Optimization and Validation of Microstrip Patch Antenna for

Endoscopy Application

Juily Nachiket Tarade

1a

and Uday Pandit Khot

2

1

Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Department, Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology, Nerul, Navi Mumbai,

Mumbai University, Maharashtra, India

2

Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Department, St. Francis Institute of Technology, Borivali,

MumbaiUniversity, Maharashtra Maharashtra, India

Keywords: Microstrip Patch Antenna, Electromagnetic Bandgap, Non-Invasive, Specific Absorption Rate, Wireless

Capsule Endoscopy, Link Budget.

Abstract: Compared to standard endoscopy, wireless capsule endoscopy with non-invasive antennas has gained more

attention. Since the transmitting antenna of a wireless capsule endoscope (WCE) is located inside the body as

opposed to the receiving antenna, which is located outside of it, designing the transmitting antenna is a

difficult challenge. Simultaneously achieving high data rates, small size, omni-directionality, acceptable

specific absorption rate (SAR), and large bandwidth in telemetry systems are major hurdles faced by these

antennas. This is because many parts of the gastrointestinal tract have different dielectric constants and

thicknesses. To overcome these obstacles, antennas must be characterized for WCE. With a modified partial

ground plane, the suggested antenna is a small planar slotted microstrip patch antenna. It is a miniature

ingestion-capable Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) antenna. The substrate material for the antenna is Rogers TMM

13i. An environment that roughly represents the full human gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including surrounding

tissues is created using the High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS 13.0). The performance of the antenna

is evaluated by placing it in the middle of the various GI tracts. The suggested antenna's dimensions are 40

mm

3

(10 mm × 10 mm × 0.4 mm) and is a mere 1.26 percent of the capsule's volume. About 4.3 GHz and 6.7

GHz, with a -3 dB bandwidth of about 20.4 MHz and 950 MHz, respectively, are the resonant frequencies.

The advantage of having multiple resonant frequencies is that the proposed single antenna can be used for all

the GI tract although the dielectric constant varies over the entire GI tract. The existing literature needs

different antennas for different GI tracts. In the biological model, the radiation pattern is circularly polarized

and omnidirectional. The maximum radiation efficiency of 95.65% has been observed. For the purpose of

biocompatibility analysis, the SAR value in the GI tract is also calculated and is in well limit. Once patch is

designed for endoscopy application, it needs to be validated which can be done with the help of link budget

where A

P

> R

P.

To establish a stable communication link between the endoscopic antenna and external device,

the antenna power (A

p

) should be higher than the required power (R

p

).

1 INTRODUCTION

Today's cutting-edge wireless capsule endoscopy

technology replaces the conventional endoscopy

method, which uses a wired endoscope to diagnose

the digestive tract. Due to the fact that endoscopy can

only access the duodenum, which is the upper portion

of the small intestine, because of its horrible

consequences, particularly in younger aged

individuals and children (Mulugu and Saha , 2020).

a

https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2851-5707

A contemporary non-invasive method for diagnosing

life-threatening conditions including inflammatory

small intestinal diseases like Crohn's disease is called

wireless capsule endoscopy. Cancer, colon polyps,

tumours, and gastrointestinal bleeding in the

digestive tract that, if discovered at preliminary

phases (Mulugu and Saha , 2020). Therefore, this

diagnosing method which has gained attention

recently is of the utmost relevance. The antenna,

which transfers image data from the sophisticated

CMOS image sensor in the capsule to the on-body

Tarade, J. N. and Khot, U. P.

Optimization and Validation of Microstrip Patch Antenna for Endoscopy Application.

DOI: 10.5220/0013611900004664

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Futuristic Technology (INCOFT 2025) - Volume 3, pages 197-205

ISBN: 978-989-758-763-4

197

receiver antennas, is a crucial part of the wireless

capsule endoscopy system. The challenge of

designing a miniaturised antenna that can fit into a

capsule of this size and still leave room for other

essential components like LEDs, a CMOS imager, an

antenna, a battery, and other electronics arises from

the capsule's size restrictions due to the narrow

passageways of the digestive system (Mulugu and

Saha , 2020). An antenna with an omnidirectional

radiation pattern is necessary due to the capsule's

uncontrollably orientated orientation. Another design

problem to satisfy high data rate needs for

transmitting high-resolution images at fast frame

rates is wide bandwidth. Furthermore, the antenna's

broad bandwidth lessens the impact of significant

frequency fluctuations on its performance, allowing it

to endure the fluctuating conditions of the digestive

system (Sarestoniemi, et al. , 2020). Recent history

reports a great deal of research and advancement in

this field.

