Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Virtual/Augmented

Reality (VR/AR) for Advanced Training Tools: An Industry 5.0

Application - A Review

Ivan Ferretti

, Simone Zanoni

and Michele Costigliola

Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics,

University of Brescia, via Branze 43, 25123 Brescia, Italy

Keywords: Building Information Modelling (BIM), Virtual/Augmented Reality, Industry 5.0 Training.

Abstract: In recent years game engines, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and mobile devices are the

trending technologies used in the field of personnel training. The combination of these technologies allows to

provide highly effective and immersive training experiences for operators to develop their skills. In today's

evolving industrial landscape, the ability of workforce to manage complex and unforeseen scenarios, is

essential. In this paper we categorize the applications of these platforms and provide information on how these

technologies have been implemented. In particular, we study the implementations of Building Information

Modelling (BIM) combined to Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR) to provide highly effective training

experiences, by analysing in detail with 75 papers. Results show that the interoperability among different

software is crucial for achieving high level of realism in virtual training environments. In addition, as the level

of detail (LOD) increases, additional software is needed, increasing the effort to develop the simulation

environment.

1 INTRODUCTION

In the industrial business, to ensure high levels of

efficiency, workforce training is crucial. Operator

performance depends on their ability to respond to the

complex operating contexts and unexpected events

they face on daily basis. The demand for skilled

operators is always increasing, this led to foster the

introduction and development of advanced training

processes and technologies. This concept leads to the

human-centric approach of Industry 5.0. It promotes

the collaboration of humans with advanced

technologies such as artificial intelligence and

automation putting the well-being of workers at its

centre. Given this context, this paper aims to

investigate the applications of Building Information

Modelling (BIM) combined to Virtual/Augmented

Reality (VR/AR) to provide highly effective training

experiences, connecting digital and physical

environments, offering a safe, faithful and immersive

platform for operators to develop their skills. Through

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-4738

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5324-6117

a preliminary literature review, we propose a

systematic analysis of the characteristics and software

architectures of these solutions, the sectors involved

and the opportunity for adopting them in industrial

business. Many virtual design technologies, such as

BIM (Kiviniemi et al., 2011), game technologies

(Guo et al., 2011), VR (Hadikusumo and Rowlinson,

2002), AR (Mizuno et al., 2004), radio-frequency

identification devices, and Geographic Information

System were proposed for site hazard prevention and

safety management training. For example, by using

the virtual reality, the worker could learn the exact

risk in their job site. In this study the objective is to

evaluate the application of the BIM technology for

the definition of training scenarios by using VR

model.

The paper is organized as follows: in Section 1 we

introduce the definition of BIM and VR/AR, while

Section 2 presents the research process and method.

Section 3 offers the List of BIM-VR applications. In

section 4 we discuss about the research topic and

320

Ferretti, I., Zanoni, S. and Costigliola, M.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Virtual/Augmented Reality (VR/AR) for Advanced Training Tools: An Industry 5.0 Application - A Review.

DOI: 10.5220/0013564800003970

In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications (SIMULTECH 2025), pages 320-328

ISBN: 978-989-758-759-7; ISSN: 2184-2841

finally, Section 5 covers conclusions and suggestions

for discussion.

1.1 Introduction to Building

Information Modelling (BIM)

Associated General Contractors of America (AGC,

2005) defines BIM as “the development and use of a

computer software model to simulate the construction

and operation of a facility. The resulting model, a

Building Information Model, is a data-rich, object-

oriented, intelligent and parametric digital

representation of the facility, from which views and

data appropriate to various users’ needs can be

extracted and analysed to generate information that

can be used to make decisions and improve the

process of delivering the facility”. BIM is a

remarkable technology regularly employed in the

Architecture / Engineering / Construction (AEC)

industry (Yan et al., 2013). It was developed as a tool

for engineers to generate and manage building

information and facilitate three-dimensional design

(Lee et al. 2006). Nowadays, Building Information

Modelling (BIM) has been widely used to house a

broad spectrum of data relating to the lifecycle

activities of buildings including two more dimensions

such as planning (BIM 4D) and costs (BIM 5D). The

revised bibliography attributes the sixth BIM 6D

dimension to the model information in relation to the

energy efficiency and sustainability of the building

model in accordance with current legislation, NZEB

(Nearly Zero-Energy Building) but also for the

rehabilitation of existing buildings (Volk et al, 2014).

