Analysis and Comparison of the State-of-Art Telescopes: James

Webb, FIVE-HUNDRED-METER APERTURE SPHERICAL

RADIO TELESCOPE and EVENT HORIZON TELESCOPE

Qizhang Chu

and Linjie Li

Shanghai Shangde Experimental School, Shanghai, China

Harrow Beijing, Beijing, China

Keywords: Telescope, James Webb, FIVE-HUNDRED-METER APERTURE SPHERICAL RADIO TELESCOPE,

EH0054.

Abstract: Contemporarily, various telescopes have been constructer for cosmology observation. With this research, this

confirms once again the vital contribution of cutting-edge telescope technology in revealing the universe's

most profound secrets. This essay have outlined how James Webb Space Telescope(JWST)'s infrared

capabilities, FIVE-HUNDRED-METER APERTURE SPHERICAL RADIO TELESCOPE's record-setting

sensitivity at radio wavelengths, and EVENT HORIZON TELESCOPE's Earth-sized interferometric array

each make their own distinct contributions to modern astrophysics. The research features spectacular new

findings, ranging from earliest galaxy formation signatures, vast pulsar surveys, and direct imaging of black

hole event horizons for the very first time. These breakthroughs not only challenging current models but lead

the way for future technological and methodological advancements as well. In the future, advances in

detection sensitivity along with resolution are predicted to reveal dark matter distribution patterns and the

dynamics of cosmic evolution. Implications of this study are profound, providing the robust foundation for

future multi-messenger astronomy as well as a richer insight into universe's complicated nature.

1 INTRODUCTION

The history of telescope research dates back to the

19th century, and early attempts, such as Herschel's

use of thermonuclear reactors to detect infrared

radiation from stars (Battersby et al., 2018), were

limited by the technology and yielded only sporadic

results. In the 1940s, the development of radar

technology in World War II laid the foundation for

radio astronomy, Hay's team discovered solar radio

radiation, Cambridge Ryle's team developed

interferometer technology, and the Australian Radio

Physics Laboratory was the first to identify radio

sources such as the Crab Nebula. In the 1950s, the

Lovell 76-meter radio Telescope and the 305

Miarecibo radio telescope were built, opening the era

of large aperture. Infrared astronomy has experienced

a long exploration (Sullivan, 2009). In the 1960s due

to the lead sulphide detector, liquid helium cooling

technology breakthrough and rise, Johnson

established a near-infrared metering system, and Luo

developed a germanium bolometer to achieve mid-

infrared observation. In the 1970s, with the rise of

space infrared astronomy, Spitzer, Herschel and other

space telescopes broke through the atmospheric limits,

and in 2010 James Webb Telescope achieved 6.5

meters of gold-plated beryllium mirror deep space

observation (Tyson, 2002). The current Origin Space

telescope design uses a 5.9-meter 4.5-K cooled

primary mirror covering 2.8-588 microns, equipped

with a high-resolution spectrometer and polarimeter.

Radio telescopes reveal invisible phenomena such as

pulsars, interstellar molecules, and quasars; infrared

telescopes penetrate dust to observe star-forming

regions and galactic cores; and space telescopes break

through atmospheric interference to obtain full-

wavelength data. The Origin telescope will trace the

evolution of heavy elements in the universe, and the

feedback mechanism of galaxies, analyse the

formation of planetary systems through water vapour

and organic molecular spectroscopy and detect

biomarkers of exoplanet atmospheres (Leisawitz et al.,

2021). At the technical level, it promotes

breakthroughs in superconducting detectors, space

Chu, Q. and Li, L.

Analysis and Comparison of the State-of-Art Telescopes: James Webb, FIVE-HUNDRED-METER APERTURE SPHERICAL RADIO TELESCOPE and EVENT HORIZON TELESCOPE.

DOI: 10.5220/0013821500004708

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Innovations in Applied Mathematics, Physics, and Astronomy (IAMPA 2025), pages 165-171

ISBN: 978-989-758-774-0

165

refrigeration, interference arrays, etc., at the

methodological level, it encourages the development

of multi-messenger astronomy and continues to

expand the boundaries of human exploration of

ultimate questions such as dark matter, dark energy,

and the origin of life.