A compact planar slotted microstrip patch antenna

with a modified partial ground plane and resonance

frequencies of around 4.3 and 6.6 GHz is the

proposed antenna in this research. The design of this

structure at UWB frequency offers a significant deal

of opportunity for increasing bandwidth and utilizing

UWB technology's low power and high penetration

capabilities, among other benefits. The size of the

proposed antenna is 90 mm

3

(10 mm × 10 mm × 0.9

mm) which is only 1.26% of the capsule volume.

Normally the capsule is of (26x11 mm

2

). The

radiation pattern is omnidirectional with circular

polarization in the biological model. It is observed

that the maximum radiation efficiency is 95.65%. The

EBG structure is optimized using the Particle Swarm

Optimization (PSO) method in order to reduce SAR.

There is significant reduction in SAR values at every

stage of GI track. SAR values significantly decrease

over the whole GI track. The EBG structure causes a

little drop in gain (15.65% decrease in antenna gain

in the esophagus at 6.7 GHz as compared to the

absence of EBG), but this has no effect on the gearbox

because the radiated power (2.89 mW) and radiation

efficiency (typically ranges between 40% and 70%)

are within an acceptable range. The acceptable range

of radiated power is 3.1 mW and radiation efficiency

(typically ranges between 40% and 70%) for

endoscopy application. There is little impact on the

fractional BW. The entire simulations are performed

in HFSS 13.0. The antenna design, simulation setup,

results, link budget and conclusions are organized

into sections 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively.

2 DESIGN OF MICROSTRIP

PATCH ANTENNA FOR

ENDOSCOPY APPLICATION

The proposed UWB compact planar slotted patch

antenna is designed on a Rogers TMM 13i substrate

with a high relative permittivity, allowing for a

reduction in effective wavelength. Table 1

summarizes the dimensions of the proposed antenna.

The antenna's radiation properties are enhanced by

using the partial ground plane, with the upper corners

of the ground deleted and notches added to improve

bandwidth and impedance matching. A plus (+) form

slot is added in the middle of the patch, and a split

ring slot is placed around the slot to maximize

resonance frequency and improve bandwidth. Two

square slots are added to create a single feed,

circularly polarized antenna. Human models of the

stomach, esophagus, small intestine, and large

intestine are built for simulation to study anatomical

factors affecting the effectiveness of the transmitting

antenna. The antenna provides circular polarization

and an omnidirectional emission pattern, with a -3 dB

fractional bandwidth of 1.16% and 9.55%

respectively. Paper (Tarade and Khot , 2024)

addressed the design, simulation, and analysis of a

miniature UWB ingestible capsule antenna for

wireless capsule endoscopy. For better transmission,

radiation efficiency need to be improved while

antenna travels through small and large intestine.

SAR need to be reduce.

Table 1: Dimensions of Proposed Antenna (Wang, et al. ,

2018)

Parameters Values (mm)

Substrate length = 10, Width (W)= 10,

Thickness = 0.4,

Patch C1 = 2.5; C2 = 1.5; C3 = 1.3, S1 =

1; S2 = 0.5; Thickness = 0.25

Feed line Thickness = 0.25, M = 3.2, F1 =

1.8; F2 = 1.8

Ground Thickness = 0.25, A = 3; B = 1; C =

2.8283

2.1 Reduction of SAR using Optimized

EBG Structure

The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is a crucial

aspect of antenna design, particularly for portable

communication systems. It is determined by the

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

(IEEE) and the International Commission on Non-

Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) (Mously, et

INCOFT 2025 - International Conference on Futuristic Technology

198

al. , 2011). The EBG structure is a man-made periodic

structure that helps electromagnetic waves propagate

or divert due to the periodic variation in the refractive

index inside it. The EBG method is preferred for SAR

reduction due to its wide range of resonant and cross

polarization effects (Bhavarthe, Rathod , et al. ,

2018).