In early XXI the first historical building

information model (HBIM) was developed (Murphy

et al, 2009) like a new prototype-system of BIM, a

modelling of historic structures as parametric objects

in a database “library”. Specific HBIM made up on

existing historical buildings are able today to

encapsulate into their own database a high level of

multiple information, not only geometric but also the

ones about historic evolution, material composition,

stratigraphy, state of conservation, technological and

structural behaviour of elements. BIM platforms and

algorithms to organize a 3D database can be classified

generally according to their tools, the commercial

ones are: GraphiSoft ArchiCAD

, Autodesk Revit

Bentley MicroStation V8i

and Tekla Structures

Anyway, methods and tools of object recognition

differ due to geometric complexity of the building,

and applied capturing technique, data format, or

processing time (Volk et al. 2014). Processing and

recognition methods influence the data quality

through the deployed technique and the provided

Level of Development (LOD) related to

interoperability issue. (Volk et al. 2014). The

acronym LOD in the BIM context has different

interpretations in literature. The AEC (CAN) BIM

Protocol (2014) and AIA (2015) describe LOD as

Level of Development referred to the different phases

of construction. Consequently, the LOG (Level of

Geometry) and LOI (Level of Information) describe

each LOD, specifying the different details,

progressively required at the given phase of the

construction process. Establishing the level of detail

necessary for the representation of complex

architectural elements is one of the fundamental steps

in developing and optimizing procedural methods.

Potentially procedural modelling could significantly

reduce the investment normally required in digital

content modelling operations. One of the most

common solutions is therefore the recourse to

modelling tools external to BIM, in particular, the use

of Visual Programming Languages (VPL) tools, has

proven to be particularly effective in overcoming the

limitations imposed by standard modelling tools

when applied to complex elements that are not native

to BIM.

1.2 Introduction to Virtual and

Augmented Reality (VR/AR)

Virtual reality (VR) is a computer-generated scenario

that simulates a realistic experience through which

one interacts in a seemingly real or physical way

(immersion) using special electronic equipment

(Rheingold, 1991). VR has mainly been based on

interactive 3D graphics, user interfaces, and Visual

Simulation (VS) to display relevant data and analyses

on immersive spaces. Nowadays, Virtual Reality

(VR) allows the creation of large and complex

training environments; hence high-risk training can

be conducted in a safe and cost-effective way (De

Gloria et al., 2014). Through VR training

(Vahdatikhaki et al. , 2019), on-site safety awareness

can be remarkably improved. Statistics show that

labour trained via VR performs better in identifying

risks, with 20% more than those trained traditionally

during the training time (Rubio-Tamayo et al. 2017,

Ramsey, 2017). There are many differences between

virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and

mixed reality (XR). In VR, a complete imaginary 3D

environment can be created, while AR superimposes

the 3D digital information over the existing 3D

environment (Massimiliano et al., 2021). XR

involves the real world and inserts computer-

generated content in order to communicate a real-

world experience. Furthermore, this holds the ability

Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Virtual/Augmented Reality (VR/AR) for Advanced Training Tools: An Industry 5.0 Application

- A Review

321

to capture as well as link fully generated virtual

worlds over real-world objects. To integrate BIM

with AR/VR, models have to be converted into a

particular file format (.IFC, .FBX) and imported into

an AR/VR engine. However, the data transfer in this

process is not efficient. Because of their size and

complexity, models take a lot of time to transfer and

much computation effort to render. The transfer of

BIM to AR/VR engines leads to inefficiency while

representing 3D models with polygonal meshes

(Chen et al., 2020). Some building components

generated by BIM software have large numbers of

redundant polygons that can be merged while keeping

the original shape exactly identical. Autodesk Revit

3DS Max, Mc Neel Rhinoceros 3D and Dynamo are

the most common softwars used to optimize

integration between BIM and AR/VR engines.

2 RESEARCH PROCESS AND

METHOD

The efficacy of VR-based training has been largely

proven, but implementing VR training requires

overcoming technological barriers among trainers

and trainees, that ensures the VR content accurately

reflects industrial tasks (Pedram et al., 2021).

Maintaining an acceptable trade-off between cost and

realism of virtual training environments is an open

challenge, integration of BIM software and game

engines allows to obtain a holistic and dynamic

training environment. Overall, a systemic

categorisation of the BIM-VR applications has not

been proposed yet in the literature. Thus, this paper

aims to fill this gap, identifying them and analysing

the kind of proposed solutions, results and main

aspects for training industrial personnel. To achieve

these objectives, the scientific literature was

scrutinised in a systematic way (Tranfield et al.,

2003). The literature review was conducted on the

Scopus database, while the selection procedure was

designed following the guidelines drafted by (Seuring

and Gold, 2012). A structured search was carried out,

combining the keywords ‘building information

modelling and simulation’, ‘building information

modelling and virtual reality’, ‘building information

modelling and virtual environment’, ‘building

information modelling and augmented reality’,

‘building information modelling and immersive

technology’, ‘building information modelling and

serious game’ and ‘building information modelling

and training’. The list of papers obtained from the

searches was refined following the process shown in

Figure 1. The keywords search led to an initial set of

3,684 entries, excluding subject areas not relevant to

this search the number of documents originally

written in English is 1,453. By duplicate removal the

total number is 1,238. From this set, only papers with

a good Citation Index have been selected, to ensure

the quality and relevance of the analysed studies.

