture’s dissemination among younger
audiences, such as fragmented narratives, immersive
experiences, and visual spectacles. Additionally,
controversies surrounding the game (e.g., boundaries
of cultural symbol appropriation, risks of Orientalist
reproduction) reflect the complexity of cultural
communication in a globalized context, necessitating
critical theoretical reflection. Therefore,
systematically analyzing Black Myth: Wukong’s
cultural communication effects holds significance not
only for case studies in the gaming industry but also
for understanding the creative transformation of
traditional culture in the digital era. Prior studies
provided the perspective for this paper to analyze
Black Myth: Wukong's cultural communication
Luo, J.
Cultural Communication Effects of Black Myth: Wukong.
DOI: 10.5220/0013846100004719
Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on E-commerce and Modern Logistics (ICEML 2025), pages 417-423
ISBN: 978-989-758-775-7
Proceedings Copyright © 2025 by SCITEPRESS Science and Technology Publications, Lda.
417
effects (He & Li, 2024; Li, 2024a; Li, 2024b; Li &
Zhou, 2024).
This study aims to achieve the following
objectives through a literature review: (1) synthesize
existing research on the cultural communication
pathways of Black Myth: Wukong, including symbol
production and reconstruction, interactive
communication mechanisms, and social identity and
sharing; (2) clarify key academic controversies
surrounding this case, such as the unidirectional
nature of cultural output, overreliance on classic IPs,
and the balance between commercialization and
culture; (3) identify gaps in current research (e.g., the
impact on non-gamer audiences, technology-driven
cultural communication mechanisms) and propose
future research directions. Through this review, the
study seeks to provide a theoretical framework for the
digital dissemination of traditional culture and
strategic insights for the international practice of
Chinese cultural products.
2 CULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
PATHWAYS
2.1 Symbol Production and
Reconstruction
Black Myth: Wukong excels in symbol production
and reconstruction, successfully transforming
traditional Chinese cultural symbols into modern
digital art forms through character design, scene
construction, and musical narrative. This
transformation preserves the essence of traditional
culture while endowing it with new vitality through
modern technological means, achieving widespread
recognition and dissemination globally.
2.1.1 Character Design
The character design in Black Myth: Wukong
demonstrates ingenuity, deeply exploring and
reconstructing the cultural connotations of the
traditional character Sun Wukong through the triadic
design of the "Destined One" through a tripartite
transformation—demon, human, and Buddha. The
"Destined One," the player-controlled character,
retains traditional traits of Sun Wukong, such as
wielding the Ruyi Jingu Bang and possessing the
ability of seventy-two transformations, while
incorporating modern philosophical reflections, such
as perspectives on fate and the spirit of free resistance.
This design strategy preserves the cultural essence of
the traditional character while endowing it with
contemporary significance, aligning with the visual
preferences and narrative expectations (Li & Gao,
2024; Li, 2024c). By reconstructing cultural symbols
through modern philosophical reflections, Black
Myth: Wukong enhances its cultural communication
impact.
Specifically, the "Destined One" undergoes a
transformation from "demon" to "human" to
"Buddha" within the game, a process that not only
mirrors Sun Wukong’s growth trajectory but also
deeply engages players’ emotional identification and
gaming experience. The character wears a Nuo mask
and a Baixi costume blending ancient and modern
elements, showcasing Eastern traditional aesthetics
while embodying contemporary design principles.
This design enhances the character’s distinctiveness
and conveys rich cultural connotations through
detailed costume and mask treatments (Ying & Li,
2025).
Moreover, other character designs incorporate
traditional Chinese cultural elements. For instance,
the reimagining of classic characters such as Black
Bear Spirit and Elder Jinchi allows players to
experience the charm of Journey to the West while
enhancing immersion and interactivity through
refined character modeling and motion design. These
designs not only recreate traditional symbols but also
inherit and promote the spirit of traditional culture (Li
& Gao, 2024).
2.1.2 Scene Construction
The scene construction in Black Myth: Wukong is
equally remarkable, utilizing Unreal Engine 5
technology to scan Chinese ancient architecture, such
as the Yuhuang Temple in Shanxi, and integrating
cultural imagery like Taoist constellations and
Buddhist lotuses to create an immersive aesthetic
space embodying the concept of harmony between
heaven and human. The cosmology of traditional
Chinese culture centers on principles such as
harmony between heaven and human, yin-yang
interactions, the five-element theory, and
cosmogenesis. These foundational concepts
emphasize a tripartite ethical framework
encompassing moral cultivation, hierarchical
structure, and harmonious order, ultimately
promoting balanced coordination between humanity
and nature, interpersonal relations, and societal
governance. This scene construction enhances the
game’s visual impact while conveying the
cosmological and order principles of traditional
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Chinese culture through virtual environments (Li &
Gao, 2024; Ying & Li, 2025).
