ESP32-Based Prepaid Electricity Energy Meter with Remote Monitoring

and Security Features: A Review

Santosh Kumar Tripathi

1 a

, Vaibhav Shukla

1 b

, Anusha Baranwal

2 c

, Anubhav Pandey

2 d

and

Vindu

2 e

Department of Electrical Engineering, Rajkiya Engineering College, Kannauj, U.P., India

B.Tech Scholar, Department of Electrical Engineering, Rajkiya Engineering College, Kannauj, U.P., India

Keywords:

Smart Energy Meter, ESP32 Microcontroller, Prepaid Energy Meter, Energy Theft Detection.

Abstract:

The inclusion of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in energy measurement systems has changed the mon-

itoring and management of electricity consumption in residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. Al-

though traditional meters are effective for basic operations, they are not enough to provide the advanced

features required by modern energy systems, such as real-time data collection, remote accessibility, and ad-

vanced security. This review focuses on ESP32 microcontrollers as a cost-effective and powerful platform for

next-generation smart energy meters. This article highlights information from the existing literature, includ-

ing dynamic tariff adjustment, fault detection, anti-theft mechanisms, and cloud-based applications through

platforms such as Thingspeak and Blynk. We are also looking at innovative features such as monitoring of

network trafﬁc. Research highlights the importance of visualizing real-time data to improve energy manage-

ment and user engagement, while theft detection and accurate billing are highlighted as key tools for reducing

energy losses, especially in developing regions. The review concludes by proposing a scalable and efﬁcient

ESP32-based IoT-enabled smart energy meter framework that integrates remote monitoring, data analysis and

automated control to address the limitations of traditional systems. This approach aims to provide a sustain-

able and safe solution for future power management needs.

1 INTRODUCTION

The advent of smart energy meters has changed the

way electricity consumption is managed and moni-

tored in the residential, commercial, and industrial

sectors. Traditional meters are functional but lack the

real-time data collection and remote control capabil-

ities required by modern energy systems. Integrating

Internet of Things (IoT) technology into energy me-

tering provides advanced features such as advanced

monitoring, accurate billing, and anti-theft protec-

tion. Among the important innovations in this ﬁeld,

ESP32 microcontrollers have emerged as a powerful

and cost-effective platform for developing the next

generation of smart energy meters.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4917-0110

https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8606-5436

https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4038-5272

https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1954-5654

https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2350-2408

The most recent smart meters surpass the poten-

tial of a smartphone-based wireless energy monitor-

ing system using the Blynk application. They go be-

yond basic electrical measurement and remote moni-

toring, dynamic tariff adjustment, fault detection, and

anti-theft mechanisms(Othman and Zakaria, 2020).

The author emphasized the importance of real-time

data representation in improving energy management.

Similarly, this paper has studied the use of ESP32

microcontrollers to monitor energy consumption via

a cloud platform such as Thingspeak and introduced

features that enable reliable data transmission and vi-

sualization(M. Anusha and Shaik, 2024).

Energy theft continues to be a serious challenge,

especially in developing regions. This paper has

launched a theft detection mechanism that allows

quick response to unauthorized power consumption

using the GSM (Global System for Mobile Commu-

nication) module built into the smart meter(J. As-

tronomo and Regidor, 2020), also highlighting the

role of IoT-enabled meters in reducing energy losses

778

Tripathi, S. K., Shukla, V., Baranwal, A., Pandey, A. and Vindu,

ESP32-Based Prepaid Electricity Energy Meter with Remote Monitoring and Security Features: A Review.

DOI: 10.5220/0013585500004664

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Futuristic Technology (INCOFT 2025) - Volume 1, pages 778-785

ISBN: 978-989-758-763-4

in smart cities(Q. Malik and Javed, 2019).

The modern energy meter is mainly used for re-

mote monitoring and control. In response to the

growing demand for transparency in energy consump-

tion (D. N. M. Rao and Mrudhula, 2023), this pa-

per has introduced an IoT-enabled smart energy me-

ter designed to provide accurate billing and real-time

usage tracking. Also shows how ESP32-based sys-

tems can improve user engagement by enabling real-

time monitoring to support energy-efﬁcient applica-

tions (A. S. Salunkhe and Patil, 2022).