Thus, the papers were scrutinised by initially reading

the title and the abstract. When title and abstract

evaluations were unclear, the full paper contents were

scrutinised. The following criteria were defined to

select papers for the literature review:

 The paper addresses and discusses the

application of BIM-VR solutions;

 The paper focuses on design process for

construction industry were therefore discarded.

Figure 1: Systematic literature review process.

37 papers were selected based on these criteria.

Lastly, in order to overcome possible limitations of

keywords search, the set of papers has been

complemented by cross-referencing (Seuring and

Gold 2012). This step led to the inclusion of 38

additional papers. Consequently, 75 papers have been

selected and analysed in detail.

3 BIM-VR APPLICATIONS

By the literature review has emerged that the

implementation and integration of BIM-VR

technologies has been mainly adopted in the different

usage categories: safety training, machines operation

training, facility maintenance, heritage

conservation/cultural diffusion and others.

The publication of papers about these topics increased

in last decade, when BIM technology has begun to

develop. The table 1, shows the number of references

of analysed papers in relation with the technology and

their utilization. We consider the references repeated

if it considers more categories. As it can be seen from

table 1, the categories that have mostly used this type

of technologies are safety training and heritage and

cultural diffusion, while in the industrial sector

(Machine operations training and Facility

Maintenance) there are not many applications.

Furthermore, the simulation part is almost exclusively

Keywords

search in

Scopus

Filter for

Subject Area

Duplicate

removal

Paper selection

(citation index)

Title and

Abstract

Review

FINAL SET

Cross

Reference

3,684

1,453

75371191,238

SIMULTECH 2025 - 15th International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications

322

linked to training for activities in dangerous

environments such as fire rescue and evacuation

procedures. In the following sections we analyse in

detail the implementation and integration of BIM-VR

technologies in these different categories.

Table 1: Category of utilization and technology used.

Category of

utilization

BIM

AR/

Game

Engine

Simul

ation

LOD Tot.

Safety

training

11 10 10 8 2 41

Machines

operations

training

2 2 2 0 1 7

Facility

maintenance

1 1 1 0 0 3

Heritage

conservation/

cultural

diffusion

17 17 15 0 8 57

Other

utilizations

4 2 2 2 1 11

Tot. 35 32 30 10 12

3.1 Safety Training

One desired goal of a training platform is to generate

expected training outcomes most cost-effectively.

The powerful value of BIM-based game engines in

creating a low-cost and realistic game environment

has been widely recognized. Furthermore, exposing

personnel to hazardous situation in a risk-free virtual

environment is a viable solution for preparing them

for unforeseen harmful situations on site before

entering the actual worksite. Afzal and Shafiq (2021)

demonstrated that a combination of digital tools such

as BIM and VR can help reduce job-site safety threats

and increase knowledge sharing by predetermining

safety hazards and training on-site workers. They

applied different the level of detail (LOD), LOD 300

was applied for the concrete floors and walls, whereas

LOD 250 was applied for the other building

components. Yu et al. (2022) demonstrated

successful integration of VR and BIM to access the

information and improve the fire evacuation training.

The interdependencies between rescue tasks can be

more explicit in the BIM + VR platform than in

traditional training modes. Visibility has a great

impact on escape chances and single BIM technology

cannot simulate the effect of smoke/

temperature/cracking sounds in real fires on

emergency procedures (Chen at al., 2021). Their

research is focused on the realization of data

exchange between BIM, IoT, AR/VR system, game

engine and preliminary exploration of whether a

training system can improve situational awareness of

humans in the virtual environment. In order to

implement BIM as a strong base for fire safety

management, the model was built in LOD300.

Rüppel and Schatz (2011) utilized a physics engine to

develop immerse scenarios in a BIM-based serious

game for fire safety evacuation simulations. The

integrated physics engine, such as Nvidia-PhysX, can

qualitatively simulate fire and smoke as well as

structural damage after explosions. They found that

the more accurate and richly detailed the real-world

is mapped in the virtual-world as well as senses can

be stimulated, the more the immersion effect in a

virtual environment will increaseLiu et al. (2014)

adopted the integration of BIM, immersive games,

online games, and socio-psychology and physics

models to solicit and collect real human behaviours in

different emergency scenarios. The advantage of

having used this methodology lies in the

interoperability of the model that can be exported into

more accurate software for smoke and fire

propagation simulations, exodus and structural

analysis. Park and Kim (2013) developed a safety

management and visualization system (SMVS) that

integrates BIM, location tracking, AR, and game

technologies. BIM is used to create the virtual site

model that is converted and stored in the visualization

engine for importing and exporting external

information such as safety information data and

sensor signal location data. If an active RFID is

applied to identify worker location, an immediate

warning signal can be delivered to workers and a

proactive accident control would be possible in the

site as well.