Players can experience meticulously recreated
elements, from Chiwen roof decorations to the five-
ridge-six-beast architectural motifs, and from the
ruins of ancient temples to grandiose palace structures.
These scenes pay homage to Chinese traditional
architectural art while stimulating players’ cultural
identification and emotional resonance. For example,
in the temple-front constellation sculpture scene,
players can appreciate the sophisticated sculptural
techniques of ancient China while gaining deeper
insights into the connotations and symbolic
significance of Taoist constellation culture through
interactive elements (Ying & Li, 2025).
Additionally, the game’s lighting effects and
physics simulation technologies enhance scene
construction. Through precise light rendering and
dynamic physics simulation, the scenes achieve a
high degree of realism, conveying rich emotional and
cultural connotations through enhanced visual effects.
For instance, in the "Xuankong Temple" scene, ray-
tracing technology creates photorealistic lighting
effects, highlighting the texture of wooden structures
and the intricacy of flying beams, showcasing the
wisdom of ancient Chinese architectural mechanics.
Physics simulation ensures realistic prop interactions,
fostering an immersive experience. Together, these
elements convey the charm of traditional Chinese
architectural culture (Li & Gao, 2025).
2.1.3 Musical Narrative
The musical narrative in Black Myth: Wukong
exhibits a high level of artistic achievement. By
adapting traditional music (e.g., Xungong Xunyin)
and incorporating elements such as the yangqin and
throat singing, the game conveys the philosophical
core of Eastern culture through auditory symbols.
These musical compositions provide beautiful
background soundscapes while enhancing players’
understanding and resonance with cultural
connotations through specific melodies and rhythms
(Li, 2024c; Ying & Li, 2025).
The classic melody of Xungong Xunyin is
revitalized through modern electronic music
rearrangement and production, preserving its original
melody and rhythm while integrating new musical
elements to showcase the unique charm of Eastern
music. Other soundtracks incorporate traditional
Chinese musical elements, such as the guzheng and
erhu, adding a rich cultural atmosphere and emotional
depth to the game (Li, 2024c).
Music serves not only as background sound but
also guides players toward a deeper understanding of
the game’s cultural connotations and philosophical
reflections through tailored melodies and rhythms.
For example, at key narrative junctures, music
enhances emotional shifts and narrative progression,
allowing players to experience characters’ emotional
changes and story pacing more profoundly. This
musical narrative approach elevates the game’s
artistic expression while strengthening players’
cultural understanding and resonance through
auditory symbols (Ying & Li, 2025).
2.2 Interactive Communication
Mechanisms
Black Myth: Wukong constructs multilayered,
multidimensional interactive communication
mechanisms through in-game interactions, virtual
community co-construction, and cross-industry
collaborations. These mechanisms enhance the
game’s entertainment and challenge while deepening
players’ understanding and identification with
cultural connotations through active participation.
2.2.1 In-Game Interactions
Through interactive elements such as combat, puzzle-
solving, and open-ended narratives, Black Myth:
Wukong enables players to actively participate in the
reproduction of cultural meanings. These
mechanisms enhance the game’s entertainment and
challenge while deepening players’ understanding
and identification with cultural connotations through
active engagement (Li, 2024; Yang & Yao, 2025)).
Players advance the storyline through combat and
puzzle-solving, which test operational skills and
intellectual abilities while guiding deeper exploration
of traditional Chinese cultural connotations and
values through cultural symbols and narrative
elements. For instance, puzzle-solving segments
require players to find clues and solve riddles to
progress, blending high entertainment and challenge
with cultural symbols and narrative guidance to
immerse players in the unique charm of traditional
Chinese culture (Liu, 2024).
Additionally, the open-ended narrative design
offers rich interactive experiences, allowing players
to influence the storyline and outcomes through
choices. This design enhances replayability and
enables players to explore philosophical content
across different narrative paths, deepening their
understanding and identification with cultural
connotations (Yang & Yao, 2025).
Cultural Communication Effects of Black Myth: Wukong
419
2.2.2 Virtual Community Co-Construction
Through global players’ sharing and interactions on
platforms like Reddit and YouTube, Black Myth:
Wukong fosters a cross-cultural dialogue space. This
virtual community co-construction enhances player
interactions and exchanges while expanding the
game’s cultural communication reach through
secondary creations and sharing behaviors (Li, 2024c;
Liu, 2024).
