A Comprehensive Survey: 6G for V2X Scope, Use Cases, Challenges and

Enabling Technologies

Dhanashree Suhas Jadhav

and Pallavi Sapkale

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, K.C. College of Engineering, Thane, India

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology,

Dr. D.Y. Patil Deemed to be University, Nerul, India

Keywords:

Blockchain, Intelligent Reﬂecting Surfaces (IRSs), Quantum Computing, Sixth-Generation (6G)-V2X,

Terahertz (THz), Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X).

Abstract:

As the number of consumers and network tools in a wireless environment are growing by each passing epoch

accompanying the exercise of Internet of Things (IoT), the demand for extreme data rates and services is like-

wise growing. 6G was imported accompanying the aim of extreme data rates, energy efﬁciency and reliability.

Integrating 6G accompanying Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) surroundings will provide aids to more consumers

in addition to reconstructing the reliability and adeptness of the network. The role of V2X is for the most part

to prevent sudden interruptions in the consumer connectivity and still improves privacy. 6G-V2X will help

transform conveyance holes by enhancing the connectivity, security and effectiveness of the vehicular com-

munication networks.

1 INTRODUCTION

5G technology was invented to support high data rates

(upto various Gbps) and upgraded capacity in addi-

tion to combining various IoT (Internet of Things) de-

vices and users. It has a theoretical data rate peak at

20 Gbps and again pledged lower latency that com-

pletely improved the mathematical occurrences like

wager, video conferencing and self-compelled vans.

The introduction of 5G technology heralds a revo-

lution in communication engineering by providing

unseen changes to improve efﬁciency, performance,

and connection in many ﬁelds (R. Khan and Liyan-

age, 2020). The various technologies that guide

5G are Millimeter-wave communication, High-band

spectrum, Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output

(Massive MIMO) technology etc. The implemen-

tation of these technologies accompanying 5G en-

sures embellished data rates, energy effectiveness, up-

graded throughput and ultra-low latency.

In future, V2X communications will have a vital

role in the manufacturing of smarter and autonomous

vehicles. Extensive research is being conducted in

these networks as they have the capability to en-

hance the driving experience and safety of road users

(De Saint Moulin, 2024). . Fig 1 displays the differing

progresses in Vehicular communications, Vehicle-to-

Figure 1: Various vehicular communications

Pedestrian (V2P), Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-

Infrastructure (V2I) and over a natural network (V2N)

communications (M. Z. Chowdhury and Jang, 2020).

V2X communications ﬁnds its applications in vari-

ous infotainment, safety and non-safety services. The

aim of safety aids is to search out underrate acci-

dents.When each car that is linked to the Internet in

the network is viewed as a node, the network is called

IoV (Internet of Vehicle), which is the integration

of the Internet of Things (IoT) in automobiles. IoV,

which blends IoT and vehicular networks, is regarded

as a few of the most lately investigated ﬁelds. This ca-

pability positions V2X communications at the core of

intelligent transportation systems (ITS) for connected

vehicle environments (Sunuwar and Kim, 2024).

Two fundamental radio access technologies—one

Jadhav, D. S. and Sapkale, P.

A Comprehensive Survey: 6G for V2X Scope, Use Cases, Challenges and Enabling Technologies.

DOI: 10.5220/0013607200004664

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Futuristic Technology (INCOFT 2025) - Volume 2, pages 917-922

ISBN: 978-989-758-763-4

917

based on cellular (C-V2X) and the other on Wi-Fi

(IEEE802.11p)—are ultimately enable V2X commu-

nications (A. Alalewi and Cherkaoui, 2021). Vehic-

ular routes established by V2X demand extreme re-

liability, depressed latency and extreme throughput.