Integration of ﬂaw detection algorithms in sys-

tems based on the Internet of Things (T. Tony and

Sasi, 2016) and the use of the MCP39F501 sensor to

monitor power is an example of innovative solutions

in this ﬁeld (G. Spasov and Tsvetkov, 2019). In ad-

dition, in order to ensure the adaptability to different

user requirements in IoT-based energy measurement

systems (Yaghmaee and Hejazi, 2018), emphasized

the importance of real-time connectivity and analyt-

ics.

Despite signiﬁcant progress and difﬁculties such

as non-standard calibration conditions (T. Hengyu

and Yuan, 2020) and the need for robust model de-

tection algorithms for the interpretation of accurate

energy data (N. Funde and Balande, 2018). It is im-

portant to address these issues because smart energy

meters are widely adopted and scalable in various op-

erational environments.

The ESP32-based prepaid electric power meters

with features like increased security and remote mon-

itoring are the main subject of this review. MQTT-

based cloud communication, theft detection, low bal-

ance alerts, and the integration of user-friendly charg-

ing mechanisms are some of the key discussion areas

that aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the

technology development, implementation strategies,

and challenges in designing such systems by integrat-

ing existing research. This makes ESP32 a smart me-

tering solution. It plays a signiﬁcant role in the sys-

tem’s creation and execution.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

The existing limitations in terms of traditional en-

ergy metering through manual reading and delay re-

porting are slowly getting integrated with the IoT-

based energy management system. Through ESP32

NodeMCU, in this very system, one can integrate

capabilities such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth; thus, the

system can support real-time data collection and re-

mote monitoring. For instance, the sensors for volt-

age and current like ZMPT101B and ACS712 are

well known for reliable measurements while also be-

ing read with very friendly-to-use interfaces, such as

LCDs, and even through Blynk mobile apps on var-

ious platforms. Automatic protection through over-

load protection and controlling the load from a dis-

tance would also characterize these systems, reducing

human intervention. This further leads to increased

efﬁciency in the transparency with regard to energy

use. Another interesting potential improvement in-

cludes secure integrations for payments, as well as

theft detection and other upgraded features, which can

arm the system with more robust safety features, such

as voltage anomaly detection (Mondal and Ch, 2022).

For instance, in the works of IoT-based energy man-

agement systems such as Smart Energy Meter and

Monitoring System Using IoT, various parts with a

prime objective of adding automation to monitoring

and control functions have been integrated. In such

part forms, there exist Arduino microcontrollers, en-

ergy meters, Wi-Fi modules, and relays, which en-

hance real-time monitoring of electricity consump-

tion, remote controlling of appliances through smart-

phone applications, and automated billing processes.

The data from current, voltage, and power is relayed

to the cloud for analysis, and the user can view his

consumption patterns on both mobile and web inter-

faces. A good advantage of these points is reduced in-

terference from humankind, greater transparency, and

ease of billing. Further development could include

enhanced safety features, some connectivity, and pos-

sibly more sophisticated analytics about the utiliza-

tion of the data in an attempt to consume energy bet-

ter and realize cost reduction (N. Sulthana and Kumar,

2020). In the paper titled ”Energy Meter Based Wire-

less Monitoring System Using Blynk Application via

Smartphone,” an IoT-based real-time energy moni-

toring system using an ESP32 microcontroller hav-

ing Wi-Fi communication is proposed. It facilitates

sharp communication with the Blynk application. Ba-

sic features include tracking of live power consump-

tion and alerts regarding usage of energy with the

backup power in case of a blackout. The applica-

tion can track the desired data such as RMS values,

current, voltage, and energy consumption in kilowatt-

hours. This system increases the awareness of users

and better decision-making capability through the his-

torical data of consumption. Future upgrades would

include AI techniques for prediction of energy bills

to ascertain the self-energization of smart cities with

minimum dependencies on personal meter readings

(Othman and Zakaria, 2020).

