The Species Composition of Weed Plants in Winter Wheat

Komil Bukhorov

, Muhabbat Honkeldieva

, Mukaddas Abduraimova

and Gulnaz Saparova

Tashkent State Agrarian University, 100140, University str. 2, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Tashkent Institute of Economics and Pedagogy, 198 Amir Temur street, Chirchik, Uzbekistan

Keywords: Weed Composition, Winter Wheat, Agroecosystem Management.

Abstract: This article presents the results of the study of agrobiocenosis of wheat field. On the basis of the phytosanitary

monitoring for 2020-2022 on the territory of the Tashkent region, it was determined that weeds belong to 14

families, 35 genera and 37 species on the crops of winter wheat. The dominant and most dangerous species

were field C.dactylon (L) Pers. - Bermuda Grass, S.halepense (L) Pers. – Johnsongrass, S.viridis (L) P.B. -

Green Foxtail, Ph.australis (Cav) Trin. - Common Reed, A.retroflexus L. - Red Amaranth, D.sophia (L) Webb

ex Prantl. - Flixweed, A.repens (L) DC. - Russian Knapweed, X.strumarium L. - Common Cocklebur,

C.ochrolepideum Juz. - Cirsium arvense.

1 INTRODUCTION

One of the main economic directions of the

agriculture of our country is to ensure grain

independence. In order to ensure food security, one of

the urgent issues is to expand the planting of wheat

from grain crops and increase its productivity, as well

as obtaining a quality harvest. One of the main tasks

facing agricultural specialists and scientific workers

in our republic is the creation of theoretical and

scientific foundations of wheat cultivation

technology in irrigated farms. One of the most urgent

problems in the creation of this technology is the

development of measures to combat weeds and

diseases in wheat fields (Sheraliev et al., 2001).

In recent years, the yield of wheat crops has

decreased, and weeds play a major role in the

deterioration of product quality. Weeds found in

wheat fields not only absorb water and mineral

substances dissolved in the soil, but also have a

negative effect on the normal development of wheat.

As a result, weeds found in wheat fields interfere with

harvesting and cause a decrease in the quality and

quantity of grain. In addition, weeds remain a source

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of transmission and infection of insects and diseases

in wheat fields (Sheraliev et al., 2001).

This scientific article systematically interprets the

composition of the most common weed species that

negatively affect the good growth and high grain

yield of winter wheat in irrigated fields, and the

degree of weed contamination of wheat field.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Geobotanical methods and programs were used

during the research. During the study of the

composition of weed species in the fields, more than

2000 herbariums were collected, 100 details were

written in the fields of more than 35 farms

specializing in grain growing in the Tashkent region.

The following indicators were used to determine

the species composition of weeds: Flora of

Uzbekistan, chapters I-VI (1941-1962), Indicator of

Central Asian plants, chapters I-IX (1980-1987); S.K.

Cherepanov, Vascular plants of the USSR (1981), A.

Hamidov, M. Nabiev, T. Odilov's indicator of plants

of Uzbekistan (1987). U.P.Pratov, T.Odilov (1995),

Bukhorov, K., Honkeldieva, M., Abduraimova, M. and Saparova, G.

The Species Composition of Weed Plants in Winter Wheat.

DOI: 10.5220/0014270200004738

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Research of Agricultural and Food Technologies (I-CRAFT 2024), pages 385-390

ISBN: 978-989-758-773-3; ISSN: 3051-7710

385

methodical recommendations were used in writing

new Uzbek names of weeds.

A 5-point scale based on the methods of N.F.

Komarov (1935), M.V. Markov, and N.M. Kulikov

(1964) was used to determine the degree of weed

spread. In this - very rare species "un" - 1 point, rare

species - "sol" - 2 points, common species - "sp" - 3

points, very common species - "cop" - 4 points, a lot

common types - "soc" - 5 points.

Layer formation of weeds was determined by the

method of A.I. Maltsev (1962). Weed Growth Layer:

Layer I - the height of the weed is higher than that of

the cultivated crop; II Layer - the height of the weed

is equal to or half of that of the cultivated crop; III

Layer - the height of the weed is less than half of the

height of the cultivated crop.

Methodical manual of A.Zhorakulov, V.Solovev,

K.Babaev (1985) was used to calculate the degree of

weed coverage of the field (Zhurakulov et al.,1985).

Table 1: Level of weed contamination of fields (5 points).

