Smart Water Management: Integrating PLC and SCADA

Technologies for Sustainable Urban Infrastructure

Nirmal Kumar Balaraman¹, Krunal Patel² and Nagender Reddy³

¹Inframark LLC, Georgia, U.S.A.

²Independent Researcher, California, U.S.A.

³Molex LLC, Michigan, U.S.A.

Keywords: Smart Water Management, PLC and SCADA Integration, Sustainable Urban Infrastructure, Water

Automation Technologies, IoT in Water Systems.

Abstract: This paper explores the integration of automation technologies—Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)

and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems—in advancing sustainable water and

wastewater management within smart buildings and urban infrastructure. Two case studies are analysed.

The first one focuses on a PLC-based automatic water distribution system for smart residential buildings,

aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), highlighting its ability to reduce

water waste, improve billing accuracy, and promote responsible consumption. The second one examines a

SCADA-monitored water storage and distribution network in Yozgat province, Turkey, demonstrating

significant reductions in water loss and improvements in water quality monitoring through centralised, real-

time control. The discussion addresses the implications of integrating IoT, PLC, and SCADA technologies

in water automation, emphasising enhanced efficiency, system intelligence, and the potential for predictive

maintenance. Scalability across urban and rural contexts and broader industry applications is also

considered. Despite the promise of automation, challenges such as high initial costs, data integration

complexities, and skill gaps are identified, with recommendations for future implementation strategies. The

study concludes that smart water management solutions are essential for sustainable urban development,

offering actionable insights for policymakers, engineers, and city planners aiming to create resilient, data-

driven water infrastructures.

1 INTRODUCTION

Water is vital for life, yet controlling it well is still a

huge problem in many places. The high rate of cities

forming, warmer temperatures, old systems, and

more need for water put huge demands on our

already-built water and wastewater structures. As a

result, cities and utilities are now relying on

technology to bring water infrastructure, operations,

and management into the modern era and support

sustainability (Desai & Maske, 2024). The use of

IoT and control systems, including Programmable

Logic Controllers (PLCs) and Supervisory Control

and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems is changing

the way water systems are run and looked after

(Yunus Görkem et al., 2024). These advancements

support data collection without delay, remote

problem-solving, and auto-decisions, which help

lead to strong and resilient water networks.

1.1 Background on Water and

Wastewater Automation

Managing water and wastewater is vital to building

modern urban areas. With more people worldwide

and more cities popping up, sustainable, safe, and

efficient water systems are needed now more than

ever (Kaittan & Mohammed, 2024). When methods

like these are used, any maintenance actions are

done manually and always in response to problems

that may slow things down, lead to waste and cause

water loss. Using advanced systems, like PLCs and

SCADA, automation in water and wastewater

systems is now a leading answer to these problems,

making it possible to monitor, control, and manage

water infrastructures constantly.

Balaraman, N. K., Patel, K. and Reddy, N.

Smart Water Management: Integrating PLC and SCADA Technologies for Sustainable Urban Infrastructure.

DOI: 10.5220/0013758000003982

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics (ICINCO 2025) - Volume 1, pages 305-312

ISBN: 978-989-758-770-2; ISSN: 2184-2809

305

1.2 Importance of the Study

With the Internet of Things (IoT), the traditional

water and wastewater systems have now been

converted into smart networks. The connectivity of

IoT devices to PLCs and SCADA systems allows

companies to get data automatically, monitor their

operations remotely, streamline their maintenance

schedules, and have their systems under strict

control (Benjamin, 2025). In addition to other kinds,

SCADA systems are quite handy since they allow an

observer to monitor water, pressure, the rate at

which the water flows, and any issues in the system

in one centralised position. These innovations assist

in waste reduction, smart water use, and ensuring

that the environmental laws are adhered to in smart

cities and smart buildings.

1.3 Aim and Objectives

The primary aim of this research is to explore the

role of IoT-based automation systems, including

PLC and SCADA, in enhancing water and

wastewater management in smart infrastructure.

Objectives:

• To evaluate the effectiveness of PLC-based

automatic water distribution systems in

promoting sustainable water management

in smart buildings.

• To analyse the impact of SCADA

monitoring systems on improving

operational efficiency, reducing water loss,

and maintaining water quality.