Recent years have seen significant advances in

space exploration. Using the Event Horizon

Telescope (EHT) (Galison, et al., 2023), the shadow

and asymmetric accretion structure of the

supermassive black hole at the centre of the nearby

galaxy M87 has been directly observed for the first

time, confirming both the prominent light bending

and event horizon predicted by general relativity in a

strong gravitational field, and measuring the black

hole's mass to be approximately 6.5 billion solar

masses (The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration

et al., 2019). By high redshift observations, the early

galaxies, which were the first groups of galaxies

formed hundreds of millions of years after the birth of

the universe, have been discovered, which revealed

the early star formation and assembly process, and

traced the evolution history of the neutral hydrogen

ionized by ultraviolet radiation during the cosmic

reionization period. Studies of exoplanets have thus

far uncovered a plethora of different types of

planetary systems, resulting in studies of the

composition of atmospheric rocky planets and more

indirect signatures, such as KBO dust aggregation in

protoplanetary disks. As well as the distribution of

dark matter correlating with galaxies through

gravitational lensing, there has been new information

from the observation of supernovae and the large-

scale structure of the universe on dark energy and the

accelerated expansion of the universe. These and

other discoveries have enhanced understanding of

black holes, how galaxies form, the beginning of the

universe and the likely circumstances for life beyond

Earth.

This essay will analyse the most advanced

telescopes from their principle of device, composition,

and detection and include the results of the detections

in recent years. In the article, this paper will do a

description of the telescope and, an analysis of three

different telescopes (Hubble-James Webb, FIVE-

HUNDRED-METER APERTURE SPHERICAL

RADIO TELESCOPE, and EVENT HORIZON

TELESCOPE-event horizon telescope), a

comparison between these telescopes including their

difference, common limitations and the prospects.

2 DESCRIPTIONS OF

TELESCOPE

A telescope is a scientific instrument that breaks

through the sensitivity, resolution and observation

band limits of human eyes or traditional detectors by

collecting electromagnetic radiation (including radio

waves, infrared, visible light, X-rays, etc.). Its core

principle is to focus electromagnetic waves and

enhance the detection ability of distant celestial

bodies. The radio telescope receives radio waves

(wavelength from 1 mm to 10 meters) with parabolic

antennas, and improves its resolution through

interference technology. The Event Horizon

Telescope (EHT) network comprising eight radio

baselines around the globe forming a millimetre wave

VLBI network achieved a resolution of 20

microarcseconds at a 1.3 mm wavelength and the

Earth-equivalent aperture capturing the black hole

shadow for the first time. Infrared telescopes

concentrate on astronomical objects releasing thermal

radiation in the range of 0.7 microns to 1 mm. To do

so, they need to overcome the thermal noise generated

by the instrument, which can be achieved through

deployment in outer space or ensuring deep

refrigeration; the James Webb Space Telescope

(JWST) comprises 18 pieces of gold-coated

beryllium mirrors arrayed to make a 6.5-meter mirror

(Kalirai, 2018), matched with to withstand the heat

using five-layers of sunshade makeup to reach an

operating temperature of 40K that can undertake for

the composition of the atmosphere in the first galaxies

as well as exoplanets utilizing near-infrared camera

(NIRCam) and mid-infrared instrument (MIRI) (Li,

et al., 2019). The planned Origin space telescope will

further expand the aperture to 5.9 meters, 4.5K low-

temperature design and interferometer technology,

the target tracking galaxy evolution and water

molecule distribution. Optical telescopes rely on

mirrors to collect visible light and correct

atmospheric disturbances through adaptive optics,

such as the Hubble Space Telescope with a 2.4-meter

primary mirror and a vacuum environment to achieve

0.1 arcsecond resolution, covering ultraviolet to near-

infrared bands; large ground-based equipment such as

the Keck Telescope uses a 10-meter spliced mirror to

improve light collection. X-ray telescopes require

nested grazing incidence mirrors to focus high-energy

photons, typically in the 0.1-10 KeV band detected by

Chandra Observatory through a hyperbolic mirror

structure. Space and ground-based cooperative

observation constitute an important mode of modern

astronomical research: space instruments avoid

atmospheric absorption and specialize in ultraviolet,

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X-ray and far-infrared wavelengths; ground-based

facilities rely on high-altitude sites to reduce

atmospheric interference and push resolution limits

with interferometric array technology. Technology

trends focus on multi-sector innovation:

Interferometry, multi-band data integration (virtual

observatory cross-library analysis), detector

innovations (superconducting transition edge sensors,

quantum capacitance detectors to improve far-

infrared sensitivity), and automated sky surveys are

advancing cutting-edge exploration of everything

from exoplanet atmospheres to the distribution of

dark energy in the universe.

