EcoSmart Irrigation: Harnessing Treated Wastewater for IoT

Integrated Agriculture

Yagnesh Dawankar, Ansh Kumar, Sayam Chavan and Manoj S. Kavedia

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering (EXTC),

Thadomal Shahani Engineering College Mumbai, India

Keywords: Treated Wastewater, IoT, Sustainable Irrigation, Precision Agriculture, Water-Use Efficiency, Smart

Irrigation, Real-Time Monitoring, Water Conservation, Soil Moisture, Food Security, Climate Resilience.

Abstract: With the increasing demand for water globally and complications caused by climate change, advanced

technologies need to be integrated into the agricultural sector for sustainable management of water. EcoSmart

Irrigation applies treated wastewater in conjunction with IoT technologies, providing an innovative way of

optimizing the efficiency of water usage in agriculture. The current research aims to study the feasibility and

benefits of treated water as a source of irrigating water while integrating IoT-based systems that will enable

real-time monitoring and automation of water distribution systems. Integration of IoT enables precise control

of soil moisture, crop health, and environmental conditions and thus optimizes irrigation processes to conserve

water while maintaining or improving crop yields. Additionally, the research study considers the

environmental and economic impacts of IoT-enabled water recycling irrigation systems, assessing how these

systems can support a decrease in freshwater consumption, improve water-use effectiveness, and improve

food security. EcoSmart Irrigation solves the needs of modern agriculture through a scalable and sustainable

model, allowing for the advancement of initiatives toward climate resilience and environmental stewardship.

1 INTRODUCTION

Water scarcity, exacerbated by rapid urbanization,

population growth, and climate change, has become

one of the most pressing global challenges. With

agriculture accounting for nearly 70% of global

freshwater consumption, there is an urgent need to

rethink water usage and implement sustainable

practices. One promising solution is the reuse of

treated wastewater for irrigation. This approach not

only reduces dependence on freshwater resources but

also promotes water recycling within a circular

economic model. By combining treated wastewater

with cutting-edge IoT technologies, EcoSmart

Irrigation presents a transformative, sustainable

method to meet agricultural demands while

addressing environmental challenges.

The cornerstone of this system is wastewater

treatment, which transforms municipal, industrial,

and agricultural discharge into a resource fit for

irrigation. Through primary filtration, biological

processing, and disinfection, harmful pollutants,

pathogens, and chemicals are removed, ensuring the

safety of treated water for crops and the environment.

This process provides a reliable and sustainable water

source, particularly in regions facing frequent

droughts or limited freshwater availability. However,

to maximize the potential of treated wastewater,

precise monitoring and control of its quality and

distribution are essential.

This is where IoT technologies play a pivotal role.

IoT-enabled systems can monitor key parameters

such as soil moisture, water salinity, nutrient content,

and weather conditions in real time. These insights

allow farmers to make data-driven decisions,

adjusting irrigation schedules and water application

rates based on crop and soil requirements. Automated

systems further enhance efficiency by remotely

controlling irrigation, optimizing water distribution

across vast agricultural fields, and minimizing

wastage. Real-time alerts ensure that only high-

quality treated wastewater is used, safeguarding both

crop health and environmental standards.

The integration of IoT with treated wastewater not

only improves water use efficiency but also enhances

crop yields by creating uniform growth conditions.

This synergy reduces the ecological footprint of

agriculture by minimizing freshwater abstraction and

910

Dawankar, Y., Kumar, A., Chavan, S. and S. Kavedia, M.

EcoSmart Irrigation: Harnessing Treated Wastewater for IoT Integrated Agriculture.

DOI: 10.5220/0013607100004664

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Futuristic Technology (INCOFT 2025) - Volume 2, pages 910-916

ISBN: 978-989-758-763-4

preventing untreated wastewater from entering

natural ecosystems. Additionally, the energy and

resources required for water pumping and treatment

are significantly reduced, contributing to lower

carbon emissions.