• To investigate how the integration of IoT,

PLC, and SCADA technologies contributes

to the overall functionality and resilience of

water management systems in smart cities.

1.4 Research Questions

• How can a PLC-based automatic water

distribution system contribute to sustainable

water management in smart buildings within

smart cities?

• What impact does the implementation of

SCADA monitoring systems have on the

efficiency and safety of water distribution,

particularly in reducing water loss and

ensuring water quality?

1.5 Contribution and Innovation

This study offers a novel perspective by

investigating the combined deployment of PLC and

SCADA systems within an IoT-enabled water

management framework that spans both micro-level

(smart residential buildings) and macro-level

(municipal distribution networks). Unlike prior work

that examines these technologies in isolation, this

research explores their interoperability and layered

integration to support real-time monitoring, efficient

control, and predictive maintenance. By aligning this

dual-layered automation approach with the United

Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),

particularly SDG 6 and SDG 11, the study

emphasises its relevance to sustainable urban

infrastructure development. The contribution lies in

demonstrating how this integration can optimise

resource consumption, enhance system resilience,

and provide a scalable model for smart cities.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Existing literature explores various aspects of smart

water management, yet it lacks clarity on how PLC-

based automation and SCADA monitoring can

interoperate within an IoT framework. Most studies

highlight the individual benefits of these

technologies but rarely examine their combined

potential in transforming operations in smart

buildings and urban infrastructure (Benjamin, 2025).

This gap becomes more pressing in the context of

urban sustainability, where ageing infrastructure,

rising resource demand, and environmental

challenges must be addressed collectively

(Abdulwahid et al., 2023).

This review is intended to examine how

integration of PLC and SCADA technologies into an

IoT enabled environment can drive water

distribution efficiency, improve security through

constant monitoring and minimize energy

consumption through intelligent control systems. In

addition, the study links this integration with wider

objectives such as SDG 6 (Clean Water and

Sanitation) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and

Communities) (Rashad et al., 2022).

The growing demand to live urban lives and the

effect of climate change has begun to stretch the

water infrastructure to its limits and smart,

sustainable solutions are necessary. Automated,

data-driven decision-making in the water and

wastewater management domain is heavily

dependent on IoT, PLCs and SCADA (Tomar et al.,

2023). This review underscores their separate and

combined success towards a better efficiency,

reliability and sustainability. It also explores

emerging applications in both structured and non-

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structured water systems, offering insights into the

evolving future of global water management.

2.1 Overview of IoT Applications in

Water and Wastewater Treatment

With IoT, water and wastewater systems are now

smarter and better connected. With its sensors,

devices, and communication tools, IoT makes it

possible to collect and send vital water distribution

data all the time. Using these sensors, water plants

check parameters such as water flow, pressure

levels, water quality (using turbidity and chemical

tests), and the condition of the equipment involved

(Alshami et al., 2024). The gathered data is sent

instantly to servers, where teams analyse it to inform

decisions, detect unusual activities, and improve the

system’s performance.

There are many great benefits of IoT in this area.

Current technology allows utilities to find leaks,

estimate when equipment might fail, and observe

how much energy or water is being used in a highly

accurate manner. Being so prompt with response

results in better water savings, less time lost to

breaks, and more specific ways to look after the

equipment (Jiang et al., 2023). Because of IoT,

wastewater treatment is supported by continuously

monitoring discharge and spotting any dangerous

pollutants before the standards are overstepped.

Issues in both scenarios are resolved through the

integration of IoT, which helps provide greater

understanding, boosts flexibility, and improves the

way resources are handled. The need for cities to be

more sustainable is likely to result in IoT playing a

much bigger part in water infrastructure.

2.2 Role of PLC and SCADA in Water

System Automation

Automating regular tasks in water and wastewater

systems relies greatly on Programmable Logic

Controllers (PLCs). With sensors and other field

devices, these devices are made to control processes

in real-time. PLCs are programmed so that they

automatically manage pumping, open and close

valves with the right levels in tanks, and dose

chemicals as needed to keep water quality high. It’s

because they are reliable and can adapt quickly that

they fit well into roles where fast and accurate work

is important. Because PLCs are modular, facilities

can build up their control systems as they change the

way they operate (G. Mahalakshmi et al., 2022).

