Nutritional Regime, Trace Element Composition and Microbiological

Nutritional Value of Soils Under Various Crops Under the Influence

of Electrical Treatment

Ashiraf

Mukhammadiev

, Kenzhemirza Baymakhanov

, Bekzod Choriev

Zilola Hakimova

and Zafar Radjapov

Institute of Energy Problems of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 100076 Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Auezov South Kazakhstan State University, Shymkent,160018, Kazakhstan

Tashkent State Agrarian University, Tashkent, 100140, Uzbekistan

Urgench State University, Urgench, 220100, Uzbekistan

Keywords: Electrical Treatment, Soil Microbiology, Crop Productivity.

Abstract: This article presents the results of scientific research conducted in the Aral Sea region to study the aftereffect

of electrical treatment of a complex biological system consisting of «seed, soil, plant» using the example of

cultivation of cotton, sunflower, millet, corn, and sesame. The electrical effect on the "seed, soil, plant" system

has a positive effect on the content of digestible forms of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements

in the soil, had a positive effect on the microflora of the rhizosphere of cotton, increasing the content of useful

and reducing quantitative microorganisms in the soil, which improves the phytosanitary condition of the soil

by reducing microscopic mold fungi and increasing the number of actinomycetes. It has been experimentally

proven that differentiated irrigation regimes in combination with electrical technologies increase the yield of

agricultural crops and save irrigation water.

1 INTRODUCTION

The problem of increasing the productive capacity of

irrigated lands and crop productivity has always been

in the focus of scientists' attention. Currently, this

problem is of particular relevance due to the fact that

in the 21st century, soil degradation, deterioration of

their useful properties, intensive decomposition of

natural humus reserves and, in general, a decrease in

soil fertility is noted on the irrigated lands of Central

Asia.

The search for new environmentally friendly,

economical and effective plant growth stimulants is

one of the important problems of crop production,

including cotton growing, etc. Most of the plant

growth stimulants widely used in the world are

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chemicals that ultimately harm the environment and

humans.

In addition, the well-known agrotechnical

methods of cultivating crops have also exhausted

their capabilities to a certain extent and their further

improvement over the years does not, in fact, give any

tangible results.

The improvement of technical means, intensive

use of chemicals, increased doses of mineral

fertilizers, etc. become not only economically

unjustified, but also harmful, taking into account the

environmental situation.

The deteriorating environmental situation due to

environmental pollution, moisture deficiency,

salinization of the soil environment and other adverse

environmental factors, along with a decrease in soil

366

Mukhammadiev, A., Baymakhanov, K., Choriev, B., Hakimova, Z. and Radjapov, Z.

Nutritional Regime, Trace Element Composition and Microbiological Nutritional Value of Soils Under Various Crops Under the Inﬂuence of Electrical Treatment.

DOI: 10.5220/0014269700004738

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Research of Agricultural and Food Technologies (I-CRAFT 2024), pages 366-371

ISBN: 978-989-758-773-3; ISSN: 3051-7710

fertility, lead to significant crop losses and

deterioration in the quality of agricultural products.

Meanwhile, the intensification of crop production

and the need to increase the productivity and quality

of agricultural products remain an urgent problem of

the day.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

A solution to this problem based on the improvement

of well-known agricultural technologies is not

expected in the future.

Therefore, it is vital to create a fundamentally new

alternative highly efficient, environmentally friendly,

industrial technology for cultivating crops.

In Uzbekistan, the Head Design Bureau for

Cotton-growing Machines has been conducting

scientific research since 1995 on the creation of a new

environmentally friendly agricultural technology for

growing crops, which consists in the integrated use of

electricity in the technological process of cultivated

crops (Mukhammadiev, 1992, Khuyae et al., 2000).

Moreover, depending on the operation of the

technological process of cultivation, the type and

variety of seeds, as well as on the degree of their

infestation with pathogenic fungi, bacteria and pests.

Electricity is used in various forms (pulsed,

electrothermal, radiation, etc.) and also in

combination, which makes it possible to completely

abandon the use of pesticides in the cultivation of

crops.

The essence of environmentally friendly

agroelectrotechnology consists in the combined and

stage-by-stage electrical effects on the «seed, soil,

plant» system.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Environmentally friendly electrotechnological

techniques have been developed to prepare

agricultural seeds for sowing, to stimulate and protect

them from diseases and pests. A number of technical

means for the implementation of

agroelectrotechnological techniques in agricultural

production have been manufactured and tested in

production conditions in almost all the republics of

Central Asia, the People's Republic of China and the

Arab Republic of Egypt (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Agroelectrotechnological methods of agricultural

production

In the conducted studies on the mechanisms of

electrical stimulation of seeds and plants during the

growing season, it was found that electrical

stimulation of seeds and plants (for example, cotton,

potatoes, tomatoes, cereals) enhances nucleic and

protein metabolism, the intensity of photosynthesis,

the activity of enzymes, proteins at the cell level, etc.