Therefore, 5G-V2X was grown as a resolution to

the necessities of V2X systems for information ex-

change. It supports device-to-network communica-

tion that considerably helps in the growth and variety

of V2X requests. The various methods that help in the

exercise of 5G-V2X are enhanced Mobile BroadBand

(eMBB) and Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Com-

munications (URLLC). 5G-V2X poses challenges in

allure arrangement in miscellaneous surroundings,

system distribution, freedom and privacy. Moreover,

the 6G network may be used to combine the various

miscellaneous atmospheres.

Inorder to meet the necessity of 6G inside Artiﬁ-

cial Intelligence (AI), Blockchain, Intelligent Reﬂect-

ing Surfaces (IRS), Quantum Computing (QC), Con-

volutional Neural Networks (CNN), Terahertz (THz)

and Visible Light Communication (VLC) spectrums

maybe valuable. Blockchain may be implemented

in a well delivered network surroundings and fur-

ther supports enough security. QC aims at providing

greater computational competence and security. THz

spectrum ideas determine intensely extreme through-

put and range for the network. As 6G aims at provid-

ing aids in various surroundings, then integration of

cloud computing and edge computing is favored for

faster computing, enhanced security and low opera-

tional cost.

2 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF

V2X TECHNOLOGIES

V2X communication technology was introduced as

4G-V2X and it focused primarily on safety-critical

applications like collision avoidance and trafﬁc alerts.

4G-V2X was also known as LTE-V2X (Long Term

Evolution V2X). Later 5G V2X (Near Radio (NR)-

V2X) was introduced which provided improved data

rates, reduced latency and also supported autonomous

driving and Intelligent Transportation Systems. Re-

cently researchers are focusing on development of

6G-V2X which is expected to revolutionize V2X

communications by integrating it with AI, providing

ultra-low latency and global coverage through satel-

lite integration. Table 1 illustrates the brief compari-

son of the above listed technologies.

3 EVOLUTION OF 6G-V2X

Advances in wireless telecommunications today

have allowed honest-time facts exchange between

vehicle-to-passenger (V2P), vehicle-to-vehicle

(V2V), vehicles-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-

networks (V2N). V2X communication networks can

be deployed in infotainment, safety and non-safety

services. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)

use non-secure duties to correct the adeptness of ex-

isting relations and enhance trafﬁc management, with

lowering trafﬁc impacts to a degree accidents and

their impact on the surroundings (M. Z. Chowdhury

and Jang, 2020).

5G uses three main strategies at the radio level:

more resource utilization, resource reuse, and im-

proved spectral efﬁciency. For example, Full Du-

plex (FD) improves data rates, ﬂexibility and relia-

bility of vital range distribution, and enables concur-

rent broadcast/gathering. NR V2X provides a better

act accompanying improved aids. The upgraded act-

ing is achieved through exhaustive assets in hardware

and ﬁttings, and adopts a coat with metallic material

guidelines and design processes that form the basis

of LTE-located V2X. At the same time, the number

of driverless machines will be necessary to increase

rapidly from now on on account of urbanization, im-

proved behaviors, and mechanics.

Fifth Generation New Radio (5G NR)-V2X was

presented in 2018 with the goal of fostering enhanced

V2X aids, like driver assistance and remote driving,

amid others. Two more signiﬁcant considerations that

affect legal utilization of V2X technology are pub-

lic consensus and government management. Due to

urbanization, raised living guidelines, and mechanics

progressing the number of independent tools will in-

crease quickly from now on. Moreover, as the de-

mand for looming duties in Autonomous Vehicles

(AVs) is rising, new ideas challenges to the V2X net-

work have arised. 5G NR-located V2X networks are

weak and hence 6G-V2X networks must be organized

skillfully in order to satisfy a wide range of require-

ments and use cases.