Points

Annual

sм

/pc

The perennials

Contamination

degree

Convolvul

arvensis,

Sorghum

halepense

10 m

/pc

Weed,

/ha

1 up to 9 up to 14 up to 23

Very weak

2 9-28 14-42 23-71

Weak

3 28-65 42-98 71-164

Average

4 65-93 98-140 164-234

Strong

than 93

More than

140

than 234

Very strong

The degree of contamination of wheat fields with

weeds is calculated using the following formula:

S = a

⋅

+ b

⋅

+ c

⋅

In this:

S - level of contamination;

a, b, c - various weed quotient;

, n

- number of annual and perennial weeds;

- the spread area of the weeds.

Fertilization of wheat grain in laboratory

conditions (Naumova, 1960), germination in field

conditions, preservation after wintering,

determination of plant thickness is studied. For this,

by calculating the number of seedlings in the

designated area, the number of seedlings per 1 ha was

determined based on three times the number of

seedlings per 1 m2 on the basis of the information on

the planting rate per 1 ha and the fertility of seeds

(Zhurakulov et al., 1985).

The essence of the computational technique is the

collection of samples and its observation. When

considering diseases, its prevalence and intensity

were taken into account.

Weed prevalence in the field was determined 2

times per season, and the collected data were recorded

in a special diary. This information should reflect the

following:

Farm name, number or name of the field, type and

variety of the crop, types of weeds returned in the

field and their development phases (grassing, tufting,

tuber wrapping, earing, flowering and ripening),

damaged area, type of damage (flat, partially

damaged form), degrees of damage (determined on

the basis of a 5-point scale given below) (Sheraliev et

al., 2001)

Enumeration is carried out during the period when

the main and most serious weeds are growing.

The route method. The number of weeds in

relation to cultivated crops is calculated according to

the following 5-point scale:

The 1st type of weed is rare here and there;

The 2nd type of weeds is more common, but their

quantity does not exceed the number of cultivated

crops;

The 3rd type of weeds is very common, but their

amount does not exceed the number of cultivated

crops;

The 4th type of weeds is more than the number of

crops;

The 5th type of weeds is much more than the

number of cultivated crops.

Each weed species is weighted according to the

scale and an average score of weed infestation in the

field is calculated.

Stationary (permanent plot) method. Monitoring

and recording 4 times in October-November (after

full germination of seeds), March-April (heading),

May (ear formation) and June (before harvesting). In

each case, the number of weeds is first estimated by

eye (as in the route method), then the crop and weed

species are counted separately and directly. For this,

10-15 sample plots of 1 m2 each diagonally are

determined in the field. All phenological observations

are carried out in the fields. The development phase

and growth stage of each type of weed are

determined, weed and crop samples are cut from the

base and weight is measured. The number of weed

seeds mixed with soil and grain is determined using

biological and physical methods (Sheraliev et al.,

2001, Ruziev et al., 2023, Boynazarov et al., 2023).

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3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Like all types of crops, winter irrigated wheat has its

own biocomplex. Specific weeds, microorganisms

and insects are involved in this process. Cultivation

of plants in a certain environment, under the same

conditions, leads to the widespread spread of

microorganisms and weeds adapted to the type of

crop, and the productivity of crops is sharply reduced

due to their negative effects.

In order to correctly determine the agrotechnical

and chemical control measures used against weeds

among agricultural crops, geobotanical and floristic

studies should be carried out together with the study

of their biology, ecology and role in the accumulation

of infection. Given that information on the species

composition of weeds in irrigated winter wheat fields

is not available in the literature at all Floristic research

was carried out in wheat fields of companies and

farms in Qibray, Tashkent, Pskent, Parkent, Orta

Chirchik, Yangiyol, Chinoz and quyi Chirchik

districts of Tashkent region (table 2) (Bukhorov et al.,

2003, Bukhorov et al., 2023, Zhurakulov et al., 1985,

Sheraliev et al., 2001, Sheraliev et al., 2001, Ruziev

et al., 2023, Boynazarov et al.,2023).

As it can be seen from the data in Table 2, the

largest number of weed species was found in cotton

fields and wheat fields in fields and districts where

agrotechnical activities were poorly conducted. In

particular, the number of weed species is the majority

in the farms of orta Chirchik, quyi Chirchik, and

Pskent districts.

Table 2: Distribution of weeds in irrigated wheat fields in

Tashkent region by districts

№

Districts Researc

hed

areas ha

Number of

families,

pcs

Number of

categories,

pcs

Number

of types,

pcs

1. Kibrai 200 14 48 70

2. Tashkent 180 15 53 78

3. orta

Chirchik

350 30 100 116

4. Pskent 300 23 75 100

5. Parkent 150 16 60 86

6. Yangyol 160 17 62 87

7. Chinaz 250 21 70 95

8. quyi

Chirchik

300 28 86 108

Table 3 shows the composition of weed species

determined in the results of geobotanical and floristic

research conducted in the region and the level of their

contamination of cultivated fields.