Electricity theft is a big issue to be countered by

utility providers. It characterizes much in terms of se-

vere losses and ineptitude in the process. The system

ESP32-Based Prepaid Electricity Energy Meter with Remote Monitoring and Security Features: A Review

779

proposed for detecting electricity theft is discussed

here by utilizing a GSM module and an alarm. The

anomaly-detecting capability of electricity utilization

has been based on the microcontroller along with an

integrated GSM module and alarm, which sends SMS

alerts along with raising an audible alarm. This sys-

tem, using sensors, microcontrollers, and GSM mod-

ules, makes it possible to monitor in real time and

know exactly when something is stolen. Analytical

results have proven it to be reliable, error-free, and

scalable to both domestic and industrial applications,

making it an effective loss-gain reduction utility man-

agement solution (J. Astronomo and Regidor, 2020).

The other paper described how the ever-present prob-

lem of energy theft has motivated a great amount

of research into ways of lowering losses from util-

ity systems at minimal cost. The paper ”Develop-

ment of Electricity Theft Detector with GSM Module

and Alarm System” is a microcontroller-based system

with a GSM module and alarms allowing the real-

time anomaly detection and SMS alerts sent to utility

providers; hence, it can be used as a scalable prod-

uct for domestic and commercial use. Similarly, Both

demonstrate energy management potential by im-

proving efﬁciency, reducing loss, and making modern

technologies available in scalable and cost-effective

manners (G. Spasov and Tsvetkov, 2019). Recent

studies discuss solutions for advanced technologies

in energy monitoring and management to facilitate

better efﬁciency, a reduction in costs, and allowance

for real-time monitoring. One paper illustrates the

microcontroller-based system embedded with GSM

along with an alarm mechanism to detect the electric-

ity theft with an SMS, besides audible alarms for real-

time alerts. Another paper, A Smart Solution for Elec-

trical Power Monitoring Based on the MCP39F501

Sensor, proposes an IoT-based system utilizing the

MCP39F501 sensor integrated with open-source plat-

forms such as ESP32-EVB and Raspberry Pi towards

real-time and historical energy data for it to be well-

suited for smart home energy management. Aside

from the papers above, in ”Arduino-Based Smart

Energy Meter using GSM, a smart meter with in-

stant billing and load management over remote has

been developed, which reduces running costs and en-

hances efﬁciency in its operations (H. K. Patel and

Goyal, 2019). Though many research works on ad-

vanced smart metering systems are performed with

an intention to enhance electric energy consumption

with reduced power in household applications, some

more focused research has developed recommenda-

tions and even suggested some approaches, includ-

ing one Modbus SDM 120 energy meter, Arduino

Uno microcontrollers, and RS485-to-TTL converters

for efﬁcient data communication. The system pro-

vides live energy monitoring and sends alerts through

Twilio messaging once the consumption breaks the

threshold that has been set, therefore improving user

awareness and energy management (C. Komathi and

Vignesh, 2021). The rapid development in the do-

main of smart energy monitoring shows how IoT tech-

nologies can be used to better manage energy use.

The paper ”Design and Implementation of an Inter-

net of Things-Based Smart Energy Metering” shows

a system that integrates the smartness from plugs,

gateways, and cloud servers for power consumption

surveillance and control in real-time. Key features in-

clude power usage tracking with associated cost esti-

mation and analytics suited to individual users with

the possibility of remote control of appliances dur-

ing peak times (Yaghmaee and Hejazi, 2018). The

other paper described about In a modern energy man-

agement system, the integration of renewable energy,

smart appliance control, and bidirectional communi-

cation plays a signiﬁcant role. A smart meter is an

important component that allows real-time monitor-

ing and communication with the utility provider. Ad-

vanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)-enabled smart

meters can offer the capability to collect the data for

energy consumption correctly and free from manual

error while allowing dynamic pricing and demand re-

sponse programs. The advent of distributed genera-

tion (DG), where consumers generate their electricity

using renewable sources, has necessitated the devel-

opment of net meters. These devices measure bidirec-

tional energy ﬂows—tracking electricity consumed

from and exported to the grid. This system trans-

forms traditional consumers into ”prosumers,” foster-

ing renewable energy adoption while ensuring energy

balance in the grid. Net metering policies further in-

centivize this model by providing ﬁnancial beneﬁts

for excess energy contribution. However, issues like

grid cost recovery and user cross-subsidization have

called for ongoing policy discussions (T. Tony and

Sasi, 2016). The development of energy metering

systems has been driven by the need to address in-

efﬁciencies in traditional systems, to combat energy

theft, and to enhance general energy management.

