Maximizing Tactical Success: The Impact of the Mechanized

Anti-Tank Company in a Coordinated Attack Assessed Through

Constructive Simulation

João Paulo Melo Vieira da Silva

, Pablo Gustavo Cogo Pochmann

and Eduardo Borba Neves

Officers’ Improvement School (Escola de Aperfeiçoamento de Oficiais – EsAO), Duque de Caxias Avenue,

2071, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil

Keywords: Constructive Simulation, Mechanized Antitank Company, Simulation-Based Training, Sword Combater,

Antitank Defense.

Abstract: In a global scenario where precision and effectiveness in military operations are essential for success,

constructive simulation emerges as an indispensable tool for preparing modern armed forces. This study aims

to assess the advantages of employing the Mechanized Antitank Company in support of a Mechanized

Infantry Brigade during a coordinated attack. Using the constructive simulation software Sword COMBATER,

two identical tactical scenarios were modeled, with the only difference being the inclusion or exclusion of the

Antitank Company. The results showed that the presence of the Mechanized Antitank Company increased

enemy armored vehicle losses by 21.83% (Student's t-test, p = 0.0139, Cohen’s d = 1.51), demonstrating its

significant impact on antitank defense and the neutralization of enemy armored vehicles. Based on a detailed

analysis of the simulation and a literature review, the study offers proposals for the optimized employment of

this company in coordinated attacks, contributing decisively to the success of Mechanized Infantry Brigade

operations and supporting command and staff actions.

1 INTRODUCTION

The Fourth Industrial Revolution, with a focus on

automation and technologies such as artificial

intelligence and the internet of things, has brought

advancements in simulation, enabling the creation of

realistic virtual environments that reduce costs and

enhance training. The armed forces have widely

adopted these systems to intensify the preparation of

their troops in environments that simulate war

scenarios, improving the tactical and strategic

capabilities of military personnel. An example is the

U.S. Marines' "war lab," dedicated to the

development of war games (Almeida et al., 2023).

At the beginning of the century, Mary Kaldor

(2013) already speculated that modern conflicts

would arise due to reasons based on political and

cultural identities that predate the formation of states.

Henry Kissinger, the renowned American diplomat,

https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6429-7859

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7953

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4507-6562

made a comment during the World Economic Forum

in Davos in 2022 about the new global scenario

created by the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine,

highlighting that, given the nature of these conflicts,

which exhibited the characteristics discussed by

Kaldor, Brasil's rise would have to be integrated into

a broader international system (Bester, 2022).

The Brasilian Army, aligned with the National

Defence Policy and Strategy, has undergone a

vigorous transformation process to meet the

challenges of the 21st century (Brasil, 2022) and

remain in a state of readiness. This transformation

includes the operationalization of Mechanized

Infantry Brigades (Nakashima, 2021), equipped with

modern Guarani Medium Wheeled Armored

Personnel Carriers (Brasil, 2021, 2022).

The 11th Mechanized Infantry Brigade, for

example, is designed for operational flexibility,

capable of conducting offensive and defensive

operations in diverse terrains and across the full

234

Vieira da Silva, J. P. M., Pochmann, P. G. C. and Neves, E. B.

Maximizing Tactical Success: The Impact of the Mechanized Anti-Tank Company in a Coordinated Attack Assessed Through Constructive Simulation.

DOI: 10.5220/0013461600003970

In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications (SIMULTECH 2025), pages 234-241

ISBN: 978-989-758-759-7; ISSN: 2184-2841

spectrum of conflicts. In offensive operations, the

anti-tank defence plays a crucial role, neutralizing or

destroying enemy armored vehicles. The mechanized

anti-tank company commander advises the brigade

commander on this matter, who ultimately decides on

the company's employment (Brasil, 2023).

Due to its characteristics, organization, and

military equipment, the Mechanized Infantry Brigade

has the effective capacity to participate in operations

across the full spectrum of conflicts, making it an

important and up-to-date combat force of the

Brasilian Army, as previously discussed (Brasil,

2021).

Currently, the Mechanized Infantry Brigade is

expected to have the organizational structure as

shown in Figure 1 (PE means Military Police).