3 JAMES WEBB SPACE

TELESCOPE

James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is currently the

biggest and most advanced space telescope, it has

been launched on December 25 2021, orbiting at the

second lagrange point (L2), which is about 1.5

million km from Earth, focusing on the observations

in the infrared band. James Webb Space Telescope

has a primary mirror that has a diameter of 6.5 meter

and consists of 18 hexagonal element, which made

out of beryllium and has a layer of gold-plated

material for the surface to improve infrared

reflectivity. Apart from its primary mirror, JAMES

WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE also have equipped a

visor block to block heat and light from the Sun, Earth

and moon, this ensures JAMES WEBB SPACE

TELESCOPE can work in an extremely low

temperature, thus increasing the sensitivity of infrared

observation. JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE

also have scientific instruments including the Near-

Infrared Camera (NIRCam), the Near-Infrared

Spectrometer (NIRSpec), the Mid-Infrared

Instrument (MIRI), and the Near-Infrared Imager and

Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS), among others, for the

analysis of the spectra and imaging of celestial

objects (Gardner, et al., 2023).

JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE mainly

uses infrared wavelengths for detection, this allows it

to penetrate dust and gas to observe celestial bodies

from the early universe. It’s working principle

involves collecting weak infrared light through a

large primary mirror then using the scientific

instruments to analyse the result. For instance, the

NIRcam can capture images of distant galaxies and

star formation regions, while the NIRSpec can

analyse the spectra of celestial bodies and reveal their

chemical composition and physical properties

(Gardner, et al., 2023). A typical observation is

shown in Fig. 1 (NIRCam, 2024). In recent years of

exploration, JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE

has achieved many significant results, it discovered a

galaxy which has a redshift over 13 and only

330million years after big bang, given a name as

JADES-GS-z13-1. This discover provides important

clues for studying the epoch of reionization.

Additionally, JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE

has conducted detailed analyses of exoplanet

atmospheres, revealing molecular components such

as water vapor and carbon dioxide, which this analyse

also provides important useful information of

researches on other topic (finding potentially

habitable planets). The observations from JAMES

WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE have demonstrated the

characteristics of galaxies at different evolutionary

stages, assisting scientists in better understanding

how galaxies gradually evolve from their early stages

into the spiral and elliptical galaxies we see today

(Sutter, 2024).

Figure 1: Image of the first scientific observation by

JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE (NIRCam, 2024).

The discovery of JADES-GS-z13-1 has really

pushed the boundaries of what has been know today

and has thrown a curveball to the existing theories

about how galaxies are formed. Before this finding,

scientists thought that galaxies with such mass and

brightness couldn’t have come into existence so soon

after the Big Bang. This discovery hints that the

processes behind early galaxy formation might have

been a lot more efficient than ever imagined, leading

to some necessary updates in cosmological models.

Plus, thanks to the James Webb Space Telescope's

ability to see through interstellar dust, and can now

observe star-forming regions that optical telescopes

just can't pick up. By looking at the spectral

signatures from these areas, astronomers can figure

out the ages and compositions of different star

populations, giving the valuable insights into how

stars and planetary systems develop over time (Sutter,

2024). JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE, with

its advanced capabilities, is now being repurposed to

support future deep space exploration missions. In

Analysis and Comparison of the State-of-Art Telescopes: James Webb, FIVE-HUNDRED-METER APERTURE SPHERICAL RADIO

TELESCOPE and EVENT HORIZON TELESCOPE

167

addition to its scientific objectives, the JAMES

WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE is being used to

monitor potential threats such as asteroid trajectories

and to assess the feasibility of extracting resources

from NEOs. In addition, it assists in the development

of technologies for long-term manned space flight,

including radiation shielding and life support system

optimization. These efforts are in line with broader

initiatives to establish a sustainable human presence

beyond Earth, such as the Moon Base and Mars

colonization projects.