Players share gameplay insights and strategies on
social platforms, providing valuable references for
others while enriching the game’s cultural
connotations and narrative layers through personal
perspectives and experiences. Secondary creations,
such as pixel art and commentary videos on YouTube,
showcase players’ creativity and talent, broadening
awareness of Black Myth: Wukong and promoting
Chinese culture through cross-platform sharing (Li,
2024c).
Virtual community co-construction, powered by
collective player wisdom and creativity, serves as a
robust engine for cultural communication and content
iteration. For example, during the game’s early
release, players actively shared feedback and
suggestions on social platforms, contributing to
gameplay optimization and cultural detail refinement.
These contributions provided critical references for
the development team while enabling deep cultural
interactions between the game and players, aligning
the game with players’ cultural expectations and
amplifying its reputation and cultural influence (Liu,
2024).
2.2.3 Cross-Industry Collaborations
Through collaborations with Shanxi Cultural
Tourism to launch "pilgrimage check-in" activities
and partnerships with brands like Luckin Coffee,
Black Myth: Wukong expands the everyday
penetration of cultural symbols. These cross-industry
collaborations enhance the game’s cultural influence
while broadening its market and audience reach
through partnerships with other sectors (Yang & Yao,
2025; Meng & Cui, 2024).
In collaboration with Shanxi Cultural Tourism,
the game attracts significant tourist attention by
recreating filming locations and promoting offline
check-in activities. Tourists experience the unique
charm of traditional Chinese culture in-game and gain
deeper insights into Shanxi’s historical culture and
local customs through offline activities. This online-
offline integrated communication approach enhances
the game’s cultural influence and expands its market
and audience reach (Yang & Yao, 2025).
Additionally, cross-industry partnerships with
brands like Luckin Coffee leverage the brand’s high
visibility in China to attract broader consumer
attention through co-branded products and marketing
campaigns. These products, characterized by high
creativity and entertainment value, enhance the
game’s visibility and reputation through joint brand
promotions (Meng & Cui, 2024). Such cross-industry
collaborations strengthen the game’s cultural
influence while expanding its market and audience
reach.
In summary, Black Myth: Wukong demonstrates
exceptional artistic achievement and innovation in
symbol production and reconstruction, as well as
interactive communication mechanisms. Through
character design, scene construction, and musical
narrative, the game transforms traditional Chinese
cultural symbols into modern digital art forms.
Through in-game interactions, virtual community co-
construction, and cross-industry collaborations, it
establishes multilayered, multidimensional
communication mechanisms. These innovative
measures provide robust support for the game’s
widespread dissemination and profound impact while
contributing significantly to the inheritance and
promotion of outstanding traditional Chinese culture.
3 CORE CONTROVERSIES
3.1 Unidirectional Nature of Cultural
Output
Some studies on Black Myth: Wukong implicitly
adopt an optimistic narrative of "robust Chinese
cultural output." The game’s compelling presentation
of traditional Chinese culture has garnered significant
global attention and acclaim, drawing on Journey to
the West and incorporating elements such as classical
Chinese architecture, traditional music, and
Confucian-Buddhist-Taoist philosophies,
highlighting the allure and complexity of Chinese
culture to global audiences. In terms of
communication effects, the game achieved
outstanding performance across multiple global
platforms post-launch, as evidenced by overseas
players demonstrating strong interest and related
topics generating high engagement on international
media and social platforms. Consequently, some
studies view this as a successful case of Chinese
cultural output, highlighting the influence of Chinese
culture (Li, 2024c; Li & Gao, 2024; Liu, 2024).
However, this optimistic narrative may overlook
the complexity of cultural power dynamics in a
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globalized context. The Western stereotype of
"Orientalism" poses a significant challenge. In
Western cultural contexts, an Orientalist perspective
has long framed Eastern cultures as mysterious,
backward, or exotic "others," reflecting a biased
cognitive framework (Yang & Yao, 2025; Ying & Li,
2025). While Black Myth: Wukong showcases the
unique charm of Chinese culture, Western players
may unconsciously be influenced by this stereotype,
overemphasizing the game’s fantastical elements as
material satisfying their curiosity for exotic Eastern
culture while overlooking the deeper connotations
and values of Chinese culture.