In addition, there is an increasing demand for

more aids for independent cars, from 3D counsel-

ing that determines deeper and better perceptibil-

ity, to holographic control arrangements, and revised

amusement and automobile factual ﬁlm or tv presen-

tation methods. This will produce new ideas and

challenges to V2X networks (F. Tariq and Debbah,

2020), (I. F. Akyildiz and Nie, 2020). All these hap-

penings will harshly limit the potential of existing

wireless networks and will cause new research chal-

lenges and challenges for transport networks in con-

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Table 1: Comparative Analysis of various V2X Technologies

Aspect 4G-V2X 5G-V2X 6G-V2X

Standardization 3GPP Release 14/15 3GPP Release 16/17 Under development

(post-Release 18)

Frequency Bands Sub-6 GHz Sub-6 GHz,mmWave Sub-THz,Terahertz

(THz)

Data Rate Up to 100 Mbps Up to 10 Gbps less than 1 Tbps

Latency approx. 30 ms less than 10 ms less than 1 ms

Communication Types V2V, V2I, V2P V2V, V2I, V2P, V2N V2X

Key Features Basic safety applica-

tions

High-reliability, low

latency applications

AI-driven, highly re-

liable network appli-

cations

Scalability Limited Improved Massive scalability

Applications Trafﬁc Safety Autonomous driving,

smart mobility

Fully autonomous

systems

ditions of data rates, latency, inclusion and transport

networks. Energy/cost adeptness, data, cooperation

and freedom, etc. and by what method to employ the

ruling class.

Figure 2: Proposed 6G Technology

Figure 2 shows a 6G-V2X network that sup-

ports miscellaneous decision-making requests utiliz-

ing vehicular communication networks. For example,

drones and depressed-Earth orbit satellites can sup-

port V2X communication, serving to better communi-

cation conditions by providing seamless connectivity

in hybrid locations. Edge/cloud computing help V2X

communication networks achieve faster computing,

better decision-making, and longer battery life. Visi-

ble V2X communications using visible light commu-

nications (VLC) interoperate with existing RF com-

munications, for lower cost, lower data power con-

sumption, and improved reliability. To enable reliable

and real-time interchange of massive amounts of hap-

tic information, tactile communication entails incred-

ibly fast and low-latency connection (S. Tanwar and

Kumar, 2019).

4 6G-V2X TECHNOLOGIES

To solve the earlier ambitious aims, 6G will demand

the uniﬁcation of a range of causing trouble tech-

nologies, containing stronger and adept air interfaces,

resource distribution, accountability, and calculating.

Different networking strategies for 6G scenarios are

needed to satisfy the demands of the network for 6G

and its diverse framework of autonomous devices,

which will make decision-making for future V2X net-

works easier (Orrillo H, 2024). There is a number of

important advancements that will enable the future of

6G-V2X as a creative, autonomous, consumer-driven

relationship and aid platform for ITS. With the help

of this novel idea, a network architecture that can be

modiﬁed and adjusted to suit the needs of various so-

cietal and industrial sectors would be feasible. We

will present these technologies in the following divi-

sions. We can distinctively categorize these technolo-

gies into two parts: one is Advanced V2X technology

and other is Evolving the same.

4.1 Advanced Technologies of Sixth

Generation-V2X

Here we focus on the hopeful revolutionary sciences

accompanying the capability to be utilized in 6G-

V2X.

4.1.1 Programmable V2X Network

In usual statistical theory about information process-

ing, the wireless channel is thought-out as an acci-

dent and impedance problem, but it is more attain-

able to limit the channel. One of the most nega-

tive attributes is named two-fold channel selection

(that is, period and commonness selection), that is

A Comprehensive Survey: 6G for V2X Scope, Use Cases, Challenges and Enabling Technologies

919

extensive in ideas devices on account of the trans-

mitter capacity and/or recipient movement. Recently,

the meddling ideas of technologies called IRS have

happened to acquire more and more consideration,

that was earlier aimed at designing smart radios by

RF transmission waves. More speciﬁcally, IRS is

an photoelectric meta-surface instrument (containing

many small antennas accompanying joined circuits)

that can control the amplitude, phase, frequency and

also dissemination of wireless equipment to overcome

the losses of diffusion environments. RIS offers a

cost-effective alternative to traditional approaches by

leveraging its ability to reconﬁgure the wireless prop-

agation environment through the adjustment of phase

shifts (and/or amplitudes for active RIS) of reﬂect-

ing elements (J. Kim and Chung, 2024). Thus, the

IRS helps in achieving higher rates, provides contin-

uous assistance and prevents interruption of the con-

nection.

