EV Charging System Using Photovolatic

Praveen Mudagannavar, Aditya Nimbalkar and Sumit Rudagi

School of Electrical and Electronics, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, India

Keywords:

Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging,Photovoltaic (PV) System,Renewable Energy, Maximum Power Point

Tracking (MPPT), Solar Energy, DC-DC Converter, Energy Storage.

Abstract:

The environment is deteriorating because of increasing issues on environmental pollution and global warming.

Therefore, this paper analyses integrating photovoltaic (PV) systems with electric vehicle (EV) charging in-

frastructure as a means of reducing the undesired environmental impacts of conventional electricity generated

from fossil fuel sources. PV systems exploit solar energy as a clean and renewable source for powering EVs

while decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and reducing reliance on supply from the grid. The incorpora-

tion of the MPPT controllers is also presented as a research application, which means that the use maximizes

the energy extraction from solar panels using variability tracking under changing environment conditions and

achieves guaranteed system performance. This paper details a comprehensive PV-powered EV charging sys-

tem, designed using MATLAB/Simulink software, simulated and analyzed. In this system, critical components

that include PV arrays, MPPT controllers, DC-DC converters, and mechanisms for energy storage are inte-

grated with the aim of achieving seamless conversion and management of energy. In support of analysis, a

dataset from the NSRDB, which provides both real-time and predicted metrics related to energy generation

and consumption, is used in the analysis.

1 INTRODUCTION

As the world faces increasing challenges from envi-

ronmental pollution and the adverse effects of climate

change, there is an urgent need to transition to sus-

tainable and eco-friendly energy solutions. One of

the signiﬁcant contributors to pollution is the gener-

ation of electricity through conventional methods that

rely heavily on fossil fuels. To address this issue,

renewable energy sources, particularly solar power,

have emerged as a promising alternative. Among var-

ious applications of solar energy, integrating photo-

voltaic (PV) systems for charging electric vehicles

(EVs) is gaining considerable attention(Dagteke and

Unal, 2024).

Electric vehicles are heralded as a cleaner and

more sustainable mode of transportation compared

to internal combustion engine vehicles. However, to

fully realize their environmental beneﬁts, the source

of electricity used for charging EVs must also be sus-

tainable(Rubino et al., 2017). This is where PV so-

lar systems play a crucial role(Satheesh Kumar et al.,

2024). By harnessing the abundant and renewable en-

ergy from the sun, PV systems offer a clean and green

solution for powering EVs.

The efﬁciency of a PV system signiﬁcantly inﬂu-

ences its effectiveness in generating electricity. To

maximize the energy harvested from solar panels, a

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller

is employed. The MPPT controller optimizes the per-

formance of the PV system by continuously adjust-

ing the operating point of the panels to extract the

maximum possible power under varying environmen-

tal conditions such as sunlight intensity and temper-

ature. This ensures that the solar energy is utilized

efﬁciently, reducing waste and enhancing the overall

system performance.

In this research, we focus on the integration of PV

solar systems with MPPT controllers for EV charging

applications. The study aims to design and analyze

a sustainable and efﬁcient EV charging infrastructure

that minimizes reliance on grid electricity and con-

tributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. By

leveraging the advancements in PV technology and

intelligent power management through MPPT, the

proposed system seeks to make EV charging not only

eco-friendly but also economically viable.

This research underscores the importance of re-

newable energy integration in modern transportation

and highlights the potential of PV-based EV charg-

Mudagannavar, P., Nimbalkar, A. and Rudagi, S.

EV Charging System Using Photovolatic.

DOI: 10.5220/0013640500004664

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Futuristic Technology (INCOFT 2025) - Volume 3, pages 699-704

ISBN: 978-989-758-763-4

699

ing systems in creating a sustainable future(Alrubaie

et al., 2023). Through innovative design and op-

timization, the study aspires to pave the way for a

cleaner and greener energy ecosystem.

2 Background study

Research Landscape: The increasing concern over en-

vironmental degradation and the depletion of fossil

fuel resources has intensiﬁed the need for sustainable

energy solutions. Conventional electricity generation

methods, primarily based on coal, oil, and natural gas,

contribute signiﬁcantly to greenhouse gas emissions

and global warming. These challenges have driven

the shift towards renewable energy sources such as

solar, wind, and hydroelectric power to reduce envi-

ronmental impact and ensure long-term energy secu-

rity.

Among renewable energy technolo-

gies(Engelhardt et al., 2022), solar photovoltaic

(PV) systems have emerged as a widely adopted

and versatile solution. PV systems convert sunlight

directly into electricity using solar panels, making

them a clean, renewable, and abundant energy source.