The EBG structure is optimized using the Particle

Swarm Optimization (PSO) method, which tracks a

swarm of particles representing potential resolutions.

The dispersion analysis is the first step in designing

an EBG structure, with unit cell modeling and

application of periodic boundary conditions in the

appropriate directions as the foundation. The fitness

function F is formulated as a two-criterion function,

which is shown in equation (1) and a minimization of

the function is planned (Dutta, Jayasree , et al. , 2016).













−













−

+

=

c

C

f

ff

f

ff

F

minmaxminmax

2

(1)

Where

C

f

0

min

2

1

2

πηπ

ω

+=

(2)

minmax

ff −=

π

ω

(3)

Where f

min

is the lower limit and f

max

is the upper limit

of the band gap, which is shown in the equation (2)

and (3). This fitness function has been used in PSO

for optimizing the EBG structure. The PSO algorithm

has been tested on a simple planar EBG unit cell

depicted in Figure 1. The square patch size P and the

period D were chosen as the state variables for the

optimization (Dutta, Jayasree , et al. , 2016).

The best approach is to use RF-Shields,

particularly when using the EBG substrate. However,

care must be taken to preserve other crucial elements

impacting the antenna's performance, such as

impedance matching, which offers high efficiency,

shrinks the antenna's size, increases its compactness

and robustness, and integrates with existing RF

circuit component.

2.2 Simulation Results

The proposed antenna with EBG Structure is shown

in the Figure 2 (a) The antenna is placed at the center

of the esophagus tissue models of the GI tract, as

shown in Figure 2 (b) and corresponding simulations

are carried out to by using HFSS ver. 13.0.

Figure 1: EBG cell under consideration (Kennedy and

Eberhart , 1995)

2.2.1 S- Parameter and Bandwidth

The reflection coefficient (|S11|) of the ingestible

capsule antenna at the center of the esophagus tissue

models of GI tract are exhibited in Figure 3.

The antenna resonates at 3.62 GHz and 4.84 GHz

inside the esophagus, with a reflection coefficient of

-11.01 dB and -13.52 dB respectively.

2.2.2 Radiation Pattern

The 2D far field radiation pattern of the antenna in E-

plane and H-plane inside the oesophagus tissue

models at the resonant frequencies 3.62 GHz and 4.84

GHz are shown in the Figure 4 (a), (b) and Figure 5

(a), (b) respectively. It exhibits an omni-directional

radiation pattern, transmitting information in all

directions. From the radiation pattern, it is obvious

that the antenna exhibits omni-directional radiation

pattern throughout the oesophagus. So the antenna

will be able to transmit information in all directions

independent of the direction and orientation of the

capsule which is essential for ingestible antenna.

3-D polar plot inside esophagus tissue model for

proposed antenna with EBG is shown in the Figure 6.

Maximum gain is about -28 dB at 4.3 GHz and -29.60

dB at 6.6 GHz.

2.2.3 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)

The simulated distributions of local SAR averaged

over 10 g tissue when the capsule antenna with EBG

is placed inside esophagus models are shown in the

Figure 7 (a) and (b). IEEE C95.1- 2005 standard

limits 10g-avg SAR is 2 W/Kg and the IEEE C95.1-

1999 standard limits 1g-avg SAR is 1.6 W/Kg. The

maximum SAR is calculated for input power of 1W

through the esophagus averaged over 10g of tissue is

0.127 W/kg at 4.3 GHz and 1.17 at 6.6 GHz. In order

to keep match with IEEE C95.1-2005 standard, the

maximum allowable net input power for the proposed

Optimization and Validation of Microstrip Patch Antenna for Endoscopy Application

199

design of capsule antenna at 3.62 GHz is 854.3 mW

and 736.7 mW at 4.84 GHz. Since Rogers TMM 13i

is a ceramic thermoset polymer composite

(Rogerscorp.com , et al. , 2018), it might be harmless

to the GI tract in case of unexpected disruption of the

capsule.