EcoSmart Irrigation also enables the collection

and utilization of historical data for predictive

analysis, allowing farmers to anticipate crop and

environmental conditions. This data-driven approach

empowers better long-term planning and resource

management, aligning with broader goals of

sustainability and resilience.

In summary, the union of treated wastewater with

IoT technologies represents a revolutionary leap

toward sustainable agriculture. By turning

wastewater into a valuable resource and employing

IoT for precision irrigation, EcoSmart Irrigation

addresses critical challenges of water conservation

and food security. This integrated system not only

optimizes water use but also promotes environmental

sustainability, offering a scalable and resilient

solution to the growing pressures of climate change

and resource scarcity. EcoSmart Irrigation is a

forward-looking model for a healthier and more

sustainable global food system.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Karpagam et al. (Karpagam, Merlin, et al. , 2020)

proposed an IoT-based smart irrigation system that

leverages sensors to monitor soil moisture and

automate water supply, thereby improving water

efficiency in agriculture. Obaideen et al. (Obaideen,

Yousef, et al. , 2022) provided a comprehensive

overview of IoT-based smart irrigation systems,

emphasizing their energy-saving capabilities and cost

efficiency. Alomar and Alazzam (Alomar and

Alazzam, 2018) introduced a smart irrigation

framework utilizing fuzzy logic controllers,

highlighting their ability to optimize water usage

under varying environmental conditions.

Srivastava et al. (Srivastava, Bajaj, et al. , 2018)

demonstrated the use of an ESP8266 Wi-Fi module in

a smart irrigation system, showcasing the module's

reliability in real-time data transmission for effective

decision-making. Meanwhile, J. G et al. (J. G M. N S.

S and A. S, 2020) designed an IoT-based system for

water filtration monitoring, focusing on real-time

quality control to ensure safe water consumption.

Similarly, Hong et al. (Hong, Kim, et al. , 2022)

developed a novel Arduino-based monitoring method

for water filters, enabling direct observation of filter

status via IoT integration.

Vaishali et al. (Vaishali, Suraj, et al. , 2017)

explored a mobile-integrated smart irrigation system

that combines IoT and GSM technology for remote

monitoring and control, emphasizing its practical

applications in areas with limited connectivity.

Kumar et al. (Kumar, Gouthem, et al. , 2021)

proposed a water quality control and filtration system

that utilizes IoT to maintain consistent water

standards for industrial applications. AlMetwally et

al. (AlMetwally, Hassan, et al. , 2020) introduced a

real-time IoT-based water quality management

system, which incorporates sensors to monitor key

parameters such as pH and turbidity.

Ragab et al. (Ragab, Badreldeen, et al. , 2022)

designed an IoT-based smart irrigation system that

uses cloud computing for data storage and predictive

analytics, demonstrating improved agricultural

yields. Varsha et al. (Varsha, et al. , 2021) presented

an IoT-enabled water quality monitoring solution

capable of identifying contaminants in real-time.

Similarly, Jha et al. (Jha, et al. , 2018) proposed a

smart water monitoring system for real-time water

quality and usage tracking, emphasizing its ability to

promote sustainable water consumption.

Ajith et al. (Ajith, Manimegalai, et al. , 2020)

developed a cloud-integrated IoT system for water

quality monitoring, allowing users to access data

remotely and make informed decisions. Gultom et al.

(Gultom, et al. , 2017) designed a smart water

sprinkle and monitoring system for chili plants,

incorporating IoT technology to automate water

delivery based on soil conditions. Singh and Ahmed

(Singh and Ahmed, 2021) conducted a systematic

review of IoT-based smart water management

systems, highlighting recent technological

advancements and identifying future research

directions.

Lim et al. (Lim, Tan, et al. , 2020) introduced an

IoT solution for point-of-use water filtration

management in residential and commercial settings,

which optimizes filtration processes based on water

demand. Velasco-Muñoz et al. (Muñoz, et al. , 2018)

provided a review of global research on sustainable

water use in agriculture, identifying key strategies for

improving water-use efficiency. Martínez et al.