Over the years, advancements in solar technology

have signiﬁcantly improved the efﬁciency and afford-

ability of PV systems, fostering their integration into

various applications.

Simultaneously, the global adoption of electric ve-

hicles (EVs) has been rapidly increasing due to their

potential to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and

lower emissions. EVs are a cornerstone of sustain-

able transportation, but their environmental beneﬁts

are closely tied to the source of electricity used for

charging. If EVs are charged using electricity gener-

ated from non-renewable sources, their positive im-

pact on the environment diminishes. This has led to

the growing interest in coupling EV charging infras-

tructure with renewable energy systems, particularly

PV solar systems(Gholami et al., 2024).

To maximize the efﬁciency and reliability of

PV systems, advanced power management tech-

niques are essential. One such technique is the use

of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) con-

trollers(Singh et al., 2014). MPPT controllers ensure

that the solar panels operate at their optimal power

output under varying environmental conditions, such

as changes in sunlight intensity and temperature. By

dynamically adjusting the operating parameters of the

system, MPPT controllers enhance energy harvest

and improve the overall efﬁciency of PV systems.

This background establishes the foundation for

exploring the integration of PV solar systems with

MPPT controllers for EV charging applications. Such

systems promise a dual beneﬁt of promoting renew-

able energy usage while supporting the widespread

adoption of environmentally friendly transporta-

tion(Paniyil et al., 2021).

3 Problem Deﬁnition

3.1 Solar Cell Characteristics

The provided image represents an equivalent circuit

model of a photovoltaic (PV) cell. This model con-

sists of a current source, which signiﬁes the short-

circuit current generated by the incident solar energy.

A diode is included in parallel with the current source

to account for the intrinsic characteristics of the PV

cell. The model also incorporates a shunt resistor, rep-

resenting the leakage current across the cell, and a se-

ries resistor, which captures the resistive losses within

the cell and its connections. The output voltage and

current are obtained from the external terminals of the

circuit, demonstrating the electrical behavior of the

PV cell under various operating conditions.

Figure 1: Solar cell characteristics

3.2 Architecture of the proposed System

Equations

The given image ﬁg. 2 represent a simulation model

of a photovoltaic (PV) system integrated with an

energy conversion and management system, imple-

mented in MATLAB/Simulink. This system probably

represents a comprehensive approach for harnessing

solar energy and efﬁciently managing power delivery

for speciﬁc applications, such as electric vehicle (EV)

charging or grid integration. Below is a detailed de-

scription and explanation of the possible components

and functionalities in this model:

Figure 2: Simulated EV charging system using PV

The diagram combines elements of a PV array, a

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700

maximum power point tracking (MPPT) mechanism,

a DC-DC converter (such as a boost converter), and

a control algorithm for power optimization. Addi-

tionally, the system includes monitoring and feedback

loops to regulate performance and ensure efﬁcient en-

ergy utilization.

3.2.1 PV Array Block

The block of PV array simulates a photovoltaic panel

under diverse irradiance and temperature conditions.

The parameters available in this block include short

circuit current, open circuit voltage, and ﬁll factor of

the module. This will produce output voltages and

currents, and these are quite important to continue the

following process of power management and control

system.

3.2.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)

(Awad et al., 2022)This would mean that the PV sys-

tem works at maximum efﬁciency due to dynamic op-

erating point shifting of the PV array. Techniques like

Perturb and Observe (P and O) or Incremental Con-

ductance may be used for MPPT in the algorithm in

this model. The block ”ReGen” might refer to the

MPPT controller that takes the difference between the

reference voltage and actual PV voltage and compares

it to create a control signal.

3.2.3 Control Loop

The control loop uses a Proportional-Integral (PI)

controller for the duty cycle of the PWM signal sup-

plied to the DC-DC converter. The PI controller re-

duces the error between the reference and actual val-

ues of the PV voltage or current, ensuring a stable and

optimal operation of the system.

3.2.4 DC-DC Converter

A DC-DC boost converter is used to step up the PV

output voltage to the required level. The main com-

ponents include inductors, capacitors, diodes, and

switching devices. The MPPT controller PWM signal

modulates the switching device (usually a MOSFET)

to regulate energy transfer and to maintain the desired

output voltage or current.

3.2.5 Energy Storage and Load

The system has an energy storage element, which may

be a battery, and an output load. The energy stor-

age block ensures the steady supply of power even

under changing conditions of ﬂuctuating solar irradi-

ance. The load block could represent an EV charging

station, where the power demand varies based on the

state of charge (SOC) of the connected vehicles.

3.2.6 Monitoring and Feedback

The inclusion of real-time monitoring in the model

includes parameters like voltage, current, and power.

