Past, Present and Future Prospects of Grain Farming in Uzbekistan

Baxram Azizov

, Umurzoq Charshanbiev

, Chorshanbi Ulugov

, Nargiza Ergasheva

Xolik Allanov

and Sherzod Hikmatov

Tashkent State Agrarian University, 100140, University str. 2, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Keywords: Planting Machine, Seedling Automation, Sand Afforestation.

Abstract: Wheat is one of the most important food crops in agriculture. In most countries of the world, the bulk of the

diet consists of products from grains and legumes. In connection with this, grains, including wheat, are of

great importance in our lives. Currently, an average of about 760 million tons of grain are stored annually in

the world; by 2030, this figure is planned to increase to 850 million tons. In Uzbekistan, too, during the years

of independence, very great achievements were noted in grain growing. During the years of independence,

the gross grain harvest increased from 943 thousand tons to 8 million 200 thousand tons, and grain yield from

11.9 ts/ha to 78.0 ts/ha. The results of the experiment carried out in a variant where a suspension from a leaf

was applied once in the grafting "Sila Kremniy" at a norm of 200 g/ha and a one-year spike against weeds

Starpik 24% e.k. when spraying herbicide 0.15 liters per hectare, an additional grain yield l of 10.8 ts/Ha was

obtained compared to the control option of 79.7 ts/ha. In grading, a variant that uses "Sila Kremniy" twice in

the 200 g/ha norm has a total of 80% s.e.k against annual spike and double-bladed and perennial double-

bladed when herbicide was administered at 30 grams per hectare, the grain yield was 82.1 ts/ha, with an

additional grain yield of 13.2 ts/ha per control option.

1 INTRODUCTION

Cereal crops are of great economic and production

importance in the national economy of the Republic

of Uzbekistan. Cereal crops play an important role in

meeting the food needs of the population, providing

livestock with concentrate and coarse fodder, and raw

materials for some industries.

Increasing grain production is the main problem in

agriculture. After the independence of the Republic of

Uzbekistan, a number of practical works were carried out,

decrees and laws were adopted to increase the production of

grain, to meet the demand of the country's population and the

national economy for grain at the expense of the grain crop

grown in the republic.

Altman (1983), Atabayeva & Azizov (2008),

Arabi & Javhar (2000), Azizov et al. (2021a),

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3013-6844

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8685-6843

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0545-0978

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2423-8913

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3013-6844

Charshanbiev et al. (2021) and Yodgorov et al. (2023),

on the development of grain growing in our country,

increasing the yield of grain crops, Azizov et al. (2017),

Azizov et al. (2021b) and Charshanbiev (2023),

conducted scientific research.

Scientists such as R.I.Siddikov, A.A.Amonov,

A.O.Amanov conducted research on the selection and

breeding of grain crops in different regions of our

country, and created many varieties of wheat.

Scientists such as Professor Kh.N. Atabaeva,

N.Kh. Khalilov, B.M.Azizov carried out scientific

research on the technologies of growing autumn and

spring wheat under irrigated conditions, the resistance

of wheat to winter and various stress factors, and the

nutrition of wheat from roots and without roots .

Scientists such as A.I.Nurbekov,

P.Kh.Bobomirzaev, G'.Gaybullaev carried out

scientific research on the development of

Azizov, B., Charshanbiev, U., Ulugov, C., Ergasheva, N., Allanov, X. and Hikmatov, S.

Past, Present and Future Prospects of Grain Farming in Uzbekistan.

DOI: 10.5220/0014067900004738

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Research of Agricultural and Food Technologies (I-CRAFT 2024), pages 99-105

ISBN: 978-989-758-773-3; ISSN: 3051-7710

technologies for growing wheat in dry conditions,

minimizing tillage.

D. Altman, M. Arabi on grain production and

especially wheat cultivation in foreign countries.

Many scientists, such as Z. Borlan A. Kassan,

conducted scientific research. Nevertheless, there are

many problems in grain farming today. Grown grain

cannot fully satisfy the population's need for this

product. Global economic changes are causing a

number of difficulties in the cultivation of winter

wheat and other grain crops, the grain quality is

relatively low.