This phenomenon suggests that Chinese culture
remains structurally disadvantaged in the global
hierarchy of cultural discourse, facing the latent
influence of Western cultural power. Cultural
communication should not focus solely on surface-
level engagement and influence but also consider how
to dismantle unequal cultural power dynamics,
enabling Western players to genuinely understand
and embrace the essence of Chinese culture and
avoiding unidirectional, misinterpreted cultural
output (Meng & Cui, 2024).
3.2 Overreliance on Classic IPs
Many studies on Black Myth: Wukong focus on the
adaptation potential of the Journey to the West IP. As
a masterpiece of Chinese classical literature, Journey
to the West enjoys high recognition and rich cultural
connotations, providing a culturally resonant and
narratively rich foundation for the game’s creation.
By leveraging the story background and character
imagery of Journey to the West, the game constructs
a fantastical Eastern world, attracting a wide player
base. Level designs and character portrayals closely
align with Journey to the West, with the "Destined
One" modeled after Sun Wukong and players
encountering numerous demons from the original text,
evoking memories and interest in the classic story (Li,
2024c; Li & Gao, 2024). From a cultural
communication perspective, utilizing classic IPs
rapidly captures audience attention, evokes cultural
memories and emotional resonance, reduces
communication barriers, and enhances dissemination
effects (Li, 2024c; Yang & Yao, 2025).
However, this overreliance on classic IPs has
sparked controversy, criticized as "nostalgic
innovation." Overdependence on classic IPs may
limit the pluralistic and original of cultural
communication. On one hand, concentrating
resources on classic IP adaptations may hinder
exploration of original cultural IPs, which could
showcase more diverse cultural content and creativity,
opening new domains and perspectives for cultural
communication. On the other hand, creating original
IPs is inherently challenging, requiring innovation,
market insight, and the construction of expansive,
logically coherent systems, compounded by intense
cultural market competition and promotion
difficulties. Balancing diverse cultural and
contemporary characteristics further increases
creation complexity, making original IP development
scarce. Overreliance on classic IPs may constrain the
development space for original IPs, impeding the
cultivation of innovative and distinctive cultural
products (Ying & Li, 2025).
Moreover, long-term reliance on classic IPs may
lead to fixed thinking patterns and creative formulas.
For example, adaptations of Journey to the West may
remain confined to the original story framework and
character settings, lacking new interpretations and
innovative expressions of cultural connotations,
failing to meet the increasingly diverse cultural
demands of contemporary audiences. This not only
affects the game’s development but also risks
trapping cultural communication in a singular
paradigm, unable to fully showcase the richness and
diversity of Chinese culture (Meng & Cui, 2024).
Therefore, while leveraging classic IPs for cultural
communication, emphasis should be placed on
developing original cultural IPs to promote the
diversification of cultural communication.
3.3 Balancing Commercialization and
Culture
As a commercial game, Black Myth: Wukong’s
profit-driven logic has sparked debates about
balancing commercialization and cultural integrity.
The game employs various profit strategies, with co-
branded marketing being a prominent approach.
Collaborations with Luckin Coffee and Shanxi
Cultural Tourism have launched co-branded products
and tourism activities (Yang & Yao, 2025; Ying & Li,
2025). From a commercial perspective, these
collaborations have achieved significant success,
enhancing the game’s visibility and influence while
generating substantial economic benefits. Luckin’s
"Tengyun Americano" became a popular offline
product, and Shanxi’s related scenic spots saw
significant increases in tourism search interest and
visitor numbers due to their association with the
game’s filming locations (Yang & Yao, 2025; Ying
& Li, 2025).
However, some perspectives argue that such
commercial activities may compromise the purity of
Cultural Communication Effects of Black Myth: Wukong
421
cultural expression. The primary goal of the game is
cultural dissemination, and excessive
commercialization risks reducing cultural expression
to a tool for commercial profit. In co-branded
marketing, cultural elements may be simplified or
distorted to align with market and consumer demands.
Some co-branded products may superficially apply
game imagery or symbols to commodities without
deeply exploring their cultural connotations, turning
cultural elements into commercial gimmicks (Li &
Gao, 2024; Liu, 2024). This may lead to consumer
misunderstandings or misinterpretations of cultural
elements, adversely affecting cultural communication
outcomes.
Furthermore, the profit-driven nature of
commercialization may prioritize short-term
economic gains over the depth and quality of cultural
content. If the game pursues commercial interests
through continuous commercial activities without
focusing on cultural connotation exploration and
innovation, it risks losing its cultural soul, ultimately
undermining its cultural communication
effectiveness (Li, 2024c; Meng & Cui, 2024). Thus,
finding a balance between commercialization and
cultural expression—achieving commercial
profitability while preserving cultural purity and
depth—is a critical issue for game developers and
researchers to address.