With feedback loops and dynamic response, the sys-

tem is able to keep track of changes in environmental

conditions or load requirements, keeping it efﬁcient

and reliable.

4 DataSet

In this study, the dataset used to develop and evalu-

ate the machine learning model as it allows for the

simulation, analysis, optimization, and development

of such systems.

4.1 DataSet Composition

The dataset utilized in our study is sourced from NS-

DRB(https://nsrdb.nrel.gov/)

4.2 Dataset Overview

This dataset is about monitoring and predicting en-

ergy usage in a photovoltaic-powered electric vehicle

charging system. It has time-series data related to ac-

tual and predicted metrics of energy usage.

Figure 3: PV Generation(kWh)

Figure 4: EV Charging(kWh)

PV Generation (kWh): It Represents the electrical

energy generated through the photovoltaic modules.

The database considers both the Actual and predicted

value for a head-to-head analysis.

EV Charging (kWh): Energy used to charge elec-

tric vehicles. Actual and predicted values are noted.

EV Charging System Using Photovolatic

701

4.2.1 Actual PV Generation (kWh):

The actual amount of energy generated by the PV sys-

tem (measured in kilowatt-hours).

4.2.2 Predicted PV Generation (kWh):

The predicted energy output of the PV system.

4.2.3 Actual EV Charging (kWh):

The actual energy consumed by the EV charging sys-

tem.

4.2.4 Predicted EV Charging (kWh):

The predicted energy consumption for EV charging.

The Dataset assumes a direct relationship between

PV energy availability and EV charging requirements.

5 Methodology

The methodology adopted for this research centers

on integrating PV systems with the electric vehicle

charging infrastructure in promoting environmentally

friendly and sustainable transportation. The research

initiates by developing and simulating a complete sys-

tem for a PV-powered EV charging system through

the use of MATLAB/Simulink. Such a model con-

sists of some important components such as PV ar-

rays, MPPT controllers, DC-DC converters, and en-

ergy storage systems. These elements work cohe-

sively to simulate the efﬁcient generation and man-

agement of solar energy for EV charging.

Optimum Energy Harvest: As part of an efﬁcient

system design, MPPT controllers were thus adopted

for controlling the operation and performance of this

particular solar photovoltaic harvesting application.

Critical parameters in changing conditions, whether

sun intensity, as is true of the weather and temper-

ature level, these dynamical changes control the op-

erating points for maximizing PV yield. It applied

the new generation algorithms-which includes Per-

turb and Observe, Incremental Conductance-of more

improved features.

The study further emphasized robust power man-

agement and control. A closed-loop control sys-

tem was developed through the use of Proportional-

Integral controllers, which managed the duty cycle of

the DC-DC converter. This strategy ensured a stable

and optimal operating condition for the system due

to continuous error minimization between the refer-

ence and actual values of PV voltage or current. The

feedback loops were introduced into the system to dy-

namically respond to environmental changes and vari-

ations in energy demand to ensure efﬁcient energy uti-

lization.

Performance analysis was done mainly using data

analysis. A dataset derived from NSDRB was utilized

to monitor and predict the usage of energy within the

PV-powered EV charging system. It entailed time-

series data about the actual and predicted metrics in

generating and consuming energy to adequately as-

sess system efﬁciency and reliability.

Finally, the study has evaluated the comprehensive

performance of the system in terms of energy gener-

ated, energy consumed, and energy stored. In addi-

tion, the study discussed its environmental implica-

tions wherein the quantitative amount of greenhouse-

gas emissions reduction was determined owing to

the substitution of fossil fuel-derived electricity with

clean, renewable solar electricity. This holistic ap-

proach not only shows that PV-powered EV charg-

ing systems are technically possible but also highly

promising towards sharing a sustainable and eco-

friendly transportation ecosystem.

6 Results

6.0.1 Energy Yield

The energy generated from a photovoltaic (PV) sys-

tem, in terms of kilowatt-hours per day or month, is

affected by the following important variables. First

and foremost is the amount of solar irradiance. The

former, referring to the quantity of solar energy that

strikes an area per unit of that area, is mainly a func-

tion of geographic location, seasonality, and weather

conditions. The other important factor is the efﬁ-

ciency of the PV panels; this is how much sunlight

energy can be converted into electricity. Most mod-

ern panels range from 15 percent to over 20 percent

efﬁcient.

6.0.2 Energy Consumption

For a PV-powered EV charging system, there are three

ways to categorize the ﬂow of energy: direct charging,

stored energy, and grid interaction. Direct charging is

that portion of the PV energy directly used to charge

the EV. This is most efﬁcient because it avoids the ne-

cessity of intermediate storage or grid involvement. It

will depend on sunlight availability coinciding with

the schedule of charging of the EV. For when direct

charging is not possible, stored energy comes in; sur-

plus PV energy can be collected in a battery system

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and used later, thus allowing for nighttime or cloudy-

day charging.