SCADA systems working with PLCs give a

supervisory function that helps monitor and manage

the whole water infrastructure. The user can, with a

Human-Machine Interface (HMI), check live

information, see what's happening in the process

graphically, and administer commands from

anywhere. It is particularly valuable for systems that

handle water or wastewater far from central centres,

such as in rural areas (Gadekar et al., 2021).

SCADA systems maintain information from the

past, signal when anomalies or deviations from set

parameters occur, and assist in reporting and

maintaining compliance. With PLCs and SCADA in

the water system, it can manage its processes, warn

operators of any problems instantly, and keep

working smoothly with the least need for people to

intervene (Abdulwahid et al., 2023).

2.3 Benefits of Real-Time Monitoring

and Control

IoT, PLCs, and SCADA technologies enable real-

time water quality monitoring and significantly

improve safety standards. Sensors measure key

parameters like pH, turbidity, chlorine, and

conductivity to detect contamination or equipment

faults early. When thresholds are exceeded,

automated systems can redirect water, adjust

treatments, or shut off distribution points—ensuring

health protection and regulatory compliance,

especially in densely populated urban areas (Forhad

et al., 2024).

Figure 1: IoT-Based Architecture for Real-Time Water

Quality Monitoring.

Fig. 1 shows an IoT-based architecture

comprising sensors, machine learning, and cloud

analytics with which remote monitoring, automation

and data-driven decisions can be made. LCs

automate the fundamental operations by responding

to sensor data- that is, regulating pumps, valves and

Smart Water Management: Integrating PLC and SCADA Technologies for Sustainable Urban Infrastructure

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chemical dosing to support water cleanliness (Jan et

al., 2021). They are fast, precise and scalable and

hence suit very well in the dynamic environment

(Gnana Swathika O.V et al., 2024).

When integrated with SCADA, PLCs gain

enhanced supervisory control. SCADA's Human-

Machine Interface (HMI) allows operators to

visualise system performance in real-time, control

components remotely, and access historical data.

This is crucial for decentralised wastewater systems.

SCADA also provides alerts and compliance

reporting, further optimising operations. Together,

PLCs and SCADA transform conventional water

networks into intelligent systems that operate

autonomously, respond rapidly to issues, and require

minimal human oversight—making urban water

management smarter, safer, and more sustainable

(Mahany et al., 2024).

2.4 Relevant Prior Studies and

Technological Trends

With the advancement of smart water technologies,

several studies have examined the effectiveness of

IoT, PLCs, and SCADA systems in improving

operational efficiency, monitoring, and resource

management. Real-time control systems have

demonstrated notable success in reducing non-

revenue water losses, enhancing reliability, and

improving service continuity (Jan et al., 2021). Such

implementations help water utilities detect faults

early, automate corrective actions, and ensure

compliance with regulatory standards.

In recent years, it has become clear that SCADA

systems combined with machine learning can be a

valuable tool to analyse real-time and historical data

to predict future equipment failures and control

strategies. Such smart systems enable predictive

maintenance and make it easier to prevent unwanted

downtimes through the provision of actionable

insights (Forhad et al., 2024).

Also, blockchain-based IoT architectures have

become popular because of their assurance of secure

and transparent flow of information in automated

water systems. The practice improves credibility in

utility billing, system surveillance and asset

trackings, since tamper-evident ledgers and

decentralised mechanisms of access rights are

established (Jan et al., 2021).

While many of these studies focus on isolated

technologies, there is still limited literature exploring

how PLC and SCADA systems can be combined

within an IoT ecosystem, particularly in water

infrastructure spanning from household systems to

large-scale municipal networks. This study aims to

fill that research gap by presenting an integrated

perspective that supports smarter, more sustainable

urban water management aligned with global

development goals.

Another relevant development is the increasing

use of dual-level automation architectures that

integrate both local (PLC-based) control and

centralised (SCADA-based) monitoring. These

layered systems allow for responsive on-site

decision-making while enabling city-level visibility

and coordination. Recent literature shows that such

hybrid deployments significantly improve scalability

and modularity in complex utility infrastructures

[16]. This dual functionality supports dynamic water

balancing, energy-efficient pumping schedules, and

demand-based flow management, all of which are

critical in urban sustainability planning.