4.1.2 Blockchain-Assisted V2X

The application of V2X networks majorly relies on

better security through bulk messaging and authen-

tication. Taking this into account leads to new lim-

itations on resource allocation in V2X networks.

For example, while the target important messages

need to have highly robust security against mali-

cious attacks or tampering, multimedia information

only needs intensive security as it is big data. Both

the security systems result in various models, net-

work/communication strategies, and energy/spectrum

allocation methods. 6G-V2X can utilize blockchain,

which is considered a disruptive technology for secure

transactions within a network which involves multi-

ple parties. In contrast to existing privacy and se-

curity solutions, the incorporation of blockchain can

enable numerous advancements in safety and conﬁ-

dentiality without requiring consent for third parties

(D. C. Nguyen and Seneviratne, 2020). Based on the

blockchain technology, (Z. Ying and Yi, 2019) pro-

vides a dynamic self-driven vehicle platoon monitor-

ing that permits efﬁcient handling of the Join/Leave

element and guarantees the platoon leader’s proﬁt.

Blockchain-based security solutions (such as smart

contracts or consensus strategies) in 6G-V2X should

not only verify the authenticity of messages, but also

protect the privacy of mail (J. Kang and Niyato,

2019), (A. Yazdinejad and Choo, 2019). 6G-V2X can

also beneﬁt from the blockchain-based spectrum shar-

ing method, which can provide safer, smarter, low-

cost and efﬁcient shared spectrum sharing (Zhang,

2019).

4.1.3 Terahertz-Assisted V2X Networks

Terahertz assisted communication networks operate

in the terahertz range (0.1–10 THz) and are consid-

ered a hopeful habit to relieve the growing blockage

in the reduced-commonness spectrum (I. F. Akyildiz

and Nie, 2020). Terahertz transport can inﬂuence the

chance of ultra-wideband communication with data

rates ranging from a great number of gigabits per sec-

ond to various terabits per second. This raised com-

petition will support various new V2X uses, to a de-

gree high-speed data and vehicular transport. Since

terahertz media can transmit data over long distances

without the requirement of cables, they can be used in

aviation. It is mainly used to characterize and accept

terahertz wireless transmissions, especially in miscel-

laneous V2X networks such as highways, cities, and

automobiles. One of the key challenges of 6G-V2X

advocating terahertz is the appropriate use of cellular

and terahertz communication networks.

4.1.4 Quantum Computing-Based V2X

Numerous studies suggest Quantum Computing to be

one of the novel technologies for generic 6G wire-

less communications (F. Tariq and Debbah, 2020),

(I. F. Akyildiz and Nie, 2020). It will take several

years to reach a consensus, though, as quantum com-

puting continues to be in its infancy. As a result, quan-

tum computing could potentially have an essential

role in the development of 6G or even in technologies

coming after 6G. However, even though few forms of

quantum computing may be applicable for 6G com-

munication, they are not still applicable to V2X net-

works. Quantum computing is a suitable technology

to reinforce the security of 6G-V2X communication

networks because it has a security property named

quantum entanglement and it cannot be replicated or

achieved without tampering.

4.2 Evolving Technologies for 6G-V2X

We outline a variety of newly emerging technologies

in this area. Due to substantial research and prior im-

plementation, these technologies have acquired a cer-

tain level of maturity; however, continued develop-

ment is crucial to their use in 6G-V2X.