4 FIVE-HUNDRED-METER

APERTURE SPHERICAL

RADIO TELESCOPE

Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio

Telescope (FAST) is the biggest single-aperture radio

telescope in the world, located at Guizhou province,

China, it is known for its massive 500 meters aperture

and one of the most sensitive radio telescopes in the

world. FIVE-HUNDRED-METER APERTURE

SPHERICAL RADIO TELESCOPE consist a

complex structure made up using few key

components such as the reflective surface, the feed

cabin and the feed support system. The reflective

surface is made up of thousands of triangular shaped

panels stitched together forming a huge sphere which

is used for collecting and reflecting the radio wave

received from the universe. The feed cabin is located

at the focal point of the reflective surface, it is

responsible for receiving the reflected signal and

locating the significant and accurate location via the

feed support system, this is for assuring the signal has

been received accurately. The design of reflective

surface and the technology used in the structure

allows FIVE-HUNDRED-METER APERTURE

SPHERICAL RADIO TELESCOPE to cover a larger

viewing area with a higher sensitivity and resolution.

As mentioned, FIVE-HUNDRED-METER

APERTURE SPHERICAL RADIO TELESCOPE

detects celestial bodies by receiving the radio waves

from the universe. Radio wave is one of the waves

included in the EM waves, radio wave has a longer

wavelength compared to other EM waves, while it

reaches the reflective surface of FIVE-HUNDRED-

METER APERTURE SPHERICAL RADIO

TELESCOPE, they will be reflected to the focal point

of the reflective surface where feed cabin is located

at. There will be a receiver in the feed cabin which its

main job is converting these radio waves signal into

electrical signals, and then these converted signals

will be then analysed and processed by a

sophisticated signal processing system. This

detection method allow FIVE-HUNDRED-METER

APERTURE SPHERICAL RADIO TELESCOPE

can observe objects and phenomena such as, pulsars,

Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio

Telescope radio bursts and neutral hydrogen, that

optical telescopes cannot detect, while the design of

the feed cabin allows FIVE-HUNDRED-METER

APERTURE SPHERICAL RADIO TELESCOPE to

be fine-tuned during the observation process to suit

different observation needs, this well increased the

accuracy and efficiency of the observation process.

In the last few years, FIVE-HUNDRED-METER

APERTURE SPHERICAL RADIO TELESCOPE

has achieved some exciting breakthroughs in

astronomy. In terms of pulsar discovery, FIVE-

HUNDRED-METER APERTURE SPHERICAL

RADIO TELESCOPE already has successfully

discovered more than 800 new pulsars (Event

Horizon Telescope Collaboration, 2019; Event

Horizon Telescope Collaboration, 2022a). This huge

number of pulsars been found out also refreshed the

historical record of pulsar discovery and injected new

resources into the study of pulsar astronomy. Else,

FIVE-HUNDRED-METER APERTURE

SPHERICAL RADIO TELESCOPE has also

conducted in-depth research on Five-hundred-meter

Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope radio bursts

(FRBs) and detected hundreds of FRB bursts,

provided valuable data for revealing the origin and

nature of Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical

Radio Telescope radio bursts. In another section of

neutral hydrogen observation, FIVE-HUNDRED-

METER APERTURE SPHERICAL RADIO

TELESCOPE provides important clues for study of

large-scale structures and galaxy evolution of the

universe through the observation of neutral hydrogen

in the Milky Way. This research demonstrates the

strong capability of FIVE-HUNDRED-METER

APERTURE SPHERICAL RADIO TELESCOPE

and shows that it provides important data and

platforms for the next step of research.

As a major scientific and technological

infrastructure independently developed by China,

FIVE-HUNDRED-METER APERTURE

SPHERICAL RADIO TELESCOPE has not only

achieved world-leading scientific achievements in the

fields of pulsar astronomy and Five-hundred-meter

Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope radio burst

research, but also provided an important observation

platform for astronomers around the world. In the

future, FIVE-HUNDRED-METER APERTURE

SPHERICAL RADIO TELESCOPE will keep being

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a key player in exciting scientific areas like detecting

dark matter and finding sources of gravitational

waves. It will help to learn more about the universe

and discover its mysteries. Its continuous observation

and research will help scientists better understand the

origin, evolution and structure of the universe, and

provide new impetus and direction for the

development of astronomy.