(Martínez, Vela, et al. , 2020)explored the application

of IoT in wastewater treatment plants, demonstrating

its potential to enhance water quality monitoring and

management.

Razman et al. (Razman, Ismail, et al. , 2023)

proposed a water quality monitoring and filtration

system designed specifically for different water types

EcoSmart Irrigation: Harnessing Treated Wastewater for IoT Integrated Agriculture

911

in Malaysia, addressing local challenges in water

resource management. Another study by Velasco-

Muñoz et al. (Muñoz, et al. , 2018) performed a

bibliometric analysis on advances in water-use

efficiency in agriculture, identifying trends and

research gaps.

3 METHODS

3.1 System Overview

The Wastewater Filtration System can be said to be

doing a multi-tank sequential treatment for

wastewater to serve agriculture. The system has four

tanks: a pre-filtration tank, an aeration and

chlorination tank, a sedimentation tank and an UV

filtration tank, and a final water quality assessment

tank which automated the whole process with an

ESP32 microcontroller managing pumps, motors, and

sensors for this efficient operation. The system not

only provides the purifying ability to the water, but

also provides real-time feedback on the quality of

water using sensors for pH, turbidity, and total

dissolved solids (TDS).

3.2 Pre-Filtration (Tank 1)

The wastewater treatment system starts with Tank 1,

which is the pre-filtration unit. The pre-treatment

target of this tank is to remove larger solid particles

from the effluent. The pre-filtration tank construction

consists of three-layer materials performing each of

its different activities in the following ways:

1) Sand (Top Layer): The sand layer is the

first filtration medium removing

suspended particles from the water in

finer sizes. This will guarantee that when

the water goes out of Tank 1, the larger

part of the solids and suspended particles

shall be stopped.

2) Charcoal (Middle Layer): The second

layer is made up of activated charcoal,

which does a very important work of

adsorbing dissolved organic impurities,

odors, and some chemicals from the

water. Mainly, charcoal is used to

remove such contaminants that cause

bad odors and colors within the water.

3) Gravel and Pebbles (Bottom Layer): At

the bottom-most layer, the part is gravel

and pebbles affecting the final trapping

of the bigger debris and particles usually

found in waste. These typically include

organic matter, soil, and other solid

contaminants sized more than 1 mm.

After passing through these layers, water gets

filtered. The solid wastes are left behind which cannot

proceed to the next process. The filtered water is

carried to the aeration and chlorination tank termed as

Tank 2 with means of a pipe connecting both.

Figure 1: The Pre-filtration Tank

3.3 Aeration and Chlorination (Tank 2)

The water in Tank 2 is aerated and chlorinated

through two basic processes that effectively further

lessen biological contaminants and improve clarity in

water. Its parts include the following equipment:

1) Aeration Pump (A1): It is the process by

which oxygen is introduced into the

water, which is necessary in the aerobic

decomposition of organic matter.

Aeration serves to reduce the BOD of the

water so that this water becomes less

destructive to crops when used for

irrigation purposes.

2) Chlorination Mechanism (Servo Motor

SM1): A servo motor helps in the

rotation of a container with chlorine for

chlorination. This is done where the

motor rotates to an angle of 45 degrees,

hence controlling the release of chlorine

into the water. Chlorine then kills the

pathogens, bacteria, and other

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microorganisms that could be present in

the wastewater.

In a scenario where the float switch-L1 will

monitor the water level in Tank 2, this will trigger the

operation of the aeration pump (A1) for 90 seconds

following the threshold detection of water level by the

float switch. This will also trigger a movement of the

servo motor (SM1) of 45 degrees to release chlorine

into the water. The aerated and chlorinated water will

then be moved to tank 3 from where turning off the

aeration pump at 90 seconds will activate Water

Pump P1.

3.4 Sedimentation and UV Filtration

(Tank 3)

Tank number three involves sedimentation coupled

very interestingly with ultraviolet (UV) filtration,

further access in the purification of an already pure

water sample. Here are some processes that take place

in that tank:

1) Sedimentation: It is a natural settling process

where suspended particles in water may be

carried by gravity down to the bottom of the

tank as suspended solids. It removes those

contaminants as solids that escape extraction

in the previous stages already mentioned.