There are different views on a number of issues in

grain farming, and these problems await resolution.

Therefore, it is appropriate to continue scientific

research in this regard, to conduct scientific research

on innovative technologies.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

In order to ensure the reliability of data in the conduct

of every scientific work and scientific analysis, it is

necessary to ensure that the research is carried out

methodologically correctly.

Field experiments were carried out according to

B.A. Dospehov's "Methods of conducting field

experiments", statistical analysis of data was carried

out using "Excel 2010" "Statistisa 7.0 for Windows"

computer programs based on B.A. Dospehov's

"Metodika polevogo opyta" method. on the basis of

the panel data obtained in our research, the results of

the analysis were obtained using the "Variable effect"

(Random effects) model in the STATA-17 program

package in the economic assessment of the factors

affecting the productivity of durum wheat in dry

farming.

Led to the depletion of groundwater resources due

to the unauthorized construction of water intake

structures and uncontrolled water extraction. which

led to a percent decrease and depletion of water

reserves in some sources. Applying the technology of

solar panels, which is considered a renewable energy

source, to the water transmission networks in our

country, as well as to all sectors, allows to eliminate

technical failures and excess energy consumption in

the system and provide the population with water at

the same rate (Arabi & Javhar, 2000; Azizov et al.,

2017; Azizov et al., 2021b).

Figure 1: Conducting experiments to determine the leaf surface.

View of the experimental field.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

For the sustainable development of grain farming in

our country, including the cultivation of grain crops,

we need to thoroughly study and analyze the past of

grain farming, identify the shortcomings and develop

ways to eliminate them. You can't take a bold step

into the future without knowing the past.

Indeed, during the years of independence, great

work was done in the field of grain production in our

country, and we achieved great victories. Grain yield

has increased almost 5-6 times.

After the independence of the Republic of

Uzbekistan, major changes took place in the structure

of cultivated areas. Areas of the main crop cotton and

fodder crops were reduced, and the area of grain crops

was increased dramatically. There are 4.3 million

hectares of irrigated and 750 thousand hectares of

arable land in our republic (Yodgorov et al., 2023;

Saidova, et al., 2024; Saidova, 2024).

After the independence of our republic, the yield

of corn and other grain crops has been increasing year

by year. In 1992-1994, the yield of grain crops on

irrigated land reached 12 t/ha, 41 t/ha in 2004, and

78.0 t/ha by 2023. The increase in productivity is

observed for all grain crops. Table 1 provides

information on the increase in grain cultivation and

the growth rate of grain yield in Uzbekistan during

the years of independence.

I-CRAFT 2024 - 4th International Conference on Research of Agricultural and Food Technologies

100

Before independence, the gross harvest in grain

cultivation in Uzbekistan was 990 thousand tons, and

the grain yield was 9-10 t/ha. The main reasons for

this are that most of the grain arable land is grown in

relatively low-fertility areas and dry lands. In the

irrigated areas, the cultivated area was less.

Data on the gross wheat crop grown in Uzbekistan

during the years of independence (1991-2023) are

presented in Figure 1. In the first years of

independence, the gross harvest was 1,200-1,550

thousand tons, and the grain yield was 11.9-13.0

tons/ha. Because in this period, there was not yet

enough experience in grain growing, grain growing

technologies had not been developed. Low-yielding

wheat varieties were planted in the main fields. The

rate of grain planting is 3 mln. Ha, and the planting

dates in most cases corresponded to November.

By 2002, due to the planting of intensive varieties

such as Yuna, Kroshka, Demintra, Kupava, Chillaki,

Sanzar 4, Sanzar 8, Yonbosh, and Marjon, the total

grain yield reached 4500 thousand tons and the grain

yield reached 42.0 t/ha.

It was arranged to sow 5-6 million grain seeds in

October in all areas. A cotton-cereal short rotation

cropping system was formed.