Figure 1: Organizational structure of the Mechanized

Infantry Brigade.

The anti-tank (AC means anti-tank) company of

the Mechanized Infantry Brigade, according to the

current Doctrine Manual, is organized as shown in

Figure 2, consisting of a Command and Support

Platoon, two anti-tank Platoons (equipped with anti-

tank combat vehicles armed with a 105 mm cannon

or higher), and two anti-tank Missile Platoons:

Figure 2: Organizational structure of the Mechanized Anti-

Tank Company.

According to the initiation guideline issued in

2024, the 1st Mechanized Anti-Tank Company,

subordinated to the 11th Mechanized Infantry

Brigade, will have four anti-tank missile platoons

(two of which will replace the anti-tank platoons),

utilizing the Spike LR2 anti-tank missile system from

the Israeli company Rafael Advanced Defence

Systems, which has been adopted by the Brasilian

Army (but has not yet been delivered due to issues

related to the current armed conflict in which Israel is

involved), or the future MSS 1.2 AC from SIATT,

which is in the final stages of the homologation and

adoption process, based on the Campaign Manual

EB70-MC-10.323 Anti-Tank Company,

Experimental Edition, 2022 (Bastos Junior, 2024).

At the time he was still the commander of the U.S.

Army in Europe, General Ben Hodges oversaw the

expansion of U.S. military cooperation with Ukraine

after 2014, when the Russian Federation took Crimea,

a region that naturally includes urbanized areas, and

supported an armed insurgency in eastern Ukraine

that claimed over 13,000 lives. Since then, the United

States has provided $1.5 billion in security assistance,

including, among other Military Equipment, anti-tank

missiles. In other words, it is evident that the

provision of anti-tank capabilities is essential for the

success of military operations in the current context

(Kozera et al., 2020).

In the current conflict between the Russian

Federation and Ukraine, for example, the Russians

have been able to observe the vulnerability of their

armored vehicles against Ukrainian anti-tank

weaponry, necessitating that their armored units be

regularly escorted by other forces, which also carry

anti-tank missiles (Van Creveld, 2023).

Since the beginning of the mentioned conflict,

Ukraine has received approximately 5,500 anti-tank

missiles solely from the United States, which are even

more effective against Russian armored vehicles, as

the turrets of these vehicles offer less protection

compared to the turrets of American armored

vehicles, for instance (Mandeiro, 2022).

In an interview for the Partnership for Conflict,

Crime, and Security Research, Mary Kaldor stated

that the leaders of the North Atlantic Treaty

Organization (NATO), the G7 (comprising Germany,

Canada, the United States, France, Italy, Japan, and

the United Kingdom), and the European Union are

right to consider providing anti-tank weaponry to

Ukraine, given the belligerence with the Russian

Federation. Once again, it is demonstrated that it is

essential for any army to possess anti-tank Military

Equipment in the battles of the 21st century (McNeil,

2022).

Thus, the war in Ukraine provides vivid testimony

to the effectiveness and high rate of use of modern

precision anti-tank weapons. General Mark Milley,

Chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, stated that

Maximizing Tactical Success: The Impact of the Mechanized Anti-Tank Company in a Coordinated Attack Assessed Through Constructive

Simulation

235

approximately 60,000 anti-tank weapons have been

delivered to Kyiv, which played a significant role in

disrupting Moscow's initial offensive and forced the

Russian leadership to scale back its expansionist

objectives (Mahnken, 2022).

To keep the Mechanized Infantry Brigade updated

and ready to face the threats of modern conflicts,

Nakashima (2021) states that, in a comparative study

with the Stryker Brigade Combat Team (SBCT),

within the scope of the Guarani Strategic Program,

the development of medium and light wheeled

combat vehicles is underway. In the future, these

vehicles could provide the Mechanized Infantry

Brigade with anti-tank defence capabilities,

analogous to those of the SBCT.

The Spike LR2 weapon system has effectively

fought against Russian tanks and armored vehicles.

Ukrainian soldiers utilize excellent cover and employ

drones to monitor access routes. When Russian tanks

and armored vehicles approach, the Spike LR2

missile is launched to neutralize or destroy them

(Linganna, 2022).