It can be seen from the data in Table 3 that the

weeds found in the agrocenosis of wheat fields of the

region belong to 14 families, 35 genera and 37 species

of higher plants.

Table 3: Species composition of the most common weeds in irrigated winter wheat fields of Tashkent region (2020-2022).

№

Family, genus, species

Biolo

gical type

Contamination degree (points)

2020 2021 2022

Poaceae Barnhart

1. Bromus L.

1.1. 1.2. B.tectorum L. Annual 2 2 2

2. Poa L.

2.1. P.bulbosa L. Perennial 2 2 2

3. Avena L.

3.1. A.fatua L. Annual 2 2 2

4. Cynodon Rich.

4.1. C.dactylon (L) Pers. Perennial 3 3 3

5. Sorghum Pers.

5.1. S.halepense (L) Pers. Perennial 3 3 3

6. Agropyron Gaertn.

6.1. A.repens (L) P.B. Perennial 2 2 2

7. Setaria P.B.

7.1. S.viridis (L) P.B. Annual 3 3 3

8. Phragmites Adans.

1.1. 1.2. Ph.australis (Cav) Trin . Perennial 3 3 3

Cyperaceae Juss.

1. Cyperus L.

1.1. 1.2. C.rotundus L. Perennial 2 2 3

III Polygonaceae Juss.

The Species Composition of Weed Plants in Winter Wheat

387

1. Rumex L.

1.1. 1.2. R.Drobovi Korov. Perennial 2 2 2

2. Polygonum L.

2.1. P.aviculare L. Annual 2 2 2

Chenopodiaceae Vent.

1. Atriplex L.

1.1. 1.2. A.micrantha C.A.Mey. Annual 2 2 2

1.3. 1.4. A.tatarica L. Annual 2 2 2

2. Chenopodium L.

2.1. Ch.album L. Annual 2 2 2

Amaranthaceae Juss.

1. Amaranthus L.

1.1. 1.2. A.retroflexus L. Annual 3 3 3

Caryophyllaceae Juss.

1. Stellaria L.

1.1. 1.2. S.media (L) Cyr. Annual 2 2 2

2. Lepyrodiclis Fenzl.

2.1. L.holosteoides (CAM) F. et M. Annual 3 3 3

VII

Ranunculaceae Juss.

1. Ceratocephalus Moench.

1.1. 1.2. C.testiculatus (Crantz) Bess. Annual 2 2 2

VIII

Brassicaceae Burnelt

1. Sisymbrium L.

1.1. 1.2. S.loeselii L. Annual 2 2 2

2. Capsella Medic.

2.1. C.bursa-pastoris (L) Medic. Annual 3 2 2

3. Descurainia Webb et Berth.

3.1. D.sophia (L) Webb ex Prantl. Annual 3 3 3

Fabaceae Lindl. 2 2 2

1. Alhagi Adans.

1.1. 1.2. A.pseudalhagi Desf. Perennial 2 2 2

2. Glycirrhiza L.

2.1. G.glabra L. Perennial 2 2 2

3. Vexibia Rafin.

3.1.V.pachycarpa (Schrenk ex C.A.Mey)

Jakovl.

Perennial 2 2 2

4. Medicago L.

4.1. M.lupulina L. Biennial 2 2 2

5. Melilotus Mill.

5.1. M.officinalis (L.) Pall. Biennial 2 2 3

Zygophyllaceae R.Br.

1. Tribulus L.

1.1. 1.2. T.terrestris L. Annual 2 2 2

Convolvulaceae Juss.

1. Convolvulus L.

1.1. 1.2. C.arvensis L. Perennial 2 2 2

XII

CuscutaceaeDumort

1. Cuscuta L.

1.1. 1.2. C.approximata Babling. Annual 2 2 2

XIII

Boraginaceae Juss.

1. Asperugo L.

1.1. 1.2. A.procumbens L. Annual 2 2 2

XIV

Asteraceae Dumort.