Finally, in 2022-2023, due to the use of innovative

technologies in grain farming, programming of

mineral fertilizers for the planned harvest on a

scientific basis, the widespread introduction of foliar

feeding, and the use of biostimulants, the gross grain

yield reached 7193-8200 thousand tons in the next

two years. Grain yield reached 69.8-78.0 tons/ha.

In the first years of independence in 1991-1992,

the number of plants in the field was 1.5-2 million,

the total leaf area was only 10-15 thousand m2/ha, in

2001-2002, the number of plants was 2.5-3.0 million

ha, the total leaf area was 20-25 thousand m2/ha, by

the last years 2022-2023, the thickness of seedlings

was 4.0-4.5 million ha, the total leaf area was 35-40

thousand m2/ha.

Foliar feeding of winter wheat in grain production

increased the total leaf area in the field, accelerated

physiological processes, and significantly increased

the efficiency of plant absorption of mineral

fertilizers.

It was observed that when winter wheat is fed

through the usual roots, only 35-40% of mineral

fertilizers, especially nitrogen fertilizers, are

absorbed by the plant, and the nitrogen that is not

absorbed by the plant has a negative impact on the

environment (ecology). When winter wheat is foliarly

fed, the absorption rate of mineral fertilizers by the

plant increases to 80-85%.

It was found that feeding winter wheat from the

leaves in addition to the roots increases the efficiency

of mineral fertilizers, increases the immunity of the

plant to pests and diseases, and has a positive effect

on the grain quality.

The conducted scientific research shows that

when autumn wheat is fed with leaves and roots, the

amount of protein in the grain increases by 1.5-2%,

and the amount of gluten increases by 3-4%. Foliar

feeding of winter wheat has been shown to

significantlyincrease immunity to plant-sucking pests

along with a positive effect on grain quality.

Figure 2: Development dynamics of grain cultivation in

Independence 1991-2023 (per thousand tons).

Table 1: Information on the growth dynamics of wheat grain cultivation in Uzbekistan during the years of independence.

Years 1990 1992 1994 199

1998 2000 2002 2022 2023

Harvest, Thousand/ton 990 1200 1550 2550 3000 3100 4500 7193 8200

Productivity, ts/ha 10.

11.9 13.

21.3 25.2 26.1 42,

69.8 78.

From the above data, it can be seen that in the first

years of independence, the gross grain yield of our

country was only 943 thousand tons. This harvest

could not satisfy the population's need for grain. The

early years of independence were planted in dry lands

with low gross grain yields, as well as in low-fertility

lands. Mainly old local varieties with low

productivity are planted. Wheat is traditionally

cultivated in a primitive way. The seed production

system is not well established. The seed sowing rate

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

1991 2002 2022 2023

The total wheat grain crop grown in

Uzbekistan during 1991-2023, thousand. tons

Past, Present and Future Prospects of Grain Farming in Uzbekistan

101

was only 80-100 kg/ha. As a result, low grain yield

and productivity have been recorded. Because of this,

increasing grain production was considered one of the

most urgent tasks.

As a result of increased attention to grain

production, by 2002, the total grain yield reached

5139 thousand tons. Gross yield has increased almost

5-5.5 times. The gross grain harvest in 2022 was 7192

thousand tons, and in 2023 it was 8200 thousand tons.

A record was set in grain production. In our country,

a significant increase was noted in the grain yield as

well as the gross wheat yield.

Data on the growth dynamics of wheat grain yield

are presented in Figure 2.

Figure 3: Wheat grain yield in 1991-2023.

As can be seen from the above data, in the early

years of independence, the yield of wheat grain in our

country was 11.9 t/ha, in 2002 the yield was 42.4 t/ha,

in 2022 69.8 t/ha, and in 2023 78.0 made ts/ha.

According to the indicator of grain productivity,

Uzbekistan was ranked from 98 to 12 out of 210

countries in the world. However, these indicators are

not enough, the strategy of actions indicates to

increase the yield of wheat grain to 80-85 tons/ha by

2025-2030.