Thus, the aim is to use the results of this study to

address the gaps in knowledge identified both in the

experimental nature of the three campaign manuals

that establish the doctrine for mechanized infantry

troops of the Brasilian Army and, for example, in the

recent acquisition and integration of the Spike LR2

Anti-Tank Missile weapon system, which, as

previously noted, will be part of the arsenal of the

Mechanized Anti-Tank Company, contributing to the

goal of maintaining a state of constant doctrinal

updating for the Army (Brasil, 2022).

2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Simulation Modelling

The experimentation used in this work is Constructive

Simulation, utilizing the COMBATER system, a

simulation software developed specifically for the

Brasilian Army based on the French software Sword,

by the company RustCon. COMBATER can be used

in exercises at the Unit, Brigade, and Division levels.

It allows for the simulation of combat operations in

various operational environments across the national

territory, in accordance with the military doctrine of

the Brasilian Army (Brasil, 2018).

The following simulation was planned and

conducted by these authors, applying the Tactical

Commander Situation Examination in the context of

an offensive operation, using protocols and

methodologies like those employed by Almeida et al.

in an article published in 2023, which has already

been duly published, approved, and recognized

internationally.

At the tactical level, the Brazilian Army employs

the COMBATER software (hardware version 6.19 of

the French Sword software) in training exercises

categorized as "War Games"; the software uses an

automatic simulation process, that is, it makes its

tactical decisions according to the extensive

databases and programming available to it. In these

simulations of operations and combat, the combat

functions of Command and Control, Movement and

Manoeuvre, Intelligence, Fires, Logistics, and

Protection are integrated and trained using this

technological apparatus. The Command and General

Staff College (Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior –

ECEME) and the Officers’ Improvement School

(Escola de Aperfeiçoamento de Oficiais – EsAO), for

example, conduct annual war games such as

Operation ONIX, in which simulations of offensive

and defensive operations involving army divisions

and brigades are carried out (Almeida et al., 2023).

Based on the experience of Tolk, 2012, the

simulation was based on the operational vision (what

needs to be modeled: critical elements of combat,

based on anti-tank units in a coordinated attack), on

the conceptual vision (how to model combat: use of

the aforementioned software, comparing results

between two antagonist belligerents, using or not

troops dedicated to anti-tank combat); and the

technical vision (how to conduct the simulation:

theater of operations, combat environment and

scenario, collection and analysis of results and data,

and strategic validation).

2.1.1 Coordinated Attack

In the development of this work, a coordinated attack

was simulated between BLUE Country and RED

Country, aimed at attacking to conquer and maintain

positions held by RED, which had established

defensive positions in the state of Santa Catarina

(vectorized topographic map XANXERÊ-SE). The

Planning Directive from the Commander of the

BLUE Mechanized Infantry Brigade is to inflict

maximum casualties on the enemy's armored units

while securing the objective. At the end of the attack,

the BLUE Mechanized Infantry Brigade must be able

to hold the terrain to support the advance of friendly

troops and receive subsequent tactical missions.

2.1.2 Theatre of Operations

The area in which the simulation takes place features

firm soil and grassy vegetation, creating wide open

SIMULTECH 2025 - 15th International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications

236

spaces, along with small-scale plantations that do not

pose obstacles for the troops involved. Most roads are

paved and in good condition for travel. The bridges

are classified as high-grade, compatible with all

armored vehicles and other vehicles involved in the

operation. Watercourses and small reservoirs in the

region do not present obstacles for the troops.

However, there are certain areas where the terrain has

an incline exceeding 60%, which restricts foot troop

movement and prevents the maneuvering of armored

vehicles and other vehicles involved in the operation.

2.1.3 Composition of Means

The BLUE and RED troops employed in the

constructive simulation, possessing the same nature,

were organized as per the following table:

Table 1: BLUE and RED Composition of Means.