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This is the qualitative examination of the

applicability of digital technologies known as PLCs

and SCADA systems in the water and wastewater

treatment systems by using the qualitative case study

design. One major strength that a case study can

bring is its ability to examine complex phenomena

in real-life settings where there is an ambiguity

between what is identified as the system and the

environment. It enables the researcher to go deep

into a given particular implementation, focuses on

the dynamics and technicalities of that

implementation, and makes some meaningful

conclusions that can be generalised elsewhere or

modified to take a general approach. Such an

approach can be used to study not only the technical

side of implementation but also the socio-economic

and environmental consequences of smart water

management solutions.

Furthermore, the case study approach makes it

possible to conduct a comparative study between

various technological structures working in diverse

situations. This research intends to summarise the

advantages, economic issues and evolutions of both

the implementation of PLC and SCADA in the real

world of water management. The cases provide a

lens with which to evaluate the appropriation of

automation technologies in light of larger

objectives/directions, including sustainability,

efficiency of operation, and the health of people.

The case study method is therefore suitable for both

a descriptive and analytical research goal in that the

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design, implementation and results of each of the

systems will be properly assessed.

3.1 Selection of Two Case Studies for

Analysis

Case Study 1: PLC-Based Automatic Water

Distribution System for Smart Residential

Buildings Aligned with SDGs (Desai & Maske,

2024)

This case study looks at an automatic water system

in smart buildings that aligns with the UN's SDGs

for clean water and growing cities. To handle

problems with unchecked use, overflow, leaks and

incorrect bills, the system measures and controls

water flow using live sensor data. Residents can set

their daily water consumption limits and are charged

extra if they exceed them, which encourages

responsible and efficient water usage. The improved

water supply and user control systems in the project

show how water infrastructure in cities can be made

more sustainable through automation.

Case Study 2: SCADA Monitoring of Water

Storage Tanks and Distribution Systems (Yunus

Görkem et al., 2024)

This case study looks at the adoption of SCADA

systems to oversee and control water storage tanks

and delivery throughout Yozgat province. SCADA

makes sure pH, pressure, temperature and sediment

buildup in water are constantly watched to maintain

clear and secure water delivery. Data from four

pumping centres and thirteen storage tanks enabled

the system to significantly lower water losses from

64.35% to 51% total savings. The case demonstrates

that SCADA improves operational efficiency,

detects leaks and safeguards public health by acting

quickly and making sure all water quality standards

are maintained.

3.2 Limitations of the Case Study

Methodology

Although case studies have certain positives, they do

have limitations. An important challenge is that the

lessons learned from one place might not be useful

in all other systems. Every case deals with specific

geographic, economic, technical and regulatory

challenges that may prevent results from another

audience from being applied. Additionally, because

case studies rely on observed facts, researchers can

easily include their opinions and ideas. The fact that

studies can be so complex leads to the chance that

important factors are overlooked or misunderstood.

The fact that case studies typically deal with a

wide range of interested parties can sometimes make

accessing data challenging and ensuring its

accuracy. Certain types of key information can be

blocked, which makes it harder for experts to

completely understand a system. Besides, gathering

and checking the relevant data for case studies

usually takes a lot more effort than with other types

of research, which can make them less helpful for

those with little time. Nevertheless, case study

analysis helps focus on special cases and enhances

developments in closely related fields.

4 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS

Case Study 1: PLC-Based Automatic Water

Distribution System for Smart Residential

Buildings Aligned with SDGs (Desai & Maske,

2024)

This case study focuses on the integration of

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) into water

distribution systems for smart residential buildings,

aiming to align urban water management with the

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

(SDGs). The prototype system utilises PLCs to

automate water delivery based on real-time sensor

data and individual user demands. This automation

addresses key urban water issues like overflows, line

leakages, unregulated consumption, and inaccurate

billing. One of the system’s most notable features is

its adaptability—it allows residents to set

consumption limits based on their needs, with

provisions to bill additional usage.

