Research Progress of Perovskite Quantum Dot Optoelectronic

Devices

Xiran Bai

The College of Physics and Materials Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China

Keywords: Perovskite, Quantum Dot, Battery Display.

Abstract: Perovskite quantum dot optoelectronic devices show great potential in improving photoelectric conversion

efficiency. In recent years, researchers have continuously studied and solved many problems related to the

limited properties of perovskite quantum dots, laying the foundation for their future extended applications.

This paper takes perovskite quantum dots as the core material to sort out the research in solar cells,

photovoltaic cells, display fields, and other fields, and looks forward to the exploration of future research

directions and the evolution of development trends. In the direction of batteries, even though the improvement

of existing technology has led to an increase in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of related devices, the

existing technology still requires high equipment accuracy and is difficult to reduce cost issues. Although it

is highly efficient and low-cost in the display field, it is difficult to achieve further breakthroughs and new

developments in this direction. Due to the rapid development of artificial intelligence at present, it is possible

to combine AI-driven intelligent manufacturing with the manufacturing of perovskite quantum dot devices in

the future, injecting new vitality into more new fields under the current trend of energy transformation.

1 INTRODUCTION

Perovskite quantum dots play an indispensable role in

the field of optoelectronic devices. It features high

luminous efficiency, adjustable wavelength, and

excellent carrier transport performance, making it a

core material for enhancing the key performance of

optoelectronic devices such as luminescence and

photoelectric conversion. It is a nanoscale

luminescent material based on the perovskite crystal

structure, with ABX3-type perovskite as its basic

skeleton and quantum confinement effect as its

dominant factor, due to the programmability of its

unique structure and the controllability of dynamic

defects. It has demonstrated revolutionary advantages

in the field of optoelectronics. Its ultra-high quantum

efficiency provides a new way to improve the

performance of quantum dot LEDs (Pi et al., 2021).

In recent years, the application of perovskite

quantum dots in solar cells has received widespread

attention. Based on the improvement of the stability

performance and the extension of the lifespan of solar

cells, Liang (2024) further investigated the

degradation mechanism of all-inorganic perovskite

(QDSCs), and obtained the results of enhancing the

performance and stability of this type of cell from the

perspective of defect passivation of perovskite

quantum dots. Obtained a photoelectric conversion

efficiency (PCE) of 18.78%, and after being stored in

a certain environment for 600 hours, the battery

efficiency only decreased to 93% of the initial value.

Perovskite quantum dots have the property that the

band gap can be adjusted by changing their chemical

composition and size to give them a wide color gamut.

The devices composed of them can present rich and

vivid colors (Wang et al., 2020). At the same time, it

also has good solution processability. Long et al.

(2025) can precisely control the film thickness and

uniformity of quantum dots through processing

technology. Broadcasting Service Television (BT)

with a color range of 96% has been achieved, and

higher production efficiency has been achieved in

applications such as inkjet printing. Based on the

above research results, this article has conducted an

in-depth exploration of its field.

This article introduces its research progress in the

field of photoelectric conversion batteries, display

fields, and other fields. Intended to provide

innovative research ideas for researchers and readers

470

Bai, X.

Research Progress of Perovskite Quantum Dot Optoelectronic Devices.

DOI: 10.5220/0013827700004708

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Innovations in Applied Mathematics, Physics, and Astronomy (IAMPA 2025), pages 470-475

ISBN: 978-989-758-774-0

in this field, and to help expand their horizons in this

field.

2 PREPARATION AND

PROPERTIES OF

PEROVSKITE QUANTUM

DOTS

2.1 Specific Properties

Due to the highly flexible and stable crystal structure,

surface modifiability, and high ion substitutability of

perovskite quantum dots, they possess a wide range

of excellent properties. Due to its adjustable crystal

structure and high surface activity, its constituent ions

can be relatively easily arranged and combined under

different conditions and interact with surrounding

ligands or solvent molecules. In its optical

performance, high defect tolerance and high carrier

mobility are the key advantages with the greatest

potential for application. The research of Tang et al.

(2023) indicates that the photoluminescence quantum

yield of perovskite quantum dots can reach over 90%,

approaching 100%, and they can still maintain

efficient luminescence performance even in the

presence of defects. In addition, Wei et al. (2023)

pointed out in their study on charge transfer in

optoelectronic devices that the mobility of the

material was increased to 2.66 × 10-3cm2V-1s-1,

which improved the efficiency of optoelectronic

devices.