3.2 Machines Operations Training

Bernal et al. (2022) developed a system for power

substation operational training using BIM and serious

games. The model included the main structural,

architectural and power equipment and control

switchboards, with different levels of development to

reduce model complexity, LOD 100 for foundations,

basement and site-work while LOD 350 for visible

and main equipment and services. Different

operational missions could be carried out in the

serious game, allowing several skills to be coached.

Mondragón-Bernal (2020) used realistic BIM files to

develop simulations and focuses on machines’

operational training to instruct in the correct operation

sequence of the machines, as well as the safety

precautions that must be followed to avoid accidents.

The user interacts with the immersive game using a

Microsoft

Kinect

, tracking the user’s upper arm

movements (using relative skeleton joints) as well as

gamepad keys.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Virtual/Augmented Reality (VR/AR) for Advanced Training Tools: An Industry 5.0 Application

- A Review

323

3.3 Facility Maintenance

The use of virtual collaborative solutions such as

AR/VR/XR combined with cloud computing and

artificial intelligence is significant in the facility

maintenance (FM) industry (Zakiyudin et al., 2013).

Agostinelli and Nastasi (2023) investigated the

concept of collaborative XR in operation and

maintenance tasks as well as for workers’ training,

exploring a possible framework architecture based on

BIM an XR for different application areas of FM. The

goal is to improve efficiency as workers currently

have to manually get information from different

sources and devices to achieve their tasks, leading to

a large number of possible errors.

3.4 Heritage Conservation/Cultural

Diffusion

Digitisation is becoming an effective solution in

making monuments and cultural sites virtually

accessible to people, the HBIM model is often used

as a base model for VR/AR applications to be

employed for cultural tourism purposes. These

applications led to the development of immersive

environments oriented to the built heritage, thus

facilitating a direct interaction of historical models

with specific contents of historical-cultural interest.

Meegan et al. (2021) examined the process for

developing Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs)

using digital recording and modelling of architectural

heritage and archaeology. Osello et al. (2018)

developed an HBIM model where the architectural

elements are simplified, but ensuring the accuracy of

values related to space management and component

conservation, leaving aside the geometrical

correspondence with reality. For this reason, each

BIM object was described to a proper LOD,

depending on the specific strategy of modelling.

Stanga et al. (2023) analysed the application of UAV

(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) photogrammetry in

archaeological sites and monuments, highlighting the

potential benefits of integrating drones into a

comprehensive survey strategy that integrates

topographic networking, laser scanning, terrestrial

photogrammetry with HBIM and extended reality

(XR). Chiabrando et al. (2016) focused on

documentation derived from 3D point clouds survey

techniques as a significant knowledge base for the

HBIM conception and modelling, and on 3D

reconstruction of buildings aggregates from a LiDAR

(Light Detection And Ranging) and UAV survey by

optimizing processes of segmentation, recognition

and modelling of historical shapes of complex

structures. Banfi (2021) highlighted pros and cons of

HBIM projects carried out with different 3D survey

methodology for scan to BIM (laser scanning,

photogrammetry and UAV) and tries to define a

process that can support professionals and not BIM

users in creating new digital experiences such as

virtual museums and serious games through a

methodological approach based on the latest

generation of tools in the field of VR and AR. Banfi

(2020), thanks to the direct application of novel

grades of generation (GOG), went beyond the

creation of complex models for HBIM and explored

the creation of informative 3D generation of unique

elements characterized by high grade of accuracy

(GOA) and level of information (LOI) based on the

required representation scales. He defined a digital

workflow capable of communicating with different

types of devices such as Oculus Rift, mobile phone

and personal computer. Antuono et al. (2024)

developed a BIM-oriented information repository to

enrich augmented fruition with virtual tools for real-

time information querying on the parametric models.

3.5 Other Applications

Shen et al. (2012) aimed to create a training

environment to conduct energy re-commissioning

trainings for hospital facility management staff by

adopting an interactive web-based 3D BIM game

environment (Unity 3D) to allow users to fix and

enhance the performance of HVAC systems in

Windows, Mac, and iOS and Android devices.

Instructors can create scenarios with single or

multiple faulty symptoms that are visible to the users

in the 3D model, and then challenge the users by

asking them to come up with corrective action.