2) UV Filtration (UV Strip U1): This is an

ultraviolet filter, which has a strip that emits

UV (U1). This always exposes water to UV

light, which interacts with microbes' DNA.

This interaction with DNA prevents the

microorganisms from reproducing and thus

effectively disinfects pathogens causing

disease from the water.

The level of water in Tank 3 is controlled by the

float switch L2. When activated, it will automatically

turn on the UV strip to ensure that it plays at least 90

seconds for disinfecting action with a UV light over

water. So, after this time, water pump P2 will carry

the water into a final reservoir, i.e., tank 4.

3.5 Final Collection and Monitoring

(Tank 4)

This tank is the final collection point for the treated

water. After going through prefiltration followed by

aeration, chlorination, sedimentation, and UV

filtration, water is stored in Tank 4, where it will be

held for agricultural purposes. For this tank has been

installed continuous quality monitoring sensors that

measure and convey the information on state water

quality parameters:

1) pH Sensor: Measures the acidity or alkalinity

of the water, ensuring it falls within a range

suitable for irrigation purposes.

2) Turbidity Sensor: Indicates how cloudy or

hazy the water is, telling whether there are

any remaining suspended solids.

3) TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) Sensor:

Indicates the presence of total dissolved

solids concentration in the water, which is a

useful indication of the purity with respect to

the intended application in agriculture.

Here, a float switch (L3) is used to measure water

level in Tank 4. If L3 is triggered, indicating the tank

is full, Water Pump P2 shall shut down. At this

moment, the ESP32 microcontroller reads from pH,

turbidity, and TDS sensors. Thus, the values can

constantly be monitored through an LCD display

system positioned as stationed within the immediate

vicinity. It makes sure that the user frequently

receives updated information about the quality of

filtered water and makes corrective actions if

necessary.

Figure 2: Prototype with Tank 2,3 and 4 where aeration,

chlorination, sedimentation, and UV treatment take place.

3.6 Control Mechanism with ESP32

Microcontroller

The entire filtration system is managed through the

ESP32 microcontroller that controls pumps, motors

and sensors used in the system. The ESP32 is

programmed to carry out the following tasks:

1) Pump and Motor Control: A1 is the aeration

pump, P1 and P2 are the water pumps and

SM1 is the chlorination servo motor, which

are operated by microcontroller to turn on

and off these devices. All these components

are activated depending on the state of float

switches (L1, L2, L3) so that each process

follows the other.

EcoSmart Irrigation: Harnessing Treated Wastewater for IoT Integrated Agriculture

913

2) Timing and Sequencing: The ESP32 ensures

that the pumps and motors operate for

certain time durations including aeration and

UV filtration at 90 seconds. This timing is

quite important if one has to get the right

functioning of the system to the level of

purification that is required.

3) Sensor Data Acquisition: Finally, after

going through the filtration process, the

ESP32 queries the pH, turbidity, TDS

sensors of water quality. The

microcontroller reads the details captured by

the sensors and relays them onto the LCD

where the end user can make reference.

The possibility of using an ESP32 microcontroller

ensures that the filtration process is fully automated

so that the process is efficient, and one does not need

to over-insert their hands in the process. In addition,

the real time display of the water quality adds value

to the system since the users are in a position to see

the truth of the efficacy of the filter. As shown in the

flowchart of our system designed for water

purification for reuse in Fig. 3. The wastewaters first

flow through a layer of rocks, sand and charcoal to

remove large particles from the liquid. The system t

Figure 3: Flowchart of Stage 1

hen flows through an aeration chamber that has a

pump, servo motor and a float switch which help to

add air into the water so as to facilitate breaking down

of contaminants. Subsequently, the water is

disinfected under UV sterilization stage further and is

tested for TDS, turbidity and pH level is indicated in

an LCD panel. The water that passes through the

above conditions is channeled as clean water which is

going to be used next.