(Mukhammadiev et al., 2002, Sodikova and Turapov,

2004). Electrical action does not disrupt pollen

formation, does not reduce its viability and

fertilization process, has a positive effect on the

microflora of the rhizosphere, increasing the content

of beneficial and reducing the number of harmful

microorganisms in the soil, improving the

phytosanitary condition of the soil by reducing

microscopic mold fungi and increasing the number of

actenomycetes (Mukhammadiev, 2003).

It has been experimentally proven that

electrostimulation of soil, seeds and plants using

ultraviolet rays (hereinafter referred to as

electrotreatment) contributes to a significant

(Mukhammadiev et al., 2001).

In this article, we will highlight the results of these

studies in more detail.

The effect of electrical treatment on the nutrient

regime of the studied soils has shown that under

Nutritional Regime, Trace Element Composition and Microbiological Nutritional Value of Soils Under Various Crops Under the Inﬂuence of

Electrical Treatment

367

various crops and under the influence of electrical

treatment, noticeable changes occur both in the soil

and in plant nutrition (Khusanov et al., 2002).

A slight increase in the assimilable potassium in

the arable horizon was found under the influence of

electrical treatment. A slight decrease in the content

of digestible phosphorus under the influence of

electrical treatment was also recorded under millet

culture.

The data obtained show that the content of N-NO3

under the rhizosphere of cotton, regardless of the time

of year, is always higher in the variants with electrical

treatment compared with the control. For example, at

the beginning of the growing season, the content of

mobile nitrogen in the control variant ranges from

71.4 to 95.2 mg/kg and in the electrotreated variant

from 108.0 to 148.0 mg/kg. The P2O3 content under

the same crop and under the influence of electrical

treatment always increases in control variants – from

40.0 to 60.0 mg/kg of soil, and in variants with

electrical treatment from 50.0 to 70.0 mg/kg of soil.

As for the content of mobile potassium, it can be said

that the impact of electrical technology on the soil and

on the seeds of cotton crops has shown the best

results.

The content of mobile potassium in the humus

horizon ranged from 219.0 to 398.8 mg/kg, in low

horizons – from 94.0 to 350.8 mg/kg of soil. Under

sunflower culture, regardless of the season, there is an

increase in the content of N-NO3 and K2O under the

influence of electrical treatment compared with the

control. The amount of mobile nitrogen under the

influence of electrical treatment ranged from 119.0 to

166.0 mg/kg, and without electrical treatment from

38.1 to 123.8 mg/kg of soil. The exception is

phosphorus (P2O5). Its content in the version with

electrical treatment is from 20.0 to 70.0 mg/kg, and in

the version without electrical treatment – from 20.0 to

180.0 mg/kg of soil.

During the study, it was found that even in bad

weather, more favorable conditions are created under

the influence of electrical treatment in various

cultures. Compared with the control variant, the

processed variants improve the nutrition of various

crops. In order to definitively clarify the reasons for

the decrease or increase in the NPK content, it is

necessary to conduct a more detailed comprehensive

study of the processes occurring in the "seed-soil-

plant" system under the influence of electrical

treatment.

The effect of electrical treatment on the trace

element composition of the studied soils.

Trace elements are an integral part of living matter

and are necessary for the normal functioning of

plants, animals and humans.

It has been established that the distribution of

trace elements in the soil, their migration, and

mobility depend on a number of factors: soil pH,

gross humus content, mechanical composition,

humidity, content of 〖 CO 〗 2 carbonates,

composition of absorbed bases, and degree of salinity

(Khusanov et al., 2002).

Copper. The main sources of copper in

biogeocenoses are bedrock. In the studied soils, the

available copper content mainly ranges in low

numbers – from 0.30 to 0.50 mg/kg, but sometimes

ranges from 0.70 to 1.27 mg/kg (Table 2).

Zinc. The availability of zinc to plants is mainly

determined by the pH of the soil solution. The results

of determining the content of available forms of zinc

indicate a suspended content in the upper humus

horizons and a gradual decrease in the depth of the

profile. However, it should be noted that when

studying the composition of trace elements, we

studied only the arable and sub-arable horizons of the

soil profile. In the studied soils, the content of

available zinc in all variants of the experiment ranges

from 3.30 to 5.30 mg/kg.

