Analysis of Desert Rangeland Improvement Technologies

Ismoil Ergashev

, Abdulaziz Akramov

, Allamurod Ismatov

, Bekzod Tashtemirov

Yorqin Islomov

and Furqat Namazov

Samarkand State University Veterinary Medicine, Livestock and Biotechnologies, M. Ulugbek, 77, Samarkand, Uzbekistan

Samarkand Agroinnovations and Research University,

Akdarya District, Dahbet Fortress, A. Temur, 7, Samarkand, Uzbekistan

Keywords: Desert Rangelands, Pasture Improvement, Phytomelioration.

Abstract: In the world, areas prone to desertification and potentially dangerous due to desertification occupy an area of

about 52 million square kilometers. Degradation of desert pastures has a negative impact on food security,

agricultural production, and environmental ecology. 21 million hectares of Uzbekistan (47% of the total land

area) are occupied by desert pastures, more than 50% of which have been degraded to varying degrees. The

article analyzes a number of ways to improve these degraded areas, and in addition to this, the technology of

planting with discontinuously strip tillage is proposed. It is theoretically based that when using this technology,

the tillaged area is 1-3%, and the preserved vegetation cover is 97-99%.

1 INTRODUCTION

Globally, desertification-prone and desertification at

risk areas cover approximately 52 million sq km, and

economic losses from desertification alone are

estimated at US$42 billion annually. The

phenomenon of "desertification" occurs mainly as a

result of irrational use of natural resources of the land

(Eduardovich, 2016). According to the latest United

Nations data, more than 20 percent of Central Asia's

total land area is degraded, which is about 80 million

hectares - almost four times the size of Kyrgyzstan.

This situation affects approximately 30% of the

population of the region (Davronov, 2022).

Degradation of desert pastures has a negative

impact on food security, agricultural production, and

environmental ecology. Desert pastures are important

from a socio-economic point of view and serve as one

of the main natural resources for maintaining

ecological balance in the region, ensuring food

security, developing animal husbandry and improving

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2865-3620

https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7044-4423

https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4111-5803

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7262-4897

https://orcid.org0000-0001-5069-1784

https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5898-0918

the living standards of the population. For this reason,

it is necessary to improve the natural conditions,

contours, soil, variety and amount of plants and the

level of water supply of pastures.

In particular, 21 million hectares of our Republic

(47% of the total land area) are occupied by desert

pastures, of which more than 50% have been

degraded to varying degrees, 11 million hectares of

pastures have decreased in natural fodder production

potential and have become unusable (Bean et al.,

2004).

In these pastures, due to the insufficient

implementation of the irregular grazing system and

the sharp increase in the number of livestock, the

pastures are under great pressure. There are several

ways to improve pastures and they are listed below:

Improvement by planting (by planting seedlings

of phytomeliorational plants) - this method involves

growing seedlings in separate plots or greenhouses

and then transplanting them as seedlings (indooror

bare roots) to suitable plots. Plants are often grown in

Ergashev, I., Akramov, A., Ismatov, A., Tashtemirov, B., Islomov, Y. and Namazov, F.

Analysis of Desert Rangeland Improvement Technologies.

DOI: 10.5220/0014040800004738

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Research of Agricultural and Food Technologies (I-CRAFT 2024), pages 5-11

ISBN: 978-989-758-773-3; ISSN: 3051-7710

greenhouses for ≥ 1 year to regenerate before planting

(Avdeeva et al., 2022). The use of seedlings with a

closed root system in planting has a number of

important advantages compared to seedlings with an

open root system. In particular, seedlings with a

closed root system take root better even in

unfavorable conditions, are resistant to transportation

over long distances, and significantly extend the

seedling period of the plant. In addition, seedlings

with a closed root system are important because the

roots are protected and the seedlings are not damaged

during planting (Brown et al., 1979).