BLUE FORCES RED FORCES

A Mechanized Infantry

Brigade composed of

three Mechanized

Infantry Battalions

A Mechanized Cavalry

Regiment composed of

three Mechanized Cavalry

Squadrons

A mechanized field

artillery group (155mm

self-propelled)

A Mechanized Combat

Engineering Battalion

A Mechanized Logistics

Battalion

A Mechanized Cavalry

Squadron

A Mechanized Command

and Support Squadron

A Mechanized

Communications

Company

A Mechanized Air

Defence Battery

A Mechanized Anti-

Tank Company (present

in only one of the

simulations)

2.1.4 Courses of Action (CoA)

Two Courses of Action were established, set within

the same operational context of the constructive

simulation. They are distinct because only in the first

simulation did the Mechanized Anti-Tank Company

get employed, as shown in Figures 3 and 4.

Figure 3: Modelling of the simulation for Courses of Action

No. 1.

Figure 4: Modeling of the simulation for Courss of Action

No. 2.

2.2 Software COMBATER

The SWORD platform is a constructive simulation

system developed by the French company MASA

Group. SWORD has the capability to perform

constructive simulation up to the Brigade level and

can exceptionally be used at the Army Division level.

This system allows training in two ways: one geared

towards self-training, Command Post training, and

cooperative exercises; the other aimed at visualizing

ground operations, presenting analysis of Courses of

Action and supporting decision-making (Cunha,

2011).

In 2013, the Land Operations Command acquired

SWORD and, after significant customization with

elements of the Brasilian Army, such as troops,

tactics, and equipment, it began to be called

COMBATER, which is its major differentiator from

other non-customized systems. In this context, the

French software started to be used in the training of

Maximizing Tactical Success: The Impact of the Mechanized Anti-Tank Company in a Coordinated Attack Assessed Through Constructive

Simulation

237

strategically employed Brigades and, more recently,

by the Brasilian Army's Readiness Forces (Menegaz,

2020).

Furthermore, according to Cunha (2011), using

the French system MASA SWORD as an example,

the possibilities of Constructive Simulation in staff

training are numerous. It provides individual training,

cooperative exercises, and training for the tactical

commander's situational assessment, allowing

interaction between the commander and their staff.

Additionally, it includes models for disasters, fires,

floods, and chemical, biological, and nuclear

contamination.

Figure 5: Software MASA Sword.

2.3 Indicators Used to Examine the

Courses of Action

To analyze and compare the different courses of

action, six indicators were selected that represent the

component "enemy armored vehicle casualties,"

according to the Planning Directive of the

Commander of the Blue Mechanized Infantry

Brigade, whose goal was to maximize casualties

among enemy armored troops. The selection of these

indicators is justified by their tactical relevance and

direct impact on the success of the mission.

The focus on armored casualties is crucial

because, in a mechanized combat scenario,

neutralizing enemy armored vehicles not only

reduces the offensive capability of the adversary but

also ensures greater mobility and security for one’s

own troops. Enemy armored vehicles represent one of

the greatest threats to mechanized combat forces,

both due to their firepower and their resilience on the

battlefield (Brasil, 2021).

Moreover, anti-tank defense plays a central role in

the military doctrine of offensive operations, as

outlined in the Campaign Manual for the Mechanized

Infantry Brigade (2021), which emphasizes the

importance of covering the likely access routes of

enemy armored vehicles. Therefore, the capability of

a Mechanized Anti-Tank Company to inflict

substantial casualties on enemy armored vehicles is

crucial for mission success, directly contributing to

the neutralization of these threats and the protection

of the involved troops (Brasil, 2021).

Thus, the six indicators were carefully selected

based on their relevance to the overall mission of the

Mechanized Infantry Brigade and the tactical

effectiveness of the anti-tank company. They

represent the company's ability to enhance the combat

power and protection of the brigade, allowing for a

more effective and secure action against enemy

armored forces, which, if not neutralized, could

jeopardize the success of the offensive operation and

subsequent phases of the mission.

2.4 Data Analysis

In order to verify the gains resulting from the

employment of the Mechanized Anti-Tank Company,

the data from the simulations in the COMBATER

System were compared and discussed. The raw data

were converted into percentages to facilitate

understanding, based on the maximum values of each

indicator. To accurately assess the differences

between the courses of action, the p-value was

checked, and the effect size was evaluated using

Cohen's d statistic. All tests were performed using

Jamovi software, and the significance level was set at

95% (alpha = 0.05).