Manganese. It is known that manganese

promotes the synthesis of carbohydrates, affects the

colloidal chemical properties of plasma, the content

of bound water, increases the intensity of

photosynthesis, is a catalyst for the activity of

enzymes, vitamins, and plays an important role in the

processes of protein synthesis in the body. The

content of available manganese in the studied soils is

insufficient. In the upper horizons, in all variants

under different crops, in the first phase -29.0 to 31.0

mg/kg, and in the second phase (budding) ranges

between 24.4 and 31.3 mg/kg.

In connection with the above, the use of

manganese micro fertilizers on the studied soils is

promising. Thus, the soils formed on alluvial deposits

differ somewhat in the content of mobile Zn, Mn, Cu

from meadow soils of a gray-earth oasis, depending

on the climate of humus content and degree of

cultivation. The microelement composition, the

nature of their distribution along the soil profile under

the influence of electrical treatment changes

markedly.

The work of microorganisms is able to

continuously raise the potential fertility of the soil.

Human activity can transform the potential wealth of

the soil into actual fertility and realize it in the form

of a high yield. The biochemical processes occurring

in the soil are crucial in creating soil fertility. These

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368

processes are carried out under the influence of a

variety of numerous enzymes produced by soil

microorganisms, microfauna and higher plants. The

result of their pathological activity is both the

transformation of complex organic substances into a

mineral form accessible to plants, and the synthesis of

new high-molecular compounds, also necessary for

normal plant growth and development.

Data on the total number of microorganisms are

presented in Table 3, for the main physiological

groups of microorganisms in tables 4, 5. We studied

the dynamics of the development of soil microflora

under the influence of electrical treatment and

without electrical treatment under various crops.

Electrotreatment has different effects on the

microbiological activity of soils under different crops.

Thus, electrical treatment had a positive effect and

increased the total number of microorganisms in the

rhizosphere of cotton at all stages of the growing

season.

Table 1: The effect of electrical treatment on the total number of soil microorganisms 1000/1g of soil.

№ Experience options Depth, cm

The phase of the growing season

June July Аugus

1 Cotton-control 0-30 53475 40290 43425

2 With electrical processing 0-30 114925 80143 73515

3 Sunflower control 0-30 64065 60990 27225

4 With electrical processing 0-30 40320 40743 79890

5 Sesame control 0-30 33675 72885 33039

6 With electrical processing 0-30 71055 34101 26685

7 Millet control 0-30 72735 35145 44910

8 With electrical processing 0-30 36795 94713 49950

9 Corn control 0-30 12825 15750 24210

10 With electrical processing 0-30 19185 105060 35355

Table 2: The effect of electrical treatment on the amount of soil ammonifying bacteria 1000/1g of soil.

№ Experience options Depth, cm

The phase of the growing season

June July Аugus

1 Cotton-control 0-30 51000 39000 42000

2 With electrical processing 0-30 112500 79500 72000

3 Sunflower control 0-30 63000 60000 25500

4 With electrical processing 0-30 39000 39000 78000

5 Sesame control 0-30 31500 72000 31500

6 With electrical processing 0-30 69000 33000 24000

7 Millet control 0-30 72000 34500 43500

8 With electrical processing 0-30 33000 93000 48000

9 Corn control 0-30 12000 15000 22500

10 With electrical processing 0-30 18000 99000 33000

Table 3: The effect of electrical treatment on the number of soil oligonitrophils 1000/1g of soil.

Experience options Depth, cm

The phase of the growing season

June July Аugus

1 Cotton-control 0-30 2460 1185 1275

2 With electrical processing 0-30 2895 1200 1350

3 Sunflower control 0-30 1050 900 1650

4 With electrical processing 0-30 1290 1680 1740

5 Sesame control 0-30 2160 810 1470

6 With electrical processing 0-30 2025 1080 2550

7 Millet control 0-30 720 600 1320

8 With electrical processing 0-30 3780 1695 1800

9 Corn control 0-30 810 675 1530

10 With electrical processing 0-30 1155 6000 2145

Nutritional Regime, Trace Element Composition and Microbiological Nutritional Value of Soils Under Various Crops Under the Inﬂuence of

Electrical Treatment

369

Electrical treatment did not have a significant

effect on the total number of microorganisms at the

beginning of the growing season for sunflower and

millet. And in the middle of the growing season,

under sesame culture, electrical treatment did not

affect the total number of microorganisms, the best

options were corn with and without electrical

treatment. From the data obtained, it was revealed

that electrical technology had a beneficial effect on

the dynamics of microorganisms.