4.2.1 Hybrid RF-VLC V2X System

The automobile and its passengers are anticipated

to receive exceptionally high data speeds and ex-

tremely low latency in 6G-V2X (W. Saad and Chen,

2020). However, traditional RF-vehicular communi-

cation typically suffers from severe interference, low

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920

packet delivery rates, and substantial latency in ex-

tremely crowded networks, hence this cannot be ac-

complished with Radio Frequency (RF)-assisted V2X

communication. By getting beyond the limitations of

RF-based V2X communications, VLC can enhance

the capability of V2X communication networks. Both

radio and visible light waves can be employed as a

wireless communication channel in vehicle networks,

which might be accomplished via an integrated struc-

ture of RF and VLC-based V2X communications.

Interoperability and deployment concerns between

VLC and RF technologies are among the many un-

resolved challenges that must be addressed in order

to achieve hybrid RF-VLC V2X. Consequently, these

problems need to be appropriately resolved prior to

using VLC in 6G-V2X systems.

4.2.2 Large-Scale Non Orthogonal Multiple

Access

6G-V2X demands large connectivity to guarantee re-

liability, and availability of V2X messages. This al-

lows afﬁliated vehicles to steadily learn and interact

accompanying their environment for a holistic knowl-

edge and security. One of the possible technolo-

gies for 6G-V2X networks that can meet these spec-

iﬁcations is NOMA. NOMA exists in two primary

forms: energy domain NOMA (S. M. R. Islam and

Kwak, 2017), (Y. Liu and Hanzo, 2017) and code

domain NOMA (Liu and Yang, 2021). NOMA is

used to obtain extreme-low latency for large connec-

tivity while offering large spectral coverage. In fact,

NOMA can powerfully complement other 6G-V2X-

authorized networks mentioned above for V2V and

V2I applications.

4.2.3 Advanced Resource Allocation

Radio Resource Management (RRM) plays an impor-

tant role in addressing the QoS necessities of 6G-V2X

networks, particularly for advanced V2X uses. In a

cellular V2X network, the base stations are often in

charge of RRM (Noor-A-Rahim, 2022). However,

RRM in 6G-V2X networks faces many serious chal-

lenges. As said earlier, 6G-V2X networks demand di-

versiﬁed radio networks to specify the necessary QoS.

When making RRM decisions, resources for various

communication networks must be considered. Smart

schemes are required that incorporate multiple capa-

bilities (eg; higher mmWave rates and better depend-

ability below 6 GHz). A modern budgeting system

that can be built to support contextual understanding

and design processes is needed. For V2V and V2I

communications, a hybrid RRM architecture that al-

locates shared resources and radio to linked cars can

be created. Additionally, the problem of future ra-

dio channel overload will be made severe by the high

volume of data interchange and the growing need for

bandwidth (M. Herbert and Bokor, 2020).

5 CONCLUSION

The possible limitations in the deployment of 6G-

V2X communication network are discussed in the

section. Integrating Artiﬁcial Intelligence (AI)- Ma-

chine Learning (ML) with 6G-V2X technology intro-

duces the difﬁculty in selection of datasets for training

of the model which will eventually decide the learning

technique used. Also the hyperparamters like learn-

ing rate need to be selected wisely as it will decide

how quickly or slowly the model convergence will

take place. Privacy and Security concerns need to be

considered before deployment of the communication

network. A good ML approach shall include train-

ing, testing, and validation phases, as well as dataset

protection and conﬁdentiality.

6 CHALLENGES IN

DEPLOYMENT OF 6G-V2X

By enumerating the features, applications, and bene-

ﬁts of 6G-V2X networks which surpass those of 5G,

we have presented a number of important, cutting-

edge, and developing technologies in the proposed

work. Major developments, obstacles, and the possi-

ble future reach of each advanced and evolving tech-

nology are covered. We anticipate that this paper

will give professionals and researchers the essential

knowledge about 6G-based V2X, which will foster in-

novation and research opportunities for the technolo-

gies involved.

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