In summary, achieving a low SAR is essential for

various antenna applications, including wearable or

mobile phone antennas. The EBG structure is a

significant design that can enhance antenna

performance without sacrificing bandwidth.

3 OPTIMIZED MICROSTRIP

PATCH ANTENNA DESIGN

All performance and safety measures of the ingestible

antenna (without EBG) for four different tissue

models of GI tract (esophagus, stomach, small

intestine, and large intestine for two resonant

frequencies are exhibited in Table 2 and all the

performance measures of the ingestible antenna (with

EBG) shown in the Table 3.

(a) (b)

Figure 2: Proposed antenna with (a) EBG Structure (b)

antenna with EBG Structure place in Esophagus tissue

model.

Figure 3: Reflection coefficient frequency responses of the

antenna with EBG in esophagus model.

(a)

(b)

Figure 4: Far-field directivity radiation pattern of the

antenna with EBG at 3.62 GHz through the esophagus

tissue model (a) E – Plane (b) H - Plane

(a)

INCOFT 2025 - International Conference on Futuristic Technology

200

(b)

Figure 5: Far-field directivity radiation pattern of the

antenna with EBG at 4.84 GHz through the esophagus

tissue model (a) E – Plane (b) H – Plane

(a)

(b)

Figure 6: 3-D polar plot of proposed antenna with EBG at

(a) 3.62 GHz and (b) 4.84 GHz

(a)

(b)

Figure 7: Simulated distributions of local SAR averaged

over 1 g tissue for esophagus model at resonant frequency

(a) 3.62 GHz (b) 4.84 GHz

Table 4 shows comparison of SAR reduction by using

EBG Method. There is significant reduction in SAR

values at every stage of GI track. Although because

of the EBG structure there is a slight reduction in

gain, the radiated power and hence radiation

efficiency is in acceptable range which will not affect

the transmission. The fractional BW is not getting

affected much.

Optimization and Validation of Microstrip Patch Antenna for Endoscopy Application

201

4 VALIDATION USING LINK

BUDGET

Using implanted transducers, a biomedical telemetric

link enables remote physiological assessments.

Consequently, a trustworthy channel of

communication is necessary between the patient's

external controlling and/or monitoring equipment and

the in-body device. However, a number of losses,

including route loss, reflection, absorption (Zada and

Yoo , 2018), and polarisation mismatch losses (Shah

and Yoo , 2018), make it difficult to guarantee the

communication link's robustness. We attributed the

highest value of polarisation losses in our connection

analysis to the use of a linearly polarised antenna,

which is capable of changing orientation as it passes

through the GI tract. Additionally, implantable

devices have limited input power and effective

isotropic radiated power (EIRP) to prevent safety

concerns and interference with adjacent devices using

the same frequencies. As a result, for the 402 MHz

and 915 MHz bands, respectively, the EIRP must be

less than or equal to the EIRP

max

= -16 dBm and 36

dBm. Compared to higher frequencies, the signal

travels through the body more consistently at lower

frequencies. Therefore, deep skin implantations and

GI applications are better suited for lower

frequencies. Endoscopic devices may have additional

power limitations due to their electronic circuitry and

batteries than EIRPs (Faisal and Yoo , 2019). The

devices of the endoscopic capsule type employ 20

mW silver oxide batteries, which can constantly

supply the circuit with 3V at 55 mAh for 8–10 hours.

The transmitter power (P

t

), which is less than the

maximum permitted input power (determined using

the maximum SAR values), is kept at -4 dBm in

consideration of these difficulties. Because high data

rates are necessary for capsule endoscopy in order to

transport high-quality images to the external base

station, the value of Br is taken to be 1 Mb/s. In order

for the endoscopic antenna and external device to

create a reliable communication link, the antenna

power (A

p

) must to be greater than the needed power

(R

p

). The following is a method for calculating A

p

and

R

p

values:

A

p

(dB) = P

T x

+ G

T x

+ G

Rx

− L

f

− P

L

, (4)