2.2 Preparation

Hot injection and ligand-assisted reprecipitation are

common preparation methods for perovskite quantum

dots. Different preparation methods will affect their

properties exhibited in different environments, which,

to some extent, determines the cost of related

optoelectronic devices. It has the ability of rapid

nucleation and growth, which enables it to be

synthesized using the thermal injection method. Dong

et al. (2025) found that by controlling the temperature

and injection rate during the process, the size of

quantum dots can be precisely adjusted, allowing for

rapid synthesis of large quantities of quantum dots

with high synthesis efficiency and ease of large-scale

production.

The chemical activity of the constituent ions of

perovskite quantum dots is relatively high, and there

are many differences in their solubility in different

solvents. Therefore, ligand-assisted reprecipitation is

a commonly used preparation method for it (Zhang,

2017). This method can enhance the stability and

luminescence efficiency of quantum dots, making

their surface properties relatively good. It is not only

simple to operate, but also has a wide range of

applications. Different ligands will affect the growth

direction of quantum dot crystals, and thus, the

appearance of the obtained perovskite quantum dots

is not the same. Meanwhile, under the action of

ligands, quantum dots can precipitate out of solution

in a highly controllable manner, and achieving the

preparation and purification of quantum dots. In

addition, there are also common methods such as ion

exchange, high-temperature melting, and

supersaturation.

3 APPLICATION OF

PEROVSKITE QUANTUM

DOTS IN OPTOELECTRONIC

DEVICES

3.1 Sensitized Solar Cells

Solar cells are a new type of solar cell based on

perovskite quantum dot materials, composed of

electrode layers, transport layers, and sensitization

layers. They utilize their unique photoelectric

properties to convert solar energy into electrical

energy. Guijarro et al. (2019) studied the introduction

of colloidal lead halide perovskite quantum dots

(CsPbl3QDs) as the third component into the active

layer of solar cells (OSCs). Due to the increase in the

loading of quantum dots Quantum Dot(QD), the

power conversion efficiency of the device increased

from 7.94% in the control group to 10.8%. The use of

this quantum dot in ternary OSCs has achieved

efficient charge separation and recombination

suppression, with a photoelectric conversion

efficiency (PCE) of 10.8% and no significant change

in its absorption spectrum. This achievement fully

verifies that quantum dots (QD) interact with the

organic mixture bulk heterojunction(BHJ), which can

improve the conversion efficiency. However, due to

the excessive number of QDs, their interface becomes

clustered, triggering new recombination paths and

resulting in a decrease in their performance.

There have also been many new discoveries in

lead-free aspects. Saifee et al. (2025) designed a lead-

free double perovskite solar cell based on the

FTO/TEO structure. Its absorption layer selected the

Research Progress of Perovskite Quantum Dot Optoelectronic Devices

471

non-toxic and stable double perovskite Cs2AsBiBr6

instead of the traditional lead-based materials. Make

it have a wide band gap (1.2 eV) and better humidity

stability. By using TiO2 as the electron transport layer,

the efficiency of electron extraction was further

improved, and the thickness of its absorption layer

was optimized to 1.2 × 10-6m. At the same time, the

doping density and defect density were improved, and

the charge separation efficiency was enhanced. This

process has optimized parameters through machine

learning and design, but there are still significant

engineering gap challenges.

3.2 Photovoltaic Cells

Based on the fundamental principle of the

photovoltaic effect, it achieves the conversion of light

energy into electrical energy. In Salimet al.'s (2024)

study, various optimization strategies were proposed

to improve photovoltaic performance. At the interface

energy level, a new nanocomposite material is

constructed using inorganic PbS quantum dots and

lead halide perovskite. By adjusting the surface shell,

the order of electronic energy levels at the interface

can be precisely controlled, improving the path of

charge transport and ultimately reducing energy loss.

Meanwhile, in terms of lattice strain, researchers

introduced PbS quantum dots into Fapi-based and

Mapi-based perovskites, respectively. By means of

lattice contraction and expansion, they enhanced

phase stability and mitigated anisotropic changes,

ultimately achieving an improvement in the

uniformity of the thin film. However, reducing carrier

loss will increase volatile organic compounds.

Therefore, striking a balance between performance

improvement and stability is the key to achieving

efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs).