Due to the significant increase in grain yield in

Uzbekistan in recent years, it entered the top 10 in the

world ranking in terms of yield in 2022. The first

place in the world ranking is Ireland - 100.8 t/ha, the

second place is New Zealand - 97.1 t/ha, the third

place is Great Britain - 78.1 t/ha, Uzbekistan - 69.8

t/ha grain yield

List of countries with the top 10 grain yields:

1. Ireland - 100.8 tons/ha;

2. New Zealand - 97.1 ts/ha;

3. Great Britain - 78.1 ts/ha;

4. Germany - 73.0 ts/ha;

5. France - 70.3 tons/ha;

6. Uzbekistan - 69.8 tons/ha;

7. Egypt - 64.5 tons/ha;

8. China - 58.1 tons/ha;

9. Ukraine - 45.3 tons/ha;

10. South Africa - 43.1 ts/ha.

If our country's annual need for grain for bread

and bakery products is 6.0-6.5 million tons, the

annual need for grain to meet the needs of the

population for food products, industry for raw

materials, and livestock for concentrate feed is 16-20

million Makes a ton. That is, in order to bring grain

production to the level of developed countries, we

need to grow at least 500-600 kg of grain per capita.

In the future, it is expected that the increase of grain

production in our country will be carried out mainly

due to the increase of productivity, the development

and introduction of technologies for intensive

cultivation in grain growing.

In order to further improve the above processes,

we conducted several experiments on winter wheat.

In increasing the productivity of winter wheat, agro-

measures such as timely provision of its food

requirements, keeping the field free of weeds and

protection against diseases and pests play an

important role.

The experiments were carried out to ensure the

nutritional requirements of winter wheat and to

protect against weeds. The experiments were

conducted in the grassland soils of the Tashkent

region and were carried out on Asr and Vassa

varieties of winter wheat.

Winter wheat was fed according to the norm

adopted in the farm to ensure its need for mineral

fertilizers during the growth period. In addition, it

was additionally suspended with "Nano silicon" (Sila

silicon) through the leaves at the rate of 150, 200 g/ha,

once and twice.

Experiments were conducted on Asr and Wassa

varieties of winter wheat. In the experiments carried

out on Asr variety, in the control variant, mineral

fertilizers were applied in the norms of

N250P175K125, and the yield of winter wheat was

obtained on average of 63.8 t/ha when no herbicide

was sprayed against weeds. In the cultivation of

winter wheat, N250P175K125 (FON) mineral

fertilizer is used, "Sila kremniy" 150 g/ha once from

the leaves, Starpik 24% e.c. When 0.2 liters of

herbicide was sprayed per hectare, the yield increased

by 4.6 t/ha compared to the control option (68.4 t/ha).

"Sila kremniy" 150 g/ha is added to mineral fertilizers

in the feeding of winter wheat against annual spike

and dicotyledonous weeds and perennial

dicotyledonous weeds Total 80% s.e.g. When 40

grams of herbicide was sprayed per hectare, the yield

100

1991 2002 2022 2023

grain yield, c/h

I-CRAFT 2024 - 4th International Conference on Research of Agricultural and Food Technologies

102

increased by 7.8 t/ha compared to the control option

(71.6 t/ha).

Figure 4: Effect of mineral fertilizers, foliar feeding and herbicide

application on winter wheat yield.

Addition to mineral fertilizers "Sila kremniy" 200

g/ha once applied against one-year spiked weeds

Starpik 24% e.c. When 0.15 liters of herbicide was

applied per hectare, the yield was increased by 9.9

t/ha compared to the control option (73.7 t/ha). "Sila

kremniy" 200 g/ha twice-applied option against

annual spike weeds, annual spike and dicotyledonous

weeds and perennial dicotyledonous weeds Total

80% s.e.g. When 30 grams of herbicide was applied

per hectare, the yield was increased by 11.7 t/ha

compared to the control option (75.5 t/ha) (Table 2).