From the point of view of energy efficiency and

sustainability, Montiel-Santiago et al. (2020) realized

a building energy model (BEM) using BIM Revit

software, with the plugin Insight 360 Lighting, and

EnergyPlus simulation engines. They performed an

analysis of lighting and natural light of the BIM

model through automatic and customizable

configurations, furthermore, after importing HVAC

system in Revit, they carried out simulation and

energy analysis of the modelled building. Natephra et

al. (2017) developed a BIM-based lighting design

feedback (BLDF) for realistic visualization of

lighting conditions and calculation of lighting energy

consumption using an interactive and immersive VR

environment providing qualitative and quantitative

outputs related to lighting design. Autodesk Revit,

Autodesk 3ds Max, Unreal Engine and the visual

programming in Dynamo are used to develop the

SIMULTECH 2025 - 15th International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications

324

BLDF system. Exchanging information between BIM

and the chosen game engine is limited to only 3D non-

complex geometries (LOD 100–300).

For Architecture, Engineering & Construction,

(AEC) business Jeong et al. (2016), through a BIM-

integrated simulation, developed a dynamic building

construction productivity plan and calculate the

project’s per-hour rate of production. By executing

the process, they extracted the simulation input data

from the BIM model, translated it into the simulation

data format and imported it in Anylogic

simulation

application.

4 DISCUSSION

As result of literature review, the applications of

Building Information Modelling (BIM) combined to

Virtual or Augmented Reality (VR/AR) and serious

games are mainly used in safety training and heritage

conservation/cultural diffusion sectors while for

training in industrial business it is not very

widespread yet. For creating a realistic built

environment in 3D game engine, data interoperability

between design software and game engine is a

significant issue (Shen et al., 2012). In industrial

business the use of the BIM-based VR module may

be suitable for one dedicated project, however,

modelling and developing 4D simulation in a gaming

engine for a new project will be time-consuming

(Afzal and Shafiq, 2021). Hence, a repeatable

workflow is recommended to make this process more

efficient. Liu et al. (2016) developed a workflow that

illustrates an effective way to link BIM models on

Unity game engine, the file is pre-processed using

3DSMax from Autodesk Revit to optimize image

smoothness and increase resolution. Once the .FBX

file (BIM) has been imported as a new asset on the

game engine, it can be edited in order to define

animations and interaction properties on the serious

game world. When the BIM model is not available, it

can be created in two ways: starting with a 3D project

file otherwise with a structure scan process to

generate point cloud data to be transferred and

subsequently modelled in BIM Platform. Also, in

“scan-to-BIM” process Autodesk Revit is the most

used software to produce the 3D BIM model due to

its speed in terms of modelling time and transferring

the point cloud model into “3D BIM”. This step took

20 working days to model in BIM with LoD 3 (level

of detail) over elements like the windows, doors, and

plaster, among others (Baik, 2021). The requested

effort to develop a virtual environment that meets the

realism requirements necessary for the training

purpose becomes a crucial factor in choosing this type

of solution in industrial business. First of all, it has to

be considered whether the 3D BIM is already

available or not in the design phase. Obviously, in the

second case, the creation of the simulation

environment is much faster because the BIM

development phase is skipped, or at least integrated.

The second important issue is the level of detail

(LOD) that has to be reached in the 3D BIM model

for obtain the requested realism in virtual training

environment. LOD higher than 300 lead to a greater

complexity of the model both in terms of

development and interoperability with the virtual

engine (see figure [2]), this involves the introduction

of additional software as a bridge between BIM and

the virtual engine (e.g. 3Ds Max) that require further

effort both in the design and connection phases.

Further integrations of the virtual model with IoT,

RFID or other position sensors or simulation

supplements for the creation of increasingly realistic

training scenarios require further development,

increasing the complexity of the solution.

Figure 2: Simulation Model and File Exchange within

Software for different LOD level.

5 CONCLUSIONS

In this paper, we presented a literature review to

analyse the implementation and the applications of

Building Information Modelling (BIM) combined to

Virtual or Augmented Reality (VR/AR) and serious

games with focus on the characteristics and software

architectures of those solutions, the sectors involved

and the opportunity for adopting it in industrial

business with the scope of creating automatic

BIM/VR personnel training environments. Except for

Architecture and Construction industries, most of the

uses of the combination of these technologies occur

in Safety Training, Heritage conservation/cultural

diffusion, Facility Maintenance and Machines

Operations Training businesses. Interoperability

between game engines and BIM models brings the

possibility of using real world-based training

.FBX +

IoT

DEVICES

REMOTE

SENSORS

LEVEL OF DETAIL

0 100 200 300 500400

REMOTE

SENSORS

IoT

DEVICES

Semantic

information

Semantic

information

Semantic

information

.FBX +

Semantic

information

Semantic

information

.FBX +

Semantic

information

Semantic

information

BIM Platform

(GraphiSoft ArchiCAD®, Autodesk Revit®,

Bentley MicroStation V8i®, etc.)