Improvement by seeding (seeds of

phytomelioration plants) - Usually, sowing of seeds

is carried out by hand, with seeders and with the help

of airplanes, depending on the size of the cultivated

area. Sometimes the seeds are covered with husks or

covered with a protective mulch to conserve moisture

and reduce the risk of being killed by insects and

animals that feed on the seeds (Mwebaze, 2002).

Many scientists have conducted scientific

research on the development of technologies that

improve the condition of pastures by planting

seedlings and seeds abroad; (Mwebaze, 2002;

Serebrova et al., 2011; Thom et al., 2011; Yang et al.,

2012; Rayburn & Laca, 2013; Zhao, 2017; Ivansova

et al., 2019). On the development and improvement

of technologies and technical means of improving the

state of pastures with the help of seeds and seedlings

of phytomeliorative plants even in the conditions of

Usbekistan (Olmosov, 2019), (Gafurova & Nabiyeva,

2019; Ergashev et al., 2020; Farmonov et al., 2020;

Farmonov, 2021; Khudoyberdiyev et al., 2021), other

scientists, researches on planting seedlings of

phytomeliorative plants conducted by (Makhmudov

et al., 2006).

Improvement through water resources - to

improve degraded desert pastures, rainwater

harvesting basins are used to irrigate plants, and water

trucks are used if it is not raining. Practical work on

this method of solving the problem has been started

in many countries of the world with desertification

and degradation problems. As an example, Israel's

anti-desertification program focuses on centralized

water management (Farmanov, 2021). In addition, it

is possible to restore desert pastures through spring

water (Ergashev et al., 2020). Many foreign scientists

have conducted scientific research on the role of

water resources in the improvement of desert pastures

and the development of improvement technologies,

through them (Orlander & Due, 1986; Dehghanisanij

et al., 2006; Cirelli et al., 2009; Cui et al., 2015; Yi &

Zhao, 2016; Marin et al., 2017; Cui et al., 2017; Zhao,

2017; Pfeil, 2018; Orlovsky & Zonn, 2019; Dor-Haim

et al., 2023).

Improvement through fertilization (various soil

enrichment additives) - Improves soil composition

using additives, fertilizers, and other methods to

promote ecosystem-friendly soil properties when

improving degraded desert grasslands. Adding

fertilizers or organic matter (which increases the soil's

water-holding capacity) will improve soil conditions

(Çaçan & Kokten, 2019). Several scientists have

conducted scientific research on the use of fertilizers

and organic matter in enriching the composition of

degraded grassland soils. There are (Kulakov, 2006;

Zotov et al., 2011; Scott & Prater, 2018; Çaçan &

Kokten, 2019; Chen et al., 2022; Namozov et al.,

2022; Qin & Zhao, 2023).

Improvement by exposure to soil -

Rehabilitating degraded soils helps reduce erosion

and stabilize soil, and is used to provide shade

structures that help protect plants, protect seeds, and

more (Bauman, 2020). Scientists who conducted

scientific research in this regard (Yang et al., 2012;

Kimiti et al., 2016; Stephen et al., 2016; Lopez et al.,

2019; Khujanazarov et al., 2021).

Improvement without impacting the soil - it

means protecting pastures whose productivity is

decreasing for a while from livestock and other

influences. In this case, the existing plant cover will

develop, and productivity will increase due to the

reduction of external influence. Many scientific

studies have been carried out by world scientists on

the approaches to solving the problems related to the

degradation of deserts and pastures, and technologies

have been developed by scientists to solve the

problem (James, 2014; Bauman, 2020; Tlili et al.,

2021). Depending on the degree of degradation, the

region where desert pastures are located requires the

use of the above-mentioned improvement

technologies.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

One of the effective ways to improve pastures in

drought protection is phytomelioration, that is,

planting seeds of some desert plants from shrubs,

semi-shrubs or quality seedlings. However, when

improving pastures by seeding of phytomeliorative

plants, it takes a long time for the seeds to germinate

and be used as feed. In addition, seeding of some

phytomeliorative plants requires manual

implementation. In this case, improvement of

pastures by planting seedlings is considered to be an

acceptable solution, as well as the loss of the area

I-CRAFT 2024 - 4th International Conference on Research of Agricultural and Food Technologies