3 RESULTS

According to Table 2 – Analysis of Enemy Indicators,

it can be seen that in Course of Action No. 1 (with the

deployment of the Mechanized Anti-Tank Company),

there were, on average, about 16% more enemy

casualties concerning Light Armored Vehicles

Command Post and Reconnaissance vehicles, and

Medium Armored Vehicles Reconnaissance

Cascavel.

Regarding the Armored Personnel Carriers Urutu

Mortar Heavy and Light Armored Vehicles Mortar

Medium, an even higher casualty rate was observed

(an average of 37%), especially concerning the Urutu

Mortar Heavy (50%).

As for the Armored Personnel Carriers Urutu, the

main enemy armored combat material, there were at

least approximately 10% more casualties.

The BLUE and RED troops employed in the

constructive simulation, possessing the same nature,

were organized as per the following table:

SIMULTECH 2025 - 15th International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications

238

Table 2: Analysis of Enemy Indicators Data.

ARMORED

VEHICLES

CASUALTIES

DIFFERENCE

(%)

CoA

No. 1

(%)

CoA

No. 2

(%)

Command Post 67 50 17

Reconnaissance 63 48 15

Reconnaissance

Cascavel

61 45 16

Urutu Mortar

Heavy

100 50 50

Urutu Mortar

Medium

67 44 23

Urutu 55 45 10

Average 68,83 47 21,83

p value 0,0139

Effect Size

(Cohen’s d)

1,51

Regarding the statistical analysis of the data, with

a p-value of 0.0139, there is a significant difference

in the percentages of losses between CoA No. 1 and

No. 2, with a confidence level of 95%, since the p-

value is less than 0.05.

For the value of Cohen's d, which is 1.51, there is

also an indication of a considerable effect size. Thus,

the difference in percentages of losses between CoA

No. 1 and No. 2 is not only statistically significant but

also substantial in practicality.

4 DISCUSSIONS

The results of the simulation conducted, considering

the employment or not of the Mechanized Anti-Tank

Company, demonstrated a significant increase in

losses inflicted on enemy armored vehicles through

the use of the Mechanized Anti-Tank Company, with

an approximate increase of 22% in enemy armored

vehicle losses. Such data indicates that the integration

of anti-tank capabilities and the corresponding added

possibilities in combat are critical differentiators for

the Mechanized Infantry Brigade.

The p-value of 0.0139 and an effect size in

Cohen's d of 1.51 not only indicate statistically

significant differences between the two courses of

action but also highlight the practical importance of

the Mechanized Anti-Tank Company in offensive

operations. Thus, the need for ongoing investment in

the evolution and development of anti-tank doctrine

and technology is reinforced, aiming to enhance the

operational capability of the Brazilian Army.

The data analysis suggests that the

implementation of anti-tank companies is directly

aligned with the demands of contemporary conflicts,

in which the neutralization of armored vehicles has

become decisive. The simulation demonstrated the

significant impact of these companies on increasing

enemy armored vehicle casualties, reflecting the need

to integrate these capabilities into real strategic

planning. This alignment between the effectiveness

demonstrated by the simulation and the demands of

the modern battlefield, as evidenced in the conflict

between Ukraine and Russia, highlights the

importance for the Army to continue evolving its anti-

tank tactics and technologies, thereby ensuring

readiness to confront future threats and protect

national sovereignty.

In your work, Almeida (2023) discusses the use of

the COMBATER software as a tool for tactical

training and operational research within the Brazilian

Army. The study highlights the software's ability to

create realistic scenarios and analyze different

courses of action, ultimately contributing to the

decision-making process and tactical learning of

Brazilian Army captains.

While our research focuses on the specific

application of the Mechanized Anti-Tank Company,

Almeida (2023) explores the broader application of

constructive simulation for tactical training and

operational research. Both studies, however,

converge on the recognition of the importance and

effectiveness of simulation in the military context.

Almeida's findings validate the relevance of our

research by demonstrating the effectiveness of

constructive simulation in another military context,

reinforcing the potential of this approach for the

development and improvement of military tactics and

technologies.