In addition, the regulation of the doping

concentration of PbS quantum dots is also extremely

important. Rao (2022) found that the best

performance was achieved when 0.6mg/ml PbS

quantum dots were doped in MAPBI3. However,

excessive doping would lead to a decrease in the

decomposition ability of perovskite, resulting in a

decline in performance. For the FAPBI3 system, even

low-concentration doping may lead to an extremely

low efficiency due to a significant reduction in the

filling factor. In solvent engineering, the use of the

ethyl acetate anti-solvent method can increase the

crystallization rate of perovskite and further improve

the density of the film through high-temperature

annealing, ultimately achieving the goal of enhancing

the stability of the device. Although the use of

cinnamic acid to replace traditional oleic acid in the

research process can prepare more stable MAPbBr3

quantum dot nanocrystals, further research is needed

in terms of quantum yield, fluorescence lifetime, and

stability performance.

3.3 Display Domain

3.3.1 Light Emitting Diodes

The material cost of perovskite quantum dot light-

emitting diodes is relatively low. Its preparation

method is also highly flexible to a great extent and

has made significant progress in current research. In

response to a series of problems such as low

efficiency, insufficient brightness, and spectral

instability in red halide perovskite quantum dot light-

emitting diodes, various optimization strategies have

been proposed in recent years. By introducing a

double-layer hole transport layer, Lu (2024) balanced

the transport of charge carriers while reducing the

operating voltage, increasing the external quantum

efficiency to 11.7%, and improving the maximum

brightness. In addition, the research also

reconstructed the surface of perovskite films. While

passivating the defects of the thin film with small ions

(GA+, Na+, SCN-), it can also suppress the loss of

energy transfer, increase the quantum yield of

photoluminescence of the thin film to 95.1%, and

make the external quantum efficiency(EQE) of the

device exceed 24.5%. Although research has

achieved efficient, high brightness, and spectral

stability in the preparation of PQDLEDs, more stable

operation is needed. Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs)

are more environmentally friendly and still face

significant challenges in large-scale production.

3.3.2 Inkjet Printing/Printing

Traditional perovskite quantum dot inks are prone to

agglomeration and have a large solvent contact Angle,

which may cause the printed film to exhibit a "coffee

ring effect". Trace amounts of oil amine (OAM)

ligands can be introduced to improve the dispersion

of quantum dots while suppressing storage

condensation. On this basis, Li et al. (2020) used

dodecane to optimize the mixed solvent to achieve the

purpose of balancing the surface tension and also

eliminate the situation of uneven film caused by

capillary flow. To avoid the problems of high cost,

low efficiency, and low material compatibility in

traditional photolithography, in-situ inkjet printing

can achieve efficient patterned preparation of

perovskite quantum dots (Shi et al. 2019). It can be

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directly sprayed onto polymer substrates (such as

PAN, PMMA, etc.) in the precursor solution, and the

in-situ crystallization of perovskite can be induced by

the method of solvent evaporation. This process does

not require pre-synthesis of PQDs, avoiding the

problems of quantum dot aggregation and poor

stability in traditional inkjet printing. Meanwhile, this

method can be compatible with various perovskites

and multiple types of polymer substrates, breaking

the limitations of traditional hydrophilic materials.

3.3.3 Ultra-High-Definition Pure Red Light

Perovskite Electroluminescent LED

Devices

Due to the unique property of tunable bandgap

luminescence of CsPbI3 perovskite quantum dots,

they have always been an ideal material for

manufacturing pure red LEDs. However, due to the

defect of insufficient stability of the material itself,

this difficult problem has not been overcome either.

It was not until Zhou et al.(2025) first utilized the all-

solution method and achieved the preparation of

large-area in-situ controllable inhibition junctions

through perovskite van der Waals epitaxy technology.

This innovative technology has successfully

overcome the dual challenges of history, not only

improving the stability performance of materials but

also enhancing the performance of devices and

developing pure red perovskite electroluminescent

devices (LEDs) with excellent stability and high

efficiency. This breakthrough provides a new

direction for the future research and development of

optoelectronic devices.

3.3.4 Other Development Areas

The research scope of perovskite quantum dots is

extremely extensive, and new developments have

also emerged in the field of fluorescent probes. Patel

et al. (2025) developed a novel fluorescent probe

based on europium-doped strontium molybdate

perovskite quantum dots (Eu3+: SMO PQDs), which

can be used for efficient detection of hypoxanthine

(HX) and iron ions (Fe3+). This probe can be detected

through the unique mechanism of fluorescence "turn-

off". In the presence of HX, the fluorescence intensity

is reduced, but the addition of Fe3+ restores the

fluorescence state. Experiments have also shown that

this probe has good sensitivity, low detection limit

(LOD), and selectivity, and can detect HX and Fe3+

in complex biological samples such as plasma and

urine. This method provides a low-cost, efficient, and

easy-to-use detection method for clinical diagnosis

and environmental detection, etc. It provides a

broader application scope for the further optimization

of multiple detection capabilities in the future.