With its alignment to goals 6 (Clean Water and

Sanitation) and 11 (Sustainable Cities and

Communities), the proposed system increases the

efficiency in the usage of resources and prevents

social inequity. It establishes a closed-loop

controlled mechanism of water distribution, based

on the dynamically controlled meeting the demand

without excessive use. The automation also is

transparent and provides accountability as it tracks

and bills usage accurately. This enables residents to

exercise control in use of water resources

responsibly, whereas the city planners can take

advantage of the scalable infrastructure that is

adjusted to the emerging urban population. This

example demonstrates the insights of how these

smart systems can help evolve the age-old water

delivery systems to newer and more sustainable and

efficient systems within contemporary cities.

Smart Water Management: Integrating PLC and SCADA Technologies for Sustainable Urban Infrastructure

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Case Study 2: SCADA Monitoring for Water

Storage Tanks and Distribution Systems (Yunus

Görkem et al., 2024)

The second case study presents the

implementation of SCADA (Supervisory Control

and Data Acquisition) systems to monitor and

control water distribution and storage infrastructure

in Yozgat province. SCADA systems provide

centralised real-time monitoring of essential water

quality indicators such as pH levels, temperature,

pressure, and sediment accumulation within storage

tanks. By allowing remote oversight and automation

of system responses, SCADA plays a critical role in

identifying potential issues such as contamination,

leaks, or system malfunctions. It ensures that water

quality is preserved from the point of storage to end-

user delivery, thereby reducing the risk of

waterborne diseases and supporting public health.

In this case, the SCADA system covered four

pumping centres and thirteen water storage tanks.

Before implementation, the region faced significant

inefficiencies, with total water loss as high as

64.35%, including 27.59% from physical leakage.

Post-deployment, the system achieved a 51%

reduction in total water loss, demonstrating the

power of automation in managing large-scale

infrastructure. These improvements were due to

SCADA's ability to detect leaks, automate

responses, and optimise operational performance.

Beyond just improving efficiency, SCADA systems

also enhance regulatory compliance and reduce the

manual labour required for system maintenance,

making them vital for municipalities aiming to

modernise their water distribution infrastructure.

4.1 Comparison of Findings from both

Case Studies

Both case studies apply automation in water

management, but they each have different goals and

impacts. At the PLC level, the system is designed to

supervise single households and promote shifts in

user behaviour. Here, households can see and

control their water use, which allows for faster

changes in billing. This approach is especially

helpful in smart cities because being personalised

and responsive to customers is so important. The

service achieves this through proper handling of

demand and by promoting green habits among

normal customers.

Alternatively, the SCADA-based system is

designed to supervise a large municipal water supply

system from a central location. Supply chain

management emphasises both the effectiveness and

security of delivery and storage. If water is kept

clean and is not lost much, SCADA assists in

making infrastructure reliable and preserves health

benefits for everyone. Frankly speaking, users gain

abilities from the PLC system, while administrators

and utilities depend on SCADA. In combination,

these systems show that having both manual controls

nearby (through PLCs) and overall control across the

system (SCADA) helps a city become more

efficient, accountable and sustain its resources.

4.2 Answers to Research Questions

Case Study 1 highlights the role of PLC-based

automated water systems in smart buildings, enabling

precise and sustainable water management. These

systems respond to sensor data and user input,

preventing issues like leaks and tank overflow. They

promote water conservation through flexible usage

plans and penalties for overuse, aligning with UN

SDGs related to clean water, sustainable cities, and

responsible consumption. PLC systems also enhance

the resilience of urban water infrastructure and can be

integrated into both new and existing buildings,

reducing pressure on municipal systems and

empowering building managers with real-time

control.

Case Study 2 emphasises the benefits of

SCADA monitoring in enhancing water system

performance and safety, as seen in Turkey's Yozgat

province. Real-time tracking of 13 tanks and four

pumping stations allows continuous analysis of pH,

pressure, and temperature. This rapid detection of

issues such as leaks or pressure drops led to a 51%

reduction in water loss. SCADA improves water

quality, minimises system downtime, and supports

proactive maintenance. The integration of GIS and

analytics enables data-driven decision-making,

transforming traditional water networks into

intelligent, self-regulating systems. Together, PLC

and SCADA technologies are key to advancing

smart, sustainable urban water management.