Furthermore, Almeida (2023) highlights the

potential of COMBATER for operational research,

which could be explored in future research to analyze

the performance of Mechanized Anti-Tank Company

in more complex scenarios and with a broader range

of variables. The integration of different simulation

tools and approaches could provide a more

comprehensive and robust analysis of the operational

capabilities of new military technologies,

contributing to more effective decision-making in the

acquisition and development of these technologies.

Finally, both studies highlight the importance of

investing in the development and application of

simulation tools in the military context. The

contemporary operational environment demands

Maximizing Tactical Success: The Impact of the Mechanized Anti-Tank Company in a Coordinated Attack Assessed Through Constructive

Simulation

239

constant evolution and adaptation, and simulation

proves to be an effective tool for testing new

technologies, training military personnel, and

developing doctrines and tactics that meet the

challenges of modern warfare.

The results of the simulation show that the

presence of the Mechanized Anti-Tank Company can

drastically alter the course of a military operation,

directly impacting command decisions. Continuous

training and preparation of these units become crucial

not only for maintaining readiness but also for

adjusting logistical infrastructures and doctrine.

Based on the simulated scenarios, it is possible to

develop more robust strategies tailored to modern

challenges, ensuring that the Mechanized Infantry

Brigade has the necessary tools to conduct successful

operations in any operational environment.

5 CONCLUSIONS

The results presented in this work emphasize the

importance of the Mechanized Anti-Tank Company

as a crucial component for the Mechanized Infantry

Brigade. Statistical and practical evidence further

reinforces the need for continuous investment and

development of these capabilities to ensure a constant

state of readiness in light of the challenges posed by

armed conflicts in the 21st century.

The Brazilian Army, by investing in enhancing

the power of its mechanized infantry brigades through

the implementation of mechanized anti-tank

companies, clearly demonstrates its commitment to

modernization and effectiveness in contemporary

combat. The simulation results highlight that the

addition of this unit not only increases its combat

power but also provides protection to the troops and,

secondly, ensures the safety of the population in

conflict areas, which are increasingly fought in areas

inhabited by civilians.

As seen in the war between Ukraine and Russia,

the updating of combat doctrine and the application

of new technologies make a positive difference in

armed conflicts of the 21st century. Therefore, the

Brazilian Army should not neglect the training and

preparation of its troops, ensuring that its units are

equipped and ready to be employed efficiently in a

troubled, complex, and dynamic operational

environment.

As a proposal for the expansion of this study, it is

recommended to conduct new simulations involving

Mechanized Air Defense Units and Engineering

Units. The inclusion of air defense companies may

reveal the impact of protection against aerial attacks

in both offensive and defensive operations, especially

in scenarios where the enemy has air superiority. The

presence of these units can enhance the resilience of

mechanized troops, safeguarding them from aerial

threats and increasing their combat power on the

ground.

Similarly, the employment of Mechanized

Engineering Units would allow for an assessment of

the role of these companies in removing obstacles,

such as mines and destroyed bridges, ensuring the

mobility of the Army and the continuity of operations.

These expansions would provide a broader view of

the effectiveness of mechanized brigades in a modern

combat scenario, considering the importance of

synergy among different military capabilities in the

success of operations.

Finally, it is important to consider the

development of future studies on determining the

ideal dosage and the appropriate level of anti-tank

combat power for each type of troops in combat,

considering the nature of the threat to be faced. Such

research could explore other operational scenarios,

based on factors such as the type of enemy armored

forces, the capacity of use and maneuver of anti-tank

troops, and the integration with other combat

elements, such as indirect fire support and electronic

warfare. In addition, simulations and tactical

exercises could be used to verify the effectiveness of

different weaponry and troop organization concepts,

allowing for a more precise adjustment of anti-tank

capabilities to the demands of the modern battlefield.

The continuous development of a powerful,

modern, and flexible Army is essential for regional

and intercontinental deterrence and the guarantee of

national sovereignty. Consequently, this must always

be a priority for those who decide on the course of

defense, as only in this way can Brasil ensure not only

its territorial integrity but also significantly contribute

to regional and global peace and stability.

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