6.0.3 Environmental Impact

The use of a PV-powered EV charging system con-

tributes substantially to carbon emissions reduction

through the replacement of fossil-fuel-based electric-

ity with clean, renewable solar power. Typically, tra-

ditional grid electricity is coal, natural gas, or another

carbon-intensive source that emits greenhouse gases

during generation. Through harnessing solar energy,

the PV system directly offsets these emissions by pro-

viding a sustainable and environmentally friendly al-

ternative(Filote et al., 2020). Additionally, the system

enhances energy independence by reducing reliance

on the power grid.

7 Future Work

Future work on PV-powered EV charging systems can

address several improvements related to efﬁciency, re-

liability, and applicability. One promising line of de-

velopment concerns the integration of these systems

into smart grids, which would create dynamic en-

ergy distribution and demand response capabilities.

With such integration, energy ﬂows are better man-

aged with more efﬁcient consumption of renewable

sources. It is also possible with such integration for

real-time communications between energy producers

and consumers as a means of building more resilient

and adaptable energy ecosystems.

Another area of focus is improving energy stor-

age solutions. Advanced battery technologies, such

as solid-state batteries, could be explored to enhance

storage efﬁciency and longevity. These innovations

would address the challenges of energy availability

during periods of low solar irradiance, such as night-

time or cloudy weather, ensuring a consistent power

supply for EV charging.

Real-world implementation of these systems is

very important for validation of simulation results and

to identify and address practical challenges. Deploy-

ing the proposed PV-powered EV charging systems

in diverse settings will provide valuable insights into

their performance and adaptability in real-life sce-

narios. Furthermore, the integration of PV systems

with other renewable energy sources, such as wind or

biomass, can create hybrid renewable systems. These

systems would be able to provide continuous and re-

liable energy supply, which makes them applicable in

regions with varying climatic conditions.

Improved machine learning models can also con-

tribute to future advancements. Advanced AI algo-

rithms can be used to increase the accuracy of pre-

dictions for energy demand and generation patterns.

Energy storage and usage scheduling would thus be

optimized to further enhance the efﬁciency of the sys-

tem. Scalability studies are also critical to determine

the potential of deploying these systems on a large

scale, especially in urban areas of high energy use and

difﬁcult locations that are hard to grid.

These advancements are collectively aimed at de-

veloping a robust, efﬁcient, and sustainable EV charg-

ing ecosystem powered by renewable energy. Ad-

dressing the technical and practical challenges, future

research will contribute to the widespread adoption of

eco-friendly transportation and a cleaner, greener en-

ergy future.

8 Conclusion

It marks the transition in photovoltaic systems inte-

grating into electric vehicle charging infrastructure in

pursuit of sustainable transportation needs by balanc-

ing increasing energy demands while working on sus-

tainability with a minimum contribution of fossil fuel

dependence for such electricity sources, therefore en-

suring greenhouse gas reduction in light of combating

global climatic changes. It does emphasize the gi-

gantic scope of a PV-powered electric vehicle charg-

ing system that can provide the basis of a sustainable

transport infrastructure.

Some key technological changes which have aided

this process have been the advancements of MPPT

controllers. It makes sure the PV systems perform

under maximum operating efﬁciency in most varying

environmental conditions and maximizes the energy

that could be achieved, thus making minimum waste.

Another area that strengthens system resilience is

with the inclusion of energy storage solutions, giving

consistent power supply at times like at night or dur-

ing cloudy weather. Such a feature makes PV-based

systems considerably suitable for remote off-grid lo-

cations, at places where grid access could be limited

or unreliable.

The study also puts emphasis on the economic vi-

ability of such systems with potential savings through

reduced grid dependence and enhanced energy inde-

pendence. Findings of this study indicate that the

scaling up of PV-powered EV charging networks is

required in order to keep pace with the increasing de-

mand for EVs globally. Real-world implementation,

integration with smart grids, and use of hybrid re-

newable energy sources are some promising avenues

for future development that can ensure reliability and

EV Charging System Using Photovolatic

703

scalability in various geographic and environmental

settings.

In conclusion, PV-powered EV charging systems

are not only technically and economically viable but

also essential for creating a cleaner and more sustain-

able transportation system. By addressing environ-

mental challenges and fostering the adoption of re-

newable energy, these systems align with global sus-

tainability objectives and set the foundation for an

eco-friendly future. This research makes way for

many more innovations around solar technology and

energy management on the grid-integrated side; re-

newable energy certainly becomes a fully integrated

part of the evolving vehicle ecosystem.

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