BIM Platform

(GraphiSoft ArchiCAD®, Autodesk Revit®,

Bentley MicroStation V8i®, etc.)

Visual Optimization Software

(Autodesk 3DS Max®, Rhinoceros 3D®,

Dynamo®, etc.)

Game engine

(Unity 3D®,

Unreal Engine®, etc.)

Scan to BIM Process*

(Laser scanning, Photogrammetry, etc.)

3D Point

Clouds data

Scan to BIM Process*

(Laser scanning, Photogrammetry, etc.)

3D Point

Clouds data

*not always necessary

Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Virtual/Augmented Reality (VR/AR) for Advanced Training Tools: An Industry 5.0 Application

- A Review

325

scenarios able to take advantage of all the information

contained in them and the use of AR and VR

technologies with game engines helps achieving

immersion in the training environment. When a high

level of realism of the simulation environment is

required, the effort for developing a training scenario

increases accordingly and the use of additional

software is necessary to optimize the fluidity and

sharpness of the images. Although several authors

demonstrated the validity of these training tools

compared to traditional training methods, their

implementation in the industrial sector is still not very

widespread since, as a BIM model is not always

available, the effort required for the development of a

dedicated training scenario could exceed the expected

benefits.

Future research can then be directed towards the

evaluation of the effort required to develop training

plans based on BIM in function of the different levels

of LOD required.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research work is part of the activities carried out

in the context of the RESILIENCE project

(Prescriptive digital twins for cognitive-enriched

competency development of workforce of the future

in smart factories), Code. 2022K2SAFM. CUP

H53D23001310001, funded by the European Union –

Next Generation EU Plan, component M4C2,

investment 1.1, through the Italian Ministry for

Universities and Research MUR “Bando PRIN 2022

– D.D. 104 del 02-02-2022”.

REFERENCES

Afzal, M., Shafiq, M. T. (2021). Evaluating 4d‐bim and

VR for effective safety communication and training: A

case study of multilingual construction job‐site crew.

Buildings, Volume 11, Issue 8, Art. No. 319.

doi:10.3390/buildings11080319

AGC (2005). The Contractor's Guide to BIM, AGC

Research Foundation. Las Vegas, 1

edition.

Agostinelli, S., Nastasi, B. (2023). Immersive Facility

Management—A Methodological Approach Based on

BIM and Mixed Reality for Training and Maintenance

Operations. Urban Book Series, Pages 133-144.

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29515-7_13

Antuono, G.., Elefante, E., Vindrola, P.G., D Agostino, P.

(2024). A methodological approach for an augmented

hbim experience the architectural thresholds of the

mostra d'oltremare. International Archives of the

Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial

Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives, Volume 48,

Issue 2, Pages 9-16. doi:10.5194/isprs-Archives-

XLVIII-2-W4-2024-9-2024

Baik, A. (2021). The use of interactive virtual bim to boost

virtual tourism in heritage sites, historic Jeddah. ISPRS

International Journal of Geo-Information, Volume 10,

Issue 9, Art. No. 577. doi:10.3390/ijgi10090577

Banfi, F. (2020). HBIM, 3D drawing and virtual reality for

archaeological sites and ancient ruins, Virtual

Archaeology Review, Volume 11, Issue 23, Pages 16-

33. doi:10.4995/var.2020.12416

Banfi, F. (2021). The evolution of interactivity, immersion

and interoperability in HBIM: Digital model uses, VR

and AR for built cultural heritage. ISPRS International

Journal of Geo-Information, Volume 10, Issue 10, Art.

No. 685. doi:10.3390/ijgi10100685

Bernal, I.F.M., Lozano-Ramírez, N.E., Cortés, J.M.P.,

Valdivia, S., Muñoz, R., Aragón, J., García, R.,

Hernández, G. (2022). An Immersive Virtual Reality

Training Game for Power Substations Evaluated in

Terms of Usability and Engagement. Applied Sciences

(Switzerland), Volume 12, Issue 2, Art. No. 711.

doi:10.3390/app12020711

Chen, H., Hou, L., Zhang, G., Moon, S. (2021).

Development of BIM, IoT and AR/VR technologies for

fire safety and upskilling. Automation in Construction,

Vol. 125, Art. No. 103631. doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2021

.103631

Chen, K., Chen, W., Cheng, J.C.P., Wang, Q. (2020).

Developing Efficient Mechanisms for BIM-to-AR/VR

Data Transfer. Journal of Computing in Civil

Engineering, Volume 34, Issue 5, Art. No. 914.

doi:10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000914

Chiabrando F., Sammartano G., Spanò A. (2016).