Table 4 presents data on the effect of electrical

treatment on the amount of ammonifying bacteria in

the soil under the rhizosphere of different crops. From

the presented data, it can be seen that cotton and corn

turned out to be the best options in terms of the

number of bacteria: at the beginning of the growing

season under the rhizosphere of cotton-51000

thousand /1 g of soil in the control variant, 114925

thousand/1 g of soil with electrical treatment.

However, it should be noted that at the beginning of

the growing season, in the phase of 3-4 real leaves and

in the budding phase, electrical treatment had a

somewhat weak effect on the number of ammonifiers

in the direction of their decrease in the rhizosphere of

sunflower, millet and sesame. For example, 64065

thousand / 1 g of sunflower soil in the control version

40320 thousand / 1 g of soil in the version with

electrical treatment.

The content of micromycetes increases in

experimental variants under all studied crops

throughout the vegetation of plants. Electrical

processing had a significant positive effect on

increasing the number of fungi in the rhizosphere of

cotton, sunflower, millet and corn. For example,

under the rhizosphere of cotton in the control variant,

75 thousand / 1 g of soil, and in the variant with

electrical treatment-80 thousand/ 1 g of soil, under

sunflower-45 thousand/ 1 g of soil –control, 60

thousand/1 g of soil – with treatment, 30 thousand/1

g of soil in the millet variant – in control, 45 thousand

/1g of soil with treatment. In the control variant and

with electrical treatment, the number of them is equal

under the corn crop – 30 thousand / 1g of soil.

Table 4: The effect of electrical treatment on the number of micromycetes (fungi) of soils of the RCC Research Institute,

2005, 1000/1g of soil

№ Experience options Depth, cm

The phase of the growing season

June July Аugus

1 Cotton-control 0-30 15 75 120

2 With electrical processing 0-30 45 80 135

3 Sunflower control 0-30 15 45 45

4 With electrical processing 0-30 30 60 105

5 Sesame control 0-30 15 15 60

6 With electrical processing 0-30 30 6 75

7 Millet control 0-30 15 30 75

8 With electrical processing 0-30 15 45 120

9 Corn control 0-30 15 30 135

10 With electrical processing 0-30 30 30 150

Electrical treatment had a different effect on the

development of alligonitrophils. In the rhizosphere of

cotton, sunflower, millet and corn during their

growing season. The number of olligonitrophils

increased under the influence of electrical treatment

in the sesame rhizosphere, a decrease in the number

of olligonitrophils was observed at the beginning of

the growing season and an increase in the middle and

end of the growing season (Table 4).

Thus, the study of the quantitative distribution of

microorganisms in the studied soils showed the

dependence of the number of different physiological

groups within the same soil type on the content of

organic matter (humus), the degree of salinity and

vegetation. Changes in soil conditions significantly

affect the ordinary composition of microorganisms,

but do not affect the presence of a particular

physiological group.

In this regard, the dynamics of soil microflora

with different degrees of water availability under

various agricultural crops (cotton, sunflower, millet,

corn and sesame) has been studied.

Table 2,3,4 shows the results characterizing the

microbiological activity of soils under different crops

with different degrees of water availability.

During the research, the influence of the

anthropogenic factor of electrical treatment and

various degrees of water availability on stimulation,

suppression or indifference to soil and plant

microorganisms was studied.

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Electrotreatment has different effects on the

microbiological activity of soils under different crops

with different degrees of water availability.

The conducted research allows us to conclude

that, in general, electrotreatment of soil, seeds and

vegetative organs of agricultural crops grown in

saline soils with varying degrees of water availability

has a positive effect on microbiological activity, on

the rhizosphere of various crops, even with moisture

deficiency (Khusanov et al., n.d).

4 CONCLUSIONS

The use of differentiated irrigation regimes in

combination with electrical technology contributed to

an increase in crop yields by 1.5-2.0 kg/ha and saving

irrigation water by 10-15%.

It was found that the effect of electrical

treatment of seeds and vegetative organs of plants

provided an increase in the yield of the tested crops.

For example, under the influence of electrical

treatment, the yield of cotton increased by 3-12%;

sunflower by 4-14%; corn by 6-15%; sesame by 10%,

millet by 3-12%. The optimal result for all

agricultural crops was obtained with a 50-60% degree

of water availability.

It was revealed that the electrical effect on the

"seed, soil, plant" system has a positive effect on the

content of assimilable forms of nitrogen, phosphorus,

potassium and trace elements in the soil, which

contributes to the creation of a favorable plant

nutrition regime.

The electrical effect had a positive effect on the

microflora of the rhizosphere of cotton, increasing the

content of beneficial and reducing the number of

harmful microorganisms in the soil, improved the

phytosanitary condition of the soil by reducing

microscopic mold fungi and increasing the number of

actinomycetes.

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Electrical Treatment

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