5 DISCUSSION

5.1 Comparison of Findings from both

Case Studies

Using IoT along with SCADA systems in water and

wastewater areas is transforming urban infrastructure

to be smarter and greener. Case Study 2 outlines that

single systems can incorporate monitoring and control

of pressure, pH, temperature, and flow, which are key

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parameters in large water networks. The addition of

IoT-enabled sensors to these systems makes it

possible to collect and study data around the clock

from networked physical assets. As a result of this

blend, predictive maintenance is made possible, along

with fast detection of problems and immediate actions

when a system fails, which lowers water loss, energy

use, and operating costs.

When cities are short on water, including

catchment options makes utility services more adapt-

able. Two-way communication between users and the

infrastructure is made possible by IoT devices, which

supply customers with reports on their usage and

enable them to better oversee power consumption.

Municipalities can use this intelligence to determine

effective decisions about policies and city structures.

As a result, the use of IoT and SCADA together is

key to meeting smart water management goals and

matching the vision of sustainable cities and

communities planned by the United Nations.

5.2 Potential for Scalability and Wider

Industry Application

Both the system built on PLCs and the SCADA

system is capable of being scaled to a wide range of

water processing conditions and areas. Plug-and-

play systems use PLCs, like the ones in Case Study

1, which can easily be modified for several buildings

and user needs. Because of this, they are suitable for

installation in residential buildings and also

important industrial and commercial spaces.

Because they work with smart meters and flexible

pricing, smart homes can expand and help people

save energy and money.

Also, SCADA systems, which are successful for

managing large water systems, are well-suited to

operations in either urban or rural areas. They can

operate at one location or cover broad municipalities,

mainly when they make use of IoT and analytics

services from the cloud. As a result, tech-based water

solutions are important for governments, utilities, and

private companies looking to upgrade their outdated

water infrastructure. When the water supply is

strained by climate change and rising populations,

scalable automation systems can help achieve equal

access, sustainability, and efficiency in our water

systems worldwide.

5.3 Challenges and Recommendations

for Future Implementations

Urban sustainability faces challenges due to ageing

infrastructure, environmental pressures, and growing

resource demand. This review explores how

integrating PLC and SCADA technologies in IoT-

driven systems can improve water distribution

through automation, real-time monitoring, and

energy efficiency—supporting SDG 6 (Clean Water

and Sanitation) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and

Communities).

Rising urbanisation and climate change strain

current water infrastructure, pushing the need for

smarter, sustainable solutions. The convergence of

IoT, PLCs, and SCADA enables data-driven

decision-making, enhancing reliability, cost-

efficiency, and water quality. The review also

highlights trends and emerging applications in both

structured and unstructured water systems globally.

6 CONCLUSION

This paper has discussed the potential of domain

coupling of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)

and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

(SCADA) to improve water systems and wastewater

systems on a broader platform of smart

infrastructure in cities. With the help of two real-life

case studies of smart residential building PLC-

driven system and municipal water network

SCADA-monitored, the study illustrates how

layered automation can increase the efficiency of

operations; enhance transparency and sustainability

of the system. When combined with the application

of one another in an IoT system, these technologies

allow one to monitor, regulate, and implement

changes in real-time, adaptively, and increase their

use in varying levels of infrastructure scaling.

The results support the SDG alignment, in

addition to the UN Sustainable Development Goals,

namely SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and

SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities). The

integration of the building-level user control and the

city-level infrastructure-level optimisation

potentially provides the study with a real-life

roadmap of water automation between the

operational responsibility of an individual and

system-level efficiencies.

6.1 Future Directions

The further development of the described studies can

examine the connection between artificial

intelligence, machine learning, and PLC-SCADA

systems to introduce predictive analytics and the

capability of making autonomous decisions. It may

also lead to the enhancement of data integrity,

Smart Water Management: Integrating PLC and SCADA Technologies for Sustainable Urban Infrastructure

311

transparency of billing, and safe exchange of

information in distributed water networks with the

incorporation of blockchain. The testing should be

intensified in diverse geographies, particularly in

developing countries or in rural settings, to

determine how the application performs when

constrained by varying factors. Moreover, some

simplified versions of these systems at reduced cost

may be designed to roll out in under-resourced

municipalities in a scalable process. Collaboration

among urban planners, data scientists, and

environmental policymakers to implement smart

water technologies will be crucial in harnessing the

full potential of these technologies globally.

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