R

P

(dB) = Eb /N

o

+ KT

o

+ B

r

, (5)

Table 2: Antenna Parameters in Different Tissues at Different frequencies (Without EBG) (1 Watt I/p Power)

Parameters Eso

p

ha

g

us Stomach Small Intestine Lar

g

e Intestine

4.3 GHz 6.6 GHz 4.3 GHz 6.6 GHz 4.3 GHz 6.6 GHz 4.3 GHz 6.6 GHz

|S11|dB -10.76 -15.34 -9.239 -23.55 -6.102 -4.459 -7.17 -5.077

BW

3dB

(

MHz

)

170 760 160 930 140 340 150 390

Fractional

BW (%)

3.96 11.51 3.71 14.13 3.24 5.11 3.48 5.90

Radiation

Efficiency

(

dB

)

6.38 95.65 5.40 96.09 1.27 35.18 5.10 61.43

Maximum

Gain (

d

B)

-13.75 -18 -12.25 -22.15 16.60 -22.25 -11.70 -11.25

Max. SAR

[W/kg]

0.079 40.8 0.0045 7.54 1.368 1050 234 208

Radiated

power

(Mw)

0.430 276.4 0.372 372.01 9.483x10

-

5

234.05 0.388 79.75

Accepted

Power

(

Mw

)

6.738 288.99 6.884 387.12 7.41 665.21 7.60 129.81

Peak

Gain(dBi)

0.108 1.6035 0.0688 1.6794 0.0309 0.6130 0.1389 1.1951

Front to

b

ack ratio

2.385 1.068 1.2529 1.1004 1.4126 1.7683 2.3193 1.4425

Peak

Directivit

y

1.702 1.6764 1.274 1.7476 2.4188 1.7425 2.7225 1.9452

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202

Table 3: Antenna Parameters in Different Tissues at Different Frequencies (With EBG) (1Watt I/p Power)

Parameters Eso

p

ha

g

us Stomach Small Intestine Lar

g

e Intestine

f

r

(

GHz

)

3.62 4.84 3.62 4.84 3.62 4.84 3.62 4.84

|

S11

|

dB -3 -3.1 -10 -11.06 -8.06 -8.09 -8.5 -7.01

BW

3dB

(MHz) 700 420 370 360 360 340 370 410

Fractional BW

(

%

)

10.66 9.37 9.67 8.12 7.89 9.89 7.23 8.23

Radiation

Efficiency (%)

12.3 93.12 2.40 26 2.38 26 12.15 22.95

Maximum Gain

(dB)

-28 -29.60 -26.75 -30.30 26.70 -30.30 -27.75 30.25

Max. SAR

[W/k

g

]

0.127

1.78 0.0045 7.45 1.368 2.45 1.06 57..22

Radiated

p

ower

(

mW

)

1.798 24.52 0.325 2.89

0.324

2.89 1.76 2.78

Accepted Power

(mW)

14.56 26.33 13.5 11.14 13.7 11.14 14.5 12.14

Peak Gain(dBi) 0.211 2.18 0.042 0.68 0.043 0.68 0.20 0.61

Front to back

ratio

1.065 1.03 2.56 1.11 2.55 1.11 1.13 1.15

Peak Directivit

y

1.72 2.34 1.77 2.62 1.81 2.62 1.69 2.66

Table 4: Comparison of SAR reduction by using EBG Method

Parameters Eso

p

ha

g

us Stomach Small Intestine Lar

g

e Intestine

f

r

(

GHz

)

4.3 6.6 4.3 6.6 4.3 6.6 4.3 6.6

Max. SAR [W/kg]