Traditional metering systems, such as electromechan-

ical meters, relied on manual data collection and ex-

pressed energy consumption in terms of the rotation

of an aluminum disc. Inefﬁciencies were common

among these systems, including human error, logis-

tical challenges, and security vulnerabilities. Energy

theft, such as tampering or tapping, was a particu-

lar major issue that led to massive revenues losses

for utilities, mostly in developing countries. Second,

the reliance of this system on personnel to make me-

INCOFT 2025 - International Conference on Futuristic Technology

780

ter readings and cut supply connections made it both

very expensive and inefﬁcient. Here is where smart

energy meters come in, offering accuracy, security,

and efﬁciencies by combining digital and communi-

cations technologies. The AMI systems automated

data transmission to central servers and hence ob-

viated the necessity for manual readings and subse-

quently reduced the operational costs (A. S. Meter-

ing and Sandeep, 2017). Use of smart meter data is

the newer, non-intrusive methodology in the ﬁeld of

building management systems. Unlike infrared mo-

tion detectors and carbon dioxide monitors, earlier

methods require dedicated installations and mainte-

nance and are cost-effective and somewhat limited

in capability. Smart meters, on the other hand, have

achieved very wide usage in both residential and com-

mercial buildings; thus, this methodology integrates

more in it by utilizing already existing infrastructure.

This indicates that an activity in a building has some

power-consumption patterns—periodic peaks associ-

ated with high-power appliances and pulses when the

activity is high in a particular period. Such energy-use

patterns can be evaluated with techniques like pattern

recognition and machine learning to infer about the

occupancy of a building. However, renewable energy

systems installed into a building, such as photovoltaic

installations, cause a two-way nature in energy ﬂows.

Renewable energy generation causes ﬂuctuations in

the energy data, which needs to be accounted for to

avoid false positives or negatives in occupancy detec-

tion. Advanced algorithms differentiate between en-

ergy consumption caused by human activity and vari-

ations due to renewable energy production (A. Allik

and Pihlap, 2020). Recent studies discuss Smart en-

ergy metering systems have evolved a lot with the

integration of IoT and automation technologies. Al-

though traditional meters are workable for measuring

and billing energy consumption, they have their inef-

ﬁciencies, such as susceptibility to tampering and no

automation. Researchers have proposed IoT-enabled

solutions with features such as load management,

theft detection, and outage notiﬁcations using GSM

technology. However, such systems are limited in

the fact that they are not very precise in tracking the

locations of consumers or handling overload condi-

tions. Recent attempts have focused on the integration

of GPS modules and advanced microcontrollers such

as Arduino to improve functionality for better over-

load control and location-based services (Ntambara

and Umuhoza, 2021). Though many research works

on advanced smart metering systems are performed

Smart metering systems have evolved signiﬁcantly

to address the limitations of traditional methods like

manual meter reading (MMR), which required phys-

ical visits and was prone to inefﬁciencies and errors.

The introduction of electronic meter reading (EMR)

marked a shift towards automation, enabling remote

data collection through technologies such as radio fre-

quency (RF) communication. This was further ad-

vanced by Automated Meter Reading (AMR), which

facilitated real-time consumption monitoring and data

transmission via wireless or power-line communica-

tion. Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) built

upon AMR, incorporating two-way communication

between utilities and consumers, enabling features

like remote connect/disconnect, dynamic pricing, and

enhanced load management. These innovations not

only improved energy efﬁciency but also supported

the integration of renewable energy sources into smart

grids (N. S. ˇ Zivic and Ruland, 2015).