Historical buildings models and their handling via 3d

survey: From points clouds to user-oriented hbim.

International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote

Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS

Archives, Vol.41, Pages 633-640. doi:10.5194/isprs

archives-XLI-B5-633-2016

De Gloria, A., Bellotti,F., Berta, R. (2014). Serious Games

for education and training. Int. J. Serious Games,

Volume 1 no. 1. https://doi.org/10.17083/ijsg.v1i1.11

De Luca, D., Lodo, F., Ugliotti, F.M. (2021). Evaluation of

the Effects of Anxiety on Behaviour and Physiological

Parameters in VR Fire Simulations. Digest of Technical

Papers - IEEE International Conference on Consumer

Electronics, Art. No 9427713. doi:10.1109/ICCE

50685.2021.9427713

Guo, H., Li, H., Chan, G., Skitmore, M. (2011) Using game

technologies to improve the safety of construction plant

operations. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Volume

48, Pages 204 – 213. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.06.002

Hadikusumo, B., Rowlinson, S. (2002). Integration of

virtually real construction model and design-for-safety-

process database. Automation in Construction, Volume

11, Issue 5, Pages 501 – 509. doi:10.1016/S0926-

5805(01)00061-9

SIMULTECH 2025 - 15th International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications

326

Jeong, W.S., Chang, S., Son, J.W., Yi, J.-S. (2016). BIM-

integrated construction operation simulation for just-in-

time production management. Sustainability

(Switzerland), Volume 8, Issue 11, Art. No. 1106.

doi:10.3390/su8111106

Kim, K., Rosenthal, M., Zielinski, D., Brady, R. (2014).

Effects of virtual environment platforms on emotional

responses. Computer Methods and Programs in

Biomedicine, Volume 113, Issue 3, Pages 882 – 893.

doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2013.12.024

Kiviniemi, M.,Sulankivi, K., Kahkonen, K., Makela, T.,

Merivirta, M.L. (2011). BIM-based Safety

Management and Communication for Building

Construction. VTT Technical Research Centre of

Finland, Issue 2597, Pages 1 – 123.

Lee, G., Sacks, R., Eastman, C. (2006). Specifying

parametric building object behavior (BOB) for a

building information modeling system. Automation in

Construction, Vo. 15, Issue 6, Pages 758 – 776. doi:10

.1016/j.autcon.2005.09.009

Li, N., Becerik-Gerber, B., Krishnamachari, B., Soibelman,

L. (2014). A BIM centered indoor localization

algorithm to support building fire emergency response

operations. Automation in Construction, Volume 42,

Pages 78 – 89. doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2014.02.019

Liu, R., Du, J., Issa, R.R.A. (2014). Human library for

emergency evacuation in BIM-based serious game

environment. Computing in Civil and Building

Engineering - Proceedings of the 2014 International

Conf. on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering,

Pages 544-551. doi:10.1061/ 9780784413616.068

Liu, Y., Tanudjaja, G., Jiang, Z., Beck, N. (2016).

Workflow of Exporting Revit Models to Unity, State

College: Pennsylvania.

Massimiliano, P., Domenica, C., Alfio, V.S., Restuccia,

A.G., Papalino, N.M. (2021). Scan to BIM for the

digital management and representation in 3D GIS

environment of cultural heritage site. Journal of

Cultural Heritage, Volume 50, Pages 115 – 125.

doi:10.1016/j.culher.2021.05.006

Meegan, E., Murphy, M., Keenaghan, G., Corns, A., Shaw,

R., Fai, S., Scandura, S., Chenaux, A. (2021). Virtual

Heritage Learning Environments. Lecture Notes in

Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes

in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in

Bioinformatics), Pages 427-437. doi:10.1007/978-3-

030-73043-7_35

Mizuno, Y., Kato, H., Nishida, S. (2004). Outdoor

Augmented Reality for Direct Display of Hazard

Information. Proceedings of the SICE Annual Conf.,

Article number FPI-6-3SICE, Pages 2385 – 2390.

Montiel-Santiago, F.J., Hermoso-Orzáez, M. J., Terrados-

Cepeda, J. (2020). Sustainability and energy efficiency:

Bim 6d. Study of the bim methodology applied to

hospital buildings. Value of interior lighting and

daylight in energy simulation. Sustainability

(Switzerland), Volume 12, Issue 14, Art. No. 5731,

Pages 1-29. doi:10.3390/su12145731

Murphy, M., McGovern, E., Pavia, S. (2009). Historic

Building Information Modelling (HBIM). Structural

Survey, Volume 27, Issue 4, Pages 311 – 327.

doi:10.1108/02630800910985108

Natephra, W., Motamedi, A., Fukuda, T., Yabuki, N.