Photodetectors that span across the ultraviolet,

visible, and near-infrared ranges have significant

application value in the fields of optical

communication, imaging, and astronomy. In recent

years, two-dimensional materials have attracted much

attention due to their excellent photoelectric

properties. However, because of their poor thermal

stability and sensitivity to water, how to obtain stable

and lead-free wideband photodetectors has become a

research trend. Lead-free perovskite Cs2SnI6 brings

new directions for research due to its excellent

stability, environmental friendliness, broadband

absorption characteristics, and ultra-high detection

sensitivity. Xie et al. (2024) successfully synthesized

2D Cs2SnI6 thin films on mica substrates using

chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technology,

exhibiting a single crystal structure and a long

photoluminescence lifetime. Based on this, an ultra-

high response rate (6.25×105A/W), external quantum

efficiency, and fast response time within a wide

spectrum ranging from 365nm to 1342nm were

fabricated. This research has promoted the

development of green electronic technology.

Ultrafast spectroscopy of excitons is also one of

the development directions of perovskite. At present,

the dynamic behavior of excitons in layered hybrid

perovskites (LPKs) can be studied by combining

ultrafast optics and terahertz spectroscopy techniques.

Free carriers can rapidly cool within approximately

400 femtoseconds while forming excitons, and then

reorganize at a slower rate. In this process, excitons

recombine through a single-molecule process (Helen

et al., 2024). This study also found signs of exciton-

phonon coupling, providing a new theoretical basis

for further optimizing optoelectronic devices.

In quantum technology, room-temperature single-

photon sources based on inorganic CSPbI3 perovskite

quantum dots (PQDS) embedded in tunable open

optical microcavities have shown key applications.

Tristan et al. (2023) achieved high-purity single

photon emission in single-mode and narrowband at

room temperature through the coupling of PQD and

optical microcavities, with a single photon purity of

up to 94%. While breaking through the limitation of

traditional single-photon sources operating at low

temperatures, it also provides more efficient and

extensive solutions to fields such as quantum

metrology and quantum information processing. Not

only has it laid the foundation for the development of

Research Progress of Perovskite Quantum Dot Optoelectronic Devices

473

future quantum technology, but it also has the

potential for low-cost industrialization.

4 CONCLUSION

This paper introduces the development process of

perovskite quantum dots in specific optoelectronic

fields. Due to its special basic framework, it has a

wide range of excellent properties, and the

preparation methods also have their own advantages.

In the application of optoelectronic devices, due to the

controllability of perovskite quantum dots, surface

engineering optimization such as halogen modulation,

changing surface ligands, and surface passivation, as

well as controlling various conditions during the

preparation process, can improve the efficiency of

related devices and have great potential for

application. The thermal stability of perovskite

quantum dots varies due to the influence of the A-site

cation, and they are also sensitive to environmental

factors such as light, humidity, and oxygen, which

affect their optical properties. It is difficult to control

the uniformity of size and morphology during

preparation, resulting in differences in surface energy,

optical, and electrical properties of quantum dots. The

selection of its ligands, as well as the processes of

adsorption and desorption, are also difficult to

precisely control, which may affect the transfer of

charges between quantum dots and generate unstable

factors in the subsequent processing. In addition, the

existing process of large-area uniform film formation

technology also requires high equipment.

Combining AI-driven intelligent manufacturing

with the manufacturing of perovskite quantum dot

devices, and using machine learning algorithms to

analyze various data such as temperature, humidity,

and solution concentration, can reduce production

costs and inject new vitality into new fields such as

quantum computing. Under the trend of energy

transition, perovskite quantum dots have moved from

single power generation to the combination of energy

information and materials, with broad prospects in

stacked batteries and integrated light storage

hydrogen systems.

The aggregation of perovskite quantum dots can

lead to a decrease in performance. This can be

improved by enhancing ligands, increasing the

vacancy hindrance between quantum dots, reducing

aggregation, and reasonably controlling the amount

of ligands used. This is to prevent too little from

effectively preventing aggregation and too much

from affecting photoelectric performance. The

reduction of ligands can also increase volatile organic

compound. By continuously optimizing the ligand

structure and introducing special functional groups,

the binding between the quantum dot surface and

ligands can be enhanced, indirectly reducing the

production of volatile organic compounds. In the

subsequent processing of quantum dots, high-

temperature and other treatments can be avoided, and

vacuum and other methods can be used for processing.

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