3 COMPARATIVE STUDIES

After analyzing various published research papers,

two primary approaches to energy metering services

have been identiﬁed: the conventional method and the

smart method. The conventional approach involves

the use of traditional electromechanical meters, while

the smart method primarily relies on IC-based me-

ters. Within the domain of smart energy metering,

signiﬁcant advancements have been made in develop-

ing GSM-based and IoT-based models.

4 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

Smart Energy Meters (SEM) are advanced systems

that provide real-time monitoring and management

of power usage. It integrates various components,

including energy measuring devices, communication

modules, and software platforms for data analysis and

calculations. The system is designed to improve en-

ergy efﬁciency, automate the billing process, and de-

tect anomalies in energy consumption, such as theft.

4.1 Proposed Methodology

The proposed ESP32-based prepaid electricity energy

meter system aims to leverage IoT technologies for

efﬁcient energy management and enhanced security.

Drawing insights from existing methodologies, the

system incorporates remote monitoring and control

capabilities through IoT platforms such as Blynk or

Thingspeak, enabling users to track real-time electric-

ity consumption and balance levels via mobile or web

interfaces. It employs GSM and Wi-Fi technologies

to facilitate remote balance recharges and automated

ESP32-Based Prepaid Electricity Energy Meter with Remote Monitoring and Security Features: A Review

781

Table 1: Comparison of Smart Energy Meters and Conventional Energy Meters.

Feature Smart Energy Meter Conventional Energy Meter

Data Collection Real-time data. Cumulative, static data.

Communication(Ntambara

and Umuhoza, 2021)

Two-way communication; Re-

mote (IoT, GSM, RF).

One-way communication;

Manual.

Monitoring and Con-

trol(R. Hariharan, 2022)

Allows remote monitoring of

energy usage through apps or

web portals.

Requires manual monitoring;

No remote control functional-

ity.

Billing(I. Mujawar and Karb-

hari, 2023)

Enables accurate and auto-

mated billing based on real-

time consumption.

Billing is based on manual

readings, prone to errors or de-

lays.

Energy Management(R. Hari-

haran, 2022)

Provides detailed insights into

energy usage patterns.

Only shows total energy usage;

Offers no insights for optimiza-

tion.

Integration Can integrate with smart home

systems and renewable energy

sources (e.g., solar panels).

Not compatible with smart sys-

tems.

Table 2: Comparison of IoT-Based SEM and GSM-Based SEM.

Feature IoT-Based SEM GSM-Based SEM

Connectivity(R. Hariharan,

2022)

Operates over broader net-

works, including Wi-Fi,

NB-IoT, or cloud-based sys-

tems.

Restricted to areas with GSM

coverage.

Features and Functional-

ity(Maity and Das, 2011)

Advanced features like real-

time energy monitoring; user-

friendly dashboards.

Basic functionalities like meter

reading and bill generation.

Scalability Highly scalable, suitable for

large-scale deployments.

Limited scalability, especially

for high-demand applications.

Cost(S. Kumar and Gill, 2023) Higher initial cost due to com-

plex hardware/software.

Lower initial cost, but recurring

SIM-related charges.

Use Cases(A. Allik and Pihlap,

2020)

Smart cities, smart homes, in-

dustrial automation.

Remote areas with minimal in-

frastructure.

Theft Detection(S. K. Tripathi

and Rawat, 2024)

Can detect instant energy theft. Does not support instant energy

theft detection.

notiﬁcations for low balance or disconnection events.

Security is enhanced through tamper-detection mech-

anisms and theft-reporting systems that identify and

alert users and service providers about unauthorized

activities. The system automates power manage-

ment by disconnecting and reconnecting supply based

on balance levels, ensuring uninterrupted operation

while preventing misuse. Data logging and analyt-

ics are integrated to provide detailed consumption in-

sights, enabling users to optimize energy usage and

supporting service providers in resource planning.

A user-friendly interface simpliﬁes monitoring and

recharge processes, making the system accessible for

diverse users. Designed for smart city integration,

the system contributes to energy-efﬁcient infrastruc-

ture with a cost-effective approach using ESP32 hard-

ware. Though in the conceptual stage, this method-

ology provides a robust foundation for future imple-

mentation and reﬁnement based on real-world feed-

back and testing.