In the experiments carried out on the Vassa

variety of winter wheat, an average yield of 68.9 t/ha

was obtained in the control option. When winter

wheat is fed with mineral fertilizers, "Sila silicon"

150 g/ha once as a leaf suspension and Starpik 24%

e.c. When 0.2 liters of herbicide was sprayed per

hectare, the yield increased by 6.3 t/ha compared to

the control variant (75.2 t/ha). "Sila kremniy" 150

g/ha is added to mineral fertilizers in the feeding of

winter wheat against annual spike and dicotyledonous

weeds and perennial dicotyledonous weeds Total

80% s.e.g. When 40 grams of herbicide was applied

per hectare, the yield was increased by 8.9 tons/ha

compared to the control option (77.8 tons/ha).

Table 2: Effects of feeding and weed control on winter wheat yield (2019, 2021, 2023).

№

Crop

variety

Mineral fertilizer rate, kg/ha

Organic

fertilizer

rate, g/ha

erbicide name and rate

g/ha, l/ha

Productivity, ts/ha

verage

ield, ts/ha

ifference fro

control, ts/ha

2007375

Аsr

Control

250

175

125

(

FON

)

- No herbicide - 63,8 -

FON+Sila

Kremniy

FON

150 g once

Starpik 24% e.k.

g/kg

0,2l 68,4 4,6

FON 150 g

Twice

Total, 80% s.e.g. 40 g 71,6 7,8

FON

200 g once

Starpik 24% e.k.

0,15

73,7 9,9

FON

200 g twice Total, 80% s.e.g. 30 g 75,5 11,7

2010420

Vassa

Control

250

175

125

(

FON

)

No herbicide

- 68,9 -

FON+Sila

Kremniy

FON 150 g once Starpik 24% e.k.

0,2 l 75,2 6,3

FON 150 g

Twice

Total, 80% s.e.g.

40 g 77,8 8,9

FON 200 g once Starpik 24% e.k.

0,15

79,7 10,8

FON 200 g twice Total, 80% s.e.g.

30 g 82,1 13,2

"Sila kremniy" 200 g/ha once as a foliar

suspension against annual spike weeds Starpik 24%

e.c. When 0.15 liters of herbicide was sprayed per

hectare, the yield increased by 10.8 tons/ha compared

to the control option (79.7 tons/ha). "Sila Kremniy" at

the rate of 200 g/ha twice applied against annual spike

and dicotyledonous and perennial dicotyledonous

weeds Total 80% s.e.g. when herbicide was applied

at 30 grams per hectare, yield was increased by 13.2

t/ha compared to the control option (82.1 t/ha) (Table

2, Fig. 4).

63.8

68.4

71.6

73.7

75.5

4.6

7.8

9.9

11.7

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Crop variety

Average yield, ts/ha

Difference from control, ts/ha

Past, Present and Future Prospects of Grain Farming in Uzbekistan

103

Figure 5: Calculate wheat yield.

The results of the experiment show that feeding

plays an important role in increasing the yield of

winter wheat. In addition to the use of mineral

fertilizers, it was found that the growth of winter

wheat can be achieved by using the drug "Sila silicon"

created on the basis of nanotechnology through the

leaf during the growth period, by applying herbicides

with high efficiency against weeds in one and two

times.

Figure 6: Analysis of experimental results.

Therefore, in the future development of grain

growing in our country, the main attention should be

focused on increasing grain yield, increasing product

quality, increasing soil fertility, and improving

ecological conditions.

Figure 7: Effect of mineral fertilizers, foliar feeding and

herbicide application on winter wheat yield.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the above information, we can draw the

following conclusions:

1. Wide introduction of new innovative technologies

in grain production to further increase wheat grain

yield and improve grain quality;

2. Organization of planting of winter wheat varieties

of intensive type with high potential productivity:

3. Improvement of crop rotation system, introduction

of short rotation rotation;

4. Timely and scientifically based application of all

agrotechnical measures;

5. In addition to the roots, foliar feeding, using micro-

fertilizers along with macro-fertilizers;

6. Application of biostimulants in grain cultivation.

7. Application of advanced foreign technologies in

grain cultivation;

8. The use of such as the use of smart agriculture in

grain production is important..

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