Without EBG

0.145 1.17 38.45 59.47 41.34 1050 234 208

Max. SAR [W/kg] With

EBG

0.127 0.198 0.0045 7.54 1.368 25.45 1.06 51.22

Reduction in SAR % 13.79 83.07 99.98 87.32 96.69 97.57 99.54 75.37

where G

Rx

, G

Tx

, and P

Tx

stand for the receiver

antenna's gain, transmitter power, and transmitter

gain, respectively. Receiving antenna is placed on

body near esophagus (approximately 5 cm distance

from transmitting antenna) which is moving through

GI tract. As the transmitting antenna moves

through stomach, small intestine, large intestine the

distance increases. Figure 8 shows the plotted

connection margins for the stomach, large intestine,

and small intestine. Table 5 shows that the value of

G

Tx

varies depending to the implantation scenario,

whereas the value of G

Rx

is thought to be constant at

0.042 dBi. The free space and polarisation mismatch

losses are represented by L

f

and P

L

, respectively. In

general, the distance (d) between the transmitter and

the receiver determines L

f

. The following formulas

can be used to calculate this loss:

L

f

(dB) = 20 log (4πd/ λ ) (6)

In equation (5), the optimal phase shift keying,

temperature, Boltzmann constant, and data rate are

denoted by Eb/N

0

, K, T

0

, and B

r

, respectively.

Table 5: Key factors taken into account for link budget

analysis.

Parameters Value

Resonance frequency f

o

(GHz)

3.62/4.84

Noise power density N

o

(

dB/Hz

)

-203.93

Transmitter power P

Tx

(dBm)

-4.33

Polarization mismatch

loss P

L

(dB)

1

Temperature T

o

(Kelvin) 273

Free space path loss L

f

(

dB

)

Distance dependent

Transmitter antenna gain

G

T x

(

dBi

)

Scenario dependent

Receiver antenna gain G

Rx

(dBi)

0.042

Boltzmann Constant

K

1.38 × 10−23

Available

p

ower A

P

(

dB

)

Distance de

p

endent

Bit rate B

r

(

Mb

p

s

)

1

Required power R

P

(dB) -134.64

Margin A

p

-R

p

(dB) Fig. 8

Optimization and Validation of Microstrip Patch Antenna for Endoscopy Application

203

Table 5 contains a list of all the previously

discussed parameters together with their values used

to calculate the connection. The suggested

endoscopic antenna has been shown to reliably

transmit data across a distance of over 25 cm at 20 dB

margins for both frequencies in a variety of implanted

circumstances.

(a)

(b)

Figure 8: Link budget analysis at 1 Mbps in different

implanted organs (a) 3.62 GHz (b) 4.84 GHz.

5 CONCLUSIONS

The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is the most

important factor to consider. Because the absorption

of harmful electromagnetic waves can cause serious

injury to the human body. Especially when designing

antennas for wearable technology or cell phones that

come into direct touch with the human body. It is

possible to reduce the SAR value by adjusting a

number of parameters, such as antenna position, size,

and thickness. The EBG substrate is the most

effective method. But when using this method to

reduce the SAR value, it's important to keep in mind

other important factors that affect the antenna's

performance, like impedance matching, which

provides high efficiency, reduces the size of the

antenna, makes it more compact and robust, and

integrates with the existing RF circuit components.

The proposed antenna is only 1.26 percent of the

capsule's volume, measuring 40 mm3 (10 mm × 10

mm × 0.4 mm). The resonant frequencies are around

4.3 GHz and 6.7 GHz, with a -3 dB bandwidth of

roughly 20.4 MHz and 950 MHz, respectively.

Having numerous resonant frequencies has the

benefit of allowing the proposed single antenna to

cover the whole GI system, even if the dielectric

constant changes throughout the GI tract. Different

antennas are required for various GI tracts in the

literature currently under publication. The radiation

pattern is omnidirectional and circularly polarized in

the biological model. The highest recorded radiation

efficiency was 95.65%. Additionally computed for

the purpose of biocompatibility analysis, the GI tract's

SAR value is within the well limit. PSO aids in

lowering the SAR by optimizing the EBG structure's

dimensions. Table VI shows a considerable drop in

SAR values at each level of the GI track. The gearbox

won't be impacted by the EBG structure's little

reduction in gain because the radiated power and,

consequently, radiation efficiency, are within a

reasonable range. The fractional BW is not much

affected. The link budget and SAR analysis were

conducted to ensure the reliability of the wireless link

and user safety, respectively.

6 FUTUTRE SCOPE

Additional body parameters may be included in

channel modelling of communication for more

accuracy purpose.

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