4.2 Block Diagram of Proposed Work

Figure 1: Block Diagram(A. S. Salunkhe and Patil, 2022).

The block diagram shows a smart energy metering

system with an ESP32 microcontroller as the core.

The power supply powers all components, while the

INCOFT 2025 - International Conference on Futuristic Technology

782

energy meter measures real-time consumption and

sends data to the ESP32. Based on this data, the

ESP32 controls the relay unit to manage the load (ap-

pliances).

A sensor monitors parameters like tampering and

shares the data with the ESP32. An LCD displays en-

ergy usage and alerts, while a buzzer signals events

like low balance. The system also supports a mobile

app or web interface for remote monitoring, balance

recharging, and notiﬁcations via Wi-Fi or GSM, en-

suring efﬁcient energy management and security.

4.3 Flow Chart of Proposed Work

The meter is a smart prepaid energy system that mon-

itors electricity usage and manages supply based on

the balance. It keeps track of the remaining units

and alerts users when the balance is low. If the bal-

ance reaches zero, the meter automatically discon-

nects the power supply to prevent further usage. Upon

recharge, it restores the power supply and notiﬁes the

user in ﬁg. 2(b). The system is equipped with theft

detection capabilities, such as identifying bypass cur-

rents and responds by disconnecting the supply and

triggering an alert ﬁg 2(a). Real-time information,

like remaining units and consumption cost, is dis-

played on an LCD screen, while the system communi-

cates alerts and updates remotely and logs events for

future reference.

5 APPLICATIONS

• Allows users to monitor their electricity con-

sumption in real time(A. S. Salunkhe and Patil,

2022)(D. N. M. Rao and Mrudhula, 2023).

• Offers valuable insights into peak usage peri-

ods and areas of excessive energy consump-

tion.(A. Allik and Pihlap, 2020)(N. S. ˇ Zivic and

Ruland, 2015).

• Helps users track their electricity consumption in

real time(S. Kumar and Gill, 2023)(S. K. Tripathi

and Rawat, 2024).

• Provides insights into peak usage times and ex-

cessive consumption.

• Can integrate with platforms like Google Home,

Amazon Alexa, or other IoT-based smart home

systems(T. Tony and Sasi, 2016)(V. Phapale and

Jadhav, 2024).

• Users can automate actions such as turning off

lights or switching off high-power appliances

when consumption reaches a threshold(Ntambara

and Umuhoza, 2021)(M. Aboelmaged and Ghany,

2017).

6 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE

WORK

The ESP32 consumes more power than other micro-

controllers, especially when the Wi-Fi or Bluetooth

function is constantly active. This may lead to lim-

itations for battery-powered, low-power energy me-

ter applications. ESP32 relies primarily on Wi-Fi

for IoT connections, which may be unstable or inac-

cessible in some regions, resulting in data loss and

poor communication reliability. ESP32 relies pri-

marily on Wi-Fi for IoT connections, which may

be unstable or inaccessible in some regions, result-

ing in data loss and poor communication reliabil-

ity. Future efforts may focus on improving security

by integrating advanced encryption protocols, secure

boot mechanisms, and secure radio (OTA) ﬁrmware

updates to protect against possible cyberattacks and

data breaches.You can use edge calculation to address

transaction limitations. ESP32 can reduce bandwidth

usage and latency by processing the initial data pro-

cessing and analysis locally and sending only the rel-

evant or collected data to the cloud.

7 CONCLUSION

This review highlights the potential of an IoT-enabled

prepaid electricity meter using ESP32 to address inef-

ﬁciencies in traditional systems. Key features include

remote balance recharge, real-time monitoring, auto-

matic alerts, power control, and anti-theft detection.

With a user-friendly interface and data analytics, the

system improves energy management for users and

utility providers, offering a scalable, innovative solu-

tion for modern electricity challenges.

8 CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The authors declare that they have no conﬂicts of in-

terest.

ESP32-Based Prepaid Electricity Energy Meter with Remote Monitoring and Security Features: A Review

783

Figure 2: Flow Chart (a,b)(A. S. Metering and Sandeep, 2017).

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