(2017). Integrating building information modeling and

virtual reality development engines for building indoor

lighting design. Visualization in Engineering, Volume 5,

Issue 1, Art. No. 19. doi:10.1186/s40327-017-0058-x

Osello, A., Lucibello, G., Morgagni, F. (2018). HBIM and

virtual tools: A new chance to preserve architectural

heritage. Buildings, Volume 8, Issue 1, Art. No. 12.

doi:10.3390/buildings8010012

Park, C., Kim, H. (2013). A framework for construction

safety management and visualization system.

Automation in Construction, Volume 33, Pages 95-103.

doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2012.09.012

Pedram, S., Ogie, R., Palmisano, S., Farrelly, M., Perez, P.

(2021). Cost–benefit analysis of virtual reality-based

training for emergency rescue workers: a socio-

technical systems approach. Virtual Reality, 25(4), pp.

1071–1086 doi: 10.1007/s10055-021-00514-5

Ramsey, E. (2017). Virtual Wolverhampton: Recreating the

Historic City in Virtual Reality. Archnet-IJAR:

International Journal of Architectural Research,

Volume 11, Issue 3, Pages 42 – 57. doi:10.26687/

archnet-ijar.v11i3.1395

Rheingold, H. (1991). Virtual reality. New York: Summit

Book.

Rubio-Tamayo, J.L., Barrio, M.G., García, F.G. (2017).

Immersive environments and virtual reality: Systematic

review and advances in communication, interaction and

simulation. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction,

Volume 1, Issue 4, Art. No. 21. doi:10.3390/mti1040021

Rüppel, U., Schatz, K. (2011). Designing a BIM-based

serious game for fire safety evacuation simulations.

Advanced Engineering Informatics, Volume 25, Issue 4,

Pages 600-611. doi:10.1016/j.aei.2011.08.001

Seuring, S., Gold, S., Conducting content-analysis based

literature reviews in supply chain management, Supply

Chain Management, Volume 17, Issue 5, Pages 544 –

555 (2012), doi:10.1108/13598541211258609

Shen, Z., Jiang, L., Grosskopf, K., Berryman, C. (2012)

Creating 3D web-based game environment using BIM

models for virtual on-site visiting of building HVAC

systems. Construction Research Congress 2012:

Construction Challenges in a Flat World, Proceedings

of the 2012 Construction Research Congress, Pages

1212-1221. doi:10.1061/9780784412329.122

Stanga, C., Banfi, F., Roascio, S. (2023). Enhancing

Building Archaeology: Drawing, UAV

Photogrammetry and Scan-to-BIM-to-VR Process of

Ancient Roman Ruins. Drones, Volume 7, Issue 8, Art.

No. 521. doi:10.3390/drones7080521

Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., Smart, P., Towards a

Methodology for Developing Evidence-Informed

Management Knowledge by Means of Systematic

Review, British Journal of Management, Volume 14,

Issue 3, Pages 207 – 222, (2003), doi:10.1111/1467-

8551.0037

Vahdatikhaki, F., El Ammari, K., Langroodi, A.K., Miller,

S., Hammad, A., Doree, A. (2019). Beyond data

Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Virtual/Augmented Reality (VR/AR) for Advanced Training Tools: An Industry 5.0 Application

- A Review

327

visualization: A context-realistic construction

equipment training simulators. Automation in

Construction, Vol.106, Art. No. 102853. doi:10.1016/

j.autcon.2019.102853

Volk, R., Stengel, J., Schultmann, F. (2014). Building

Information Models (BIM) for existing buildings -

literature review and future needs. Automation in

Construction, Volume 38, Pages 109 – 127.

doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2013.10.023

Yan, W., Clayton, M., Haberl, J., Jeong, W., Kim, J., Kota,

S., Bermudez Alcocer, J., Dixit, M. (2013). Interfacing

BIM with Building Thermal and Daylighting Modeling.

Proceedings of BS 2013: 13th Conf. of the International

Building Performance Simulation Association, Pages

3521 – 3528.

Yu, X., Yu, P., Wang, C., Wang, D., Shi, W., Shou, W.,

Wang, J., Wang, X. (2022). Integrating Virtual Reality

and Building Information Modeling for Improving

Highway Tunnel Emergency Response Training.

Buildings, Volume 12, Issue 10, Art. No. 1523.

doi:10.3390/buildings12101523

Zakiyudin, M.Z., Fathi, M.S., Rambat, S., Tobi, M.,

Uzairiah, S., Kasim, N., Latiffi, A.A. (2013). The

potential of context-aware computing for building

maintenance management systems,. Applied Mechanics

and Materials, Volume 405-408, Pages 3505 – 3508.

doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.405-408.3505

SIMULTECH 2025 - 15th International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications

328