4 RESULTS

In this experiment, muddy water was used as input

and the efficiency of the performed wastewater

filtration system was analyzed. The water quality was

measured before and after treatment using three key

parameters: They include pH levels, turbidity and the

total dissolved solids (TDS). The findings with

regards to the input and output water are as follows:

The input water samples showed high turbidity

and high TDS, which suggest that the water quality in

the study area is not fit for irrigation. The pH level,

though slightly on the acidic scale, was also not ideal

for most crop production, which ranged between 6-7.

In the following study, the water passing through the

filtration system showed enhanced overall quality

with regard to the three aspects. It was brought to an

average pH of 6.8 which is considered appropriate in

the irrigational practice concerning most crops.

Turbidity was lowered from 120 NTU to 2 NTU

proving the effectiveness of the system in settling

particulate matter. Same way TDS also came down

from 867 ppm to 448 ppm which is suitable for

irrigation purposes as it should not exceed 500 ppm

in general.

Table

Comparison of water quality

Parameters Input water

(Muddy)

Output

water

(

Treated

)

Acceptable

range for

irri

ation

H 5.2 6.8 6.0-7.5

Turbidit

120 NTU 2 NTU < 5 NTU

TDS 867 ppm 448 ppm < 500 ppm

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4.1 Calculations

4.1.1 Calculation of pH:

𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 = 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 ∗



𝟑.𝟑

𝟒𝟎𝟗𝟓.𝟎



𝒑𝑯 =

(

𝟑.𝟑 ∗ 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆

)

4.1.2 Calculation of Turbidity:

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ∗ 

3.3

4095.0



𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 (𝑁𝑇𝑈) = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 ∗ 100

4.1.3 Calculation of TDS:

𝑇𝐷𝑆 = 𝛴 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 + 𝛴 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝑇𝐷𝑆



𝑚𝑔

𝐿



= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

× 𝐸𝐶 µ

𝑆

𝑐𝑚



1 mg/L = 1ppm

Table 2: Voltage to TDS, pH, and Turbidity

Voltage(V) TDS(ppm) pH Turbidity

(NTU)

0.0 0 pp

0.0 0 NTU

0.5 50

ppm

2.0 10 NTU

1.0 100

ppm

3.5 20 NTU

1.5 200

ppm

5.0 40 NTU

2.0 400 pp

6.5 60 NTU

2.5 600 pp

7.0 80 NTU

3.0 800 pp

8.0 100 NTU

3.5 900

ppm

9.0 120 NTU

4.0 1000

ppm

10.0 150 NTU

4.5 1200 pp

11.0 200 NTU

5.0 1500 pp

14.0 300 NTU

The findings suggest that the system was able to

treat high-turbidity, high-TDS and slightly acidic

water for irrigation purposes. The treated water pH,

turbidity level and TDS were identified to be in the

permissible limit for agricultural use indicating that

wastewater can safely be reused for irrigation after

the present treatment. The system shows strengths to

filter the polluted water and describe the water quality

in an instant by sensors’ feedback.

5 CONCLUSIONS

The wastewater filtration system that is earmarked for

application in agricultural application processes has

been seen to display a sound and efficient way of

addressing the issue of wastewater treatment using a

series of steps. Yes a whole sequence of aeration and

chlorination, sedimentation and UV filtration before

filtration will guarantee that no contaminants will

exist in the water for instance to guarantee water

quality for irrigation usage.

Upon integrating the ESP32 microcontroller, the

system acquires higher reliance and reduced

dependency on human input to gain high reliability in

the filtration process. Reminders like pH, turbidity

and TDS make it easier to monitor the quality of

water, this is important in Agricultural usage. The

feature of flexibility in design, with the elements and

stages of filtration help in easy scalability, depending

on the water treatment demand. The system also

demonstrates the effectiveness of recycling water by

employing water from a water treatment plant for

irrigation purposes on the environment thus making it

sustainable.

According to this regard, this system results in

being economically and readily suitable for

agriculture application for wastewater treatment, but

it offers quality standards of pure water through

automated processes and using real-time monitoring.

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