1. Acroptilon Cass.

1.1. 1.2. A.repens (L) DC. Perennial 3 3 3

2. Xanthium L.

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2.1. X.strumarium L. Annual 3 3 3

2.2. X.spinosum L. Annual 2 1 2

3. Lactuca L.

3.1. L.serriola L. Biennial 2 2 2

4. Cichorium L.

4.1. C.intybus L. Perennial 2 2 2

5. Taraxacum L. Ex Wigg.

5.1. T.officinale Web. Perennial 2 2 2

6. Cirsium Adans.

6.1. C.ochrolepideum Juz. Perennial 3 3 3

The most common family is Poaceae Barnhart,

which includes 4 genera and 4 species.

Amaranthaceae Juss. - Aerva Lanata Juss 1 category,

1 species, Caryophyllaceae Juss. - Dianthus 1

category, 1 species, Brassicaceae Burnelt –

Plumboginaceae 1 category, 1 species, Asteraceae

Dumort. - asteridae Weeds in 3 categories and 3 types

are an example (Bukhorov et al., 2003, Bukhorov et

al., 2023, Ruziev et al., 2023).

Most importantly, during the research, it was

found that the number of weeds in the cultivated

fields is increasing year by year. An increase in the

types of weeds detected over time is observed from

the third year.

The composition of weed species found in the

wheat agrocenosis is largely related to the occurrence

of weeds specific to the type of crop sown in rotation.

Annual fall and overwintering weeds in cotton fields

germinate from the same period as winter wheat.

Such weeds include species such as Descurainia

sophia, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Sisymbrium loeselii,

Thlaspi perfoliatum, Brassica campestris, Vaccaria

segetalis, Turgenia latifolia, Spinacia turkestanica,

Stellaria media, Lepyrodiclis holosteoides, Scandix

pectin-veneris, Lamium amplexicaule, Cirsium

ochrolepideum (Table 4).

Table 4: The amount of weeds per 1 м

№ Types of weeds

Number of

weeds,

pieces/ м

Contamina

tion degree,

points

1 Capsella bursa-

pastoris

43-60 3

2 Ceratocephalus

testiculatus

22-48 2

3 Lamium

amplexicaule

21-28 2

Fumaria vaillantii 14-28 1

5 Spinacia

turkestanica

18-27 2

Stellaria media 28-48 2

7 Euphorbia

helioscopia

7-14 1

8 Nonnea

melanocarpa

28-56 2

9 Lepyrodiclis

holosteoides

22-46 3

10 Sisymbrium

loeselii

7-22 2

11 Descurainia

sophia

38-78 3

As can be seen from the data in the table, the

largest number of weeds was Descurainia Sophia -

38-78, Capsella bursa-pastopis - 43-60, Nonnea

melanocarpa - 28-56. The level of these weeds

contaminating the fields was also 2-3 points. This

ephemeral weed does not cause severe damage to

winter wheat, as its vegetation period is completed

until the winter wheat plant produces an ear, i.e. in the

first decade of May.

Among the winter weeds that continue their

vegetation in the spring, such as Roemeria refracta,

Papaver pavoninum, Nonnea melanocarpa, Fumaria

vaillantii, Ranunculus arvensis, Neslia apiculata,

Atriplex tatarica do not have a negative effect on the

growth and development of winter wheat.

For crops in winter wheat fields, weeds that

continue to grow after the earing phase cause

significant damage to winter wheat. They are located

in the upper layer of the crop ear in the wheat field,

and when harvesting, their seeds are collected mixed

with wheat grain. Weeds whose seeds are found

together with wheat grain include Cirsium

ochrolepideum, Descurainia sophia, Sisymbrium

loeselii, Sorghum halepense, Melilotus officinalis,

Vicia ervilia, Convolvulus arvensis, Galium tricorne,

Galium aparine, Acroptilon repens.

According to the researches, annual weeds found

around wheat fields are Avena fatua, Bromus

tectorum, Setaria viridis, Echinochloa crus-galli,

Sisymbrium loesellii, Descurainia sophia, Euclidium

syriacum, Xanthium strumarium, belonging to

families such as Poaceae, Brassicaceae, Asteraceae,

Papaveraceae, Chenopodiaceae, Roemeria refracta,

The Species Composition of Weed Plants in Winter Wheat

389

Atriplex tatarica species are dangerous weeds for

wheat fields.

4 CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, it can be said that the lack of timely

control of such weeds around the fields causes a sharp

decrease in the winter wheat yield in the wheat

agrocenosis. Because such weeds are representatives

of local wild flora, they have the characteristic of

rapid vegetative reproduction. Especially, among

them, Acroptilon repens, Hyoscyamus niger, Datura

stramarium, Heliotropium lasiocarpum, etc are also

found around the plantations.

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