4 CONCLUSION
4.1 Key Research Findings
This study systematically analyzes the cultural
communication effects of the Chinese AAA game
Black Myth: Wukong, exploring how the game
leverages technology empowerment, symbol
reconstruction, cross-cultural communication
strategies, and the synergy of economic and cultural
effects to promote the modern transformation and
international dissemination of outstanding traditional
Chinese culture. The findings are summarized in
three key aspects:
4.1.1 Technology Empowerment and
Symbol Reconstruction Drive Cultural
Communication
Black Myth: Wukong utilizes advanced technologies
such as Unreal Engine 5 to digitally reconstruct
traditional Chinese cultural symbols, creating
immersive cultural experiences. This technological
application enhances visual expressiveness and
lowers cultural comprehension barriers, enabling
traditional culture to reach global players in a vivid,
intuitive manner. The game’s symbol encoding and
decoding processes facilitate cultural transmission,
affirming the critical role of symbolic interaction
theory in game-based cultural communication.
4.1.2 Cross-Cultural Communication
Strategies: Balancing Locality and
Universality
The game employs "post-Journey to the West
narratives" and spatial traversal practices, skillfully
blending the uniqueness of local culture with
universal themes. Through layered narratives and
internationalized symbol designs, it constructs a
cross-cultural dialogue space, effectively reducing
cultural discount and enhancing players’ emotional
resonance and cultural identification, thereby
broadening and deepening cultural communication.
4.1.3 Effects
Through the "gaming + cultural tourism" model,
cross-industry collaborations, and derivative product
development, Black Myth: Wukong achieves
commercial feedback and expands the boundaries of
cultural communication. Its success not only
highlights cultural value but also validates the role of
commercial empowerment in promoting cultural
dissemination, providing a practical model for
cultural industry synergy.
These findings systematically reveal the
multifaceted mechanisms of Black Myth: Wukong in
cultural communication, offering theoretical
references and practical pathways for the innovative
dissemination of traditional culture.
4.2 Future Research Directions
Based on the current state and gaps in game cultural
communication research, future studies can explore
the following three key dimensions:
4.2.1 Influence Mechanisms and Cultural
Penetration Pathways for Non-Gamer
Audiences
Existing research primarily focuses on gamers,
necessitating systematic studies on non-gamer
audiences (e.g., cultural scholars, general audiences).
Key areas include(1) analyzing non-gamer audiences’
acceptance mechanisms and evolving attitudes
toward game cultural communication; (2) exploring
how game-derived content (e.g., film, literature,
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merchandise) influences public cultural cognition
through cross-media narratives; (3) developing a
"game-derived content-non-gamer audience" cultural
influence model to elucidate its role in broader
societal cultural development.
4.2.2 Technology-Driven Cultural
Communication Innovation Systems
With the iterative advancement of digital
technologies, research should focus on: (1) how
technologies like Unreal Engine 5 and AI Generated
Content reshape digital expression paradigms for
cultural symbols; (2) the immersive cultural
experience scenarios created by VR/AR and the
metaverse, and their communication effects; (3) the
synergistic innovation mechanisms of "culture-
technology-commerce" under technology
empowerment, including the transformative impact
of dynamic narratives and intelligent NPCs on
cultural communication.
4.2.3 Strategies for Building Original
Cultural IP Ecosystems
Addressing the issue of classic IP reliance, research
should explore: (1) incubation pathways and value
assessment systems for original cultural IPs; (2)
innovative expression paradigms for traditional
cultural elements in modern gaming contexts; (3)
developing a "content originality-technology
support-industry synergy" IP ecosystem model,
distilling replicable methodologies for original IP
development through case studies.
These research directions will advance the
theoretical framework of game cultural
communication and provide systematic guidance for
cultural industry practices. Future studies should
integrate interdisciplinary approaches, combining
quantitative and qualitative analyses to establish more
rigorous cultural communication effect evaluation
frameworks.
4.3 Research Significance
Through a systematic review and analysis of the
multifaceted cultural communication effects of Black
Myth: Wukong, this study enriches the research
content of game cultural communication while
providing theoretical references and practical
pathways for the modern transformation and
international dissemination of traditional culture.
Additionally, the proposed future research directions
offer valuable insights and references for researchers
in related fields, contributing to the deeper
development of game cultural communication studies.
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