5 EVENT HORIZON TELESCOPE

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a global

network of radio telescopes that connect multiple

radio telescopes distributed around the world through

a very long baseline interferometry (VLBI)

technology to form a virtual telescope with an

aperture the size of the Earth. This unique design of

structure allows EVENT HORIZON TELESCOPE

has an unprecedented high resolution and the ability

to observe structures at the event horizon scale of

black holes. The main components of EVENT

HORIZON TELESCOPE include the Atacama Large

Millimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile, Hertz Telescope

in USA, Submillimeter Array Telescope in Hawaii,

and the Antarctic Telescope. The result of these

telescopes works together, taking down the record of

radio waves emitted by celestial bodies and use the

atomic clocks to precisely to accurately updating the

data and finally using the supercomputer to

synthesize the high-resolution images. This global

collaborative approach allows EVENT HORIZON

TELESCOPE to transcend the limitation due to the

geographic and enable observations of the most

mysterious objects in the universe (Event Horizon

Telescope Collaboration, 2019).

The detection principle of the EVENT HORIZON

TELESCOPE is based on the observations of

millimeter wave band, where the Milky way is almost

transparent, this reduced the influence of interstellar

gas and material around the black hole on

observations. The core technology of EVENT

HORIZON TELESCOPE is the VLBI technology, it

records radio waves emitted by celestial bodies by

setting up telescopes at different locations and

accurately up dating using the atomic clocks. The data

is then will be transferred to a supercomputer for

processing, synthesizing the high-resolution images

through complex algorithms. This technique can

achieve an extremely high angular resolution,

sufficient to observe the structure of the event horizon

of a black hole. The high-resolution imaging of

EVENT HORIZON TELESCOPE allowed scientists

to directly observe the shadow of the black hole for

the first validated prediction of Einstein’s general

theory of relativity (Event Horizon Telescope

Collaboration, 2022b).

In the past few years, EVENT HORIZON

TELESCOPE has made significant achievements in

black hole imaging, black hole jet research, and

general relativity verification. In 2019, EVENT

HORIZON TELESCOPE released humanity's first

image of a black hole, showing a supermassive black

hole at the centre of the M87 galaxy. This

breakthrough provides direct evidence for the

existence of black holes and has attracted widespread

attention around the world. In 2022, EVENT

HORIZON TELESCOPE published the first image of

Sgr A*, the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way,

further verifying the predictions of general relativity.

In addition, EVENT HORIZON TELESCOPE also

studied the origin and nature of the jet stream of the

black hole, and found that the jet of the black hole in

the M87 galaxy is closely related to the strong

magnetic field. These discoveries provide important

clues for understanding the physical properties and

behaviour of black holes, and open up new directions

for the study of black hole physics and cosmology

(Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, 2022c).

The first image is shown in Fig. 2.

The success of EVENT HORIZON TELESCOPE

not only provided direct evidence for the existence of

black holes, but also advanced several areas of

astronomy and physics. In the future, EVENT

HORIZON TELESCOPE plans to further expand its

network of telescopes, improve the resolution of

observations, and explore more details of black holes,

such as the rotation of black holes and the formation

mechanism of jets. These studies will provide new

perspectives and data support for black hole physics

and cosmology, further deepening current

understanding of the universe.

Figure 2: First Image of a Black hole (Event Horizon

Telescope Collaboration, 2022c).

Analysis and Comparison of the State-of-Art Telescopes: James Webb, FIVE-HUNDRED-METER APERTURE SPHERICAL RADIO

TELESCOPE and EVENT HORIZON TELESCOPE

169

6 COMPARISONS

Three telescopes—the James Webb Space Telescope

(JWST), the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical

radio Telescope (FAST), and the Event Horizon

Telescope (EHT)—represent different observation

methodologies, built-in limitations, and promising

research directions, as outlined in the text above.

JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE, using its 6.5-

meter segmented primary mirror and advanced

infrared instrumentation (NIRCam, NIRSpec, MIRI,

NIRISS), operates chiefly in the infrared regime, able

to push through dust and gas to unveil the earliest

universe's galaxy clusters and star-forming regions;

but, because it uses infrared detection, it needs

extremely low operational temperatures, submitted to

as required by an advanced visor block structure in

protecting solar and Earthly heat inputs, both an

engineering achievement but at the cost of sensitivity

in terms of its spectral range. Alternatively, FIVE-

HUNDRED-METER APERTURE SPHERICAL

RADIO TELESCOPE, the largest single-dish radio

telescope in the world with its 500-meter reflecting

surface made up of thousands of triangular panels,

uses radio wavelength detection on observing pulsars,

Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio

Telescope radio bursts, and the emissions of neutral

hydrogen inaccessible to optical telescopes; but,

FIVE-HUNDRED-METER APERTURE

SPHERICAL RADIO TELESCOPE’s conception

and function demand fine calibration of its feed cabin

support system in order to accurately convert the

signal, one problem serving as an echo of limitations

in terms of resolving power of the signal as well as

the practical limitations on constructing very large

apertures. Alternatively, EVENT HORIZON

TELESCOPE utilizes an international array of linked

radio telescopes in Very Long Baseline

Interferometry (VLBI), gaining an Earth-sized virtual

aperture in order to create unparalleled high-

resolution imagery of black hole event horizons, as

illustrated in its historic snaps of the M87 black hole

as well as Sgr A'; but, EVENT HORIZON

TELESCOPE’s observation regime is by nature

bounded in ability by the problems in coordinating

global data sets, the technological requirements of

atomic clock sampling, as well as in data synthesizing

procedures that limit the frequency as well as breadth

of accomplishable observation. Looking ahead, as

each telescope has extended the boundaries of current

knowledge about astrophysical phenomena—the

JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE with the

revelation of galaxies 330 million years after the Big

Bang, FIVE-HUNDRED-METER APERTURE

SPHERICAL RADIO TELESCOPE with the

detection of more than 800 pulsars, and EVENT

HORIZON TELESCOPE with the verification of

general relativity with direct black hole imaging—the

prospects are strong: JAMES WEBB SPACE

TELESCOPE's ongoing deep space explorations can

possibly shed light on the reionization era as well as

exoplanet atmospheres, FIVE-HUNDRED-METER

APERTURE SPHERICAL RADIO TELESCOPE's

developments can lead towards better detection of

dark matter as well as gravitational waves, and

EVENT HORIZON TELESCOPE's network

expansion as well as improvement in resolution is

likely to unveil even greater details about black hole

dynamics as well as jet formation, together ushering

in an era of revolutionary astronomical investigation.

7 CONCLUSIONS

To sum up, the field of telescopes has come on in

leaps and bounds since the 19th century,

revolutionizing the capacity for observing the

universe. This paper discusses the cutting-edge

technology of three seminal telescopes—the James

Webb Space Telescope (JAMES WEBB SPACE

TELESCOPE), the Five-hundred-meter Aperture

Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST), and the Event

Horizon Telescope (EVENT HORIZON

TELESCOPE)—with particular emphasis on their

foundational design principles, instrumental

structures, and detection methods. In the investigation,

it has been found out JAMES WEBB SPACE

TELESCOPE’ s infrared observing capability has

revealed nascent galaxies and exoplanetary

atmospheres, FIVE-HUNDRED-METER

APERTURE SPHERICAL RADIO TELESCOPE’s

refined radio measurements have discovered in

excess of 800 pulsars and Five-hundred-meter

Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope radio bursts, and

EVENT HORIZON TELESCOPE’s global

interferometer has imaged black hole shadows for the

first time in history, confirming predictions central to

general relativity. Not only do these findings

demonstrate noteworthy technical advances in

detector technology and data combination but also

enhance current knowledge of galaxy assembly, star

formation, as well as the underlying astrophysics

processes. Ultimately, the research emphasizes the

transformative power of innovative designs in

expanding astronomical knowledge and suggests

promising areas for future dark matter, dark energy,

and the origins of life explorations

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AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION

All the authors contributed equally and their names

were listed in alphabetical order.

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