where seedlings are planted and the increase in

volume of dry areas. For planting seedlings of

phytomeliorative plants, the discontinuous strip

planting technology has been developed, by which it

is possible to achieve the preservation of the plant

cover of the intermediate area of the planted seedlings

(Fig. 1). In the proposed technology of discontinuous

strip cultivation (Fig. 1, a and b), an area with width

b and length k (k-constant number) is cultivated in the

pasture and seedlings of phytomeliorative plants are

planted in this area.In this case, the L

-k distance

between the tillaged areas is left uncultivated. B

between tillaged rows can change depending on the

type of plant to be planted.

a) longitudinal section; b) top view.

Figure 1: A technological scheme for improving pastures

by planting closed-root seedlings.

If we take the length L and width B of the area where

seedlings are planted, then the tillaged area with a

continuously strip (width b) is determined as follows.

𝑭

𝟏

𝒃∙𝑳∙

𝑩

𝑴

, (1)

Here

𝑩

𝑴

– represents the number of rows to be

worked at B

row spacing in a pasture of width B.

When planting seedlings in discontinuously strips in

pastures, we determine

𝑳

𝟏

𝒏

𝒑

, since the length of

the uncultivated distance 𝓵 through the distance L

between seedlings is equal to 𝓵  𝑳

𝟏

𝒌.

Here k- is a fixed number, equal to k=1

-Represents the number of seedlings to be

planted in each row.

(1) Using the expression, the surface area of the

same-size (B, L) field when discontinuously tillaged

is determined as follows.

𝑭

𝟐

𝒃∙𝒏

𝒑

∙𝒌∙

𝑩

𝑴

. (2)

Since the total area of the pasture is 𝑭

𝒕

𝑩∙𝑳,

we find 𝑩

𝑭

𝒕

𝑳

Then for continuously tillage technology

cultivated area equal to

𝑭

𝟏



𝒃∙𝑭

𝒕

𝑩

𝑴

. (3)

And the total uncultivated area surface equal to

𝑭

𝒄𝒐𝒏

𝑭

𝒕



𝒃∙𝑭

𝒕

𝑩

𝑴

. (4)

For discontinuously strip tillage technology,

cultivated area will be equal to

𝑭

𝟐



𝒃∙𝒌 𝑭

𝒕

𝑳

𝟏

∙𝑩

𝑴

. (5)

And the surface area of the total uncultivated area

is found from the following expression.

𝑭

𝒅𝒊𝒔.𝒄

𝑭

𝒕



𝒃∙𝒌𝑭

𝒕

𝑳

𝟏

𝑩

𝑴

. (6)

From the expressions (1) and (2), it is possible to

calculate the cultivated strip width b for 1 ha area

(L=100m, B=100m) and the cultivated area surface

for B

between the rows in a discontinuously tillage

and a continuously tillage.

Using expressions (4) and (6), it will be possible

to determine the surface of the field that has not been

cultivated in in a discontinuously tillage and a

continuously tillage for planting seedlings of

phytomeliorations.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The area of influence on the soil surface of each

tillage and planting method was analyzed for

discontinuously tillage and continuously was

determined by comparison (Figures 2, 3 and 4). For

both methods, the values of the distance between

rows 𝑩

𝑴

(1) 𝐵



=1,2 m; 2) 𝐵



=2,4 m; 3) 𝐵



=3,6 m)

and the strip width b, were taken as equal (Figures 2,

3). The influence of the distance between rows 𝑩

𝑴

the area of the tillaged field 𝑭

𝟏

in continuously strip

planting was studied (Fig. 2).

In Figure 2, it can be seen that the values of the

distance between the rows B

and the width of the

strip b, increase in accordance with each other, and

the value of the tillaged area surface F

increases. At

=3,6 m and b=0,15 m the total tillaged area of 1

Analysis of Desert Rangeland Improvement Technologies

hectare of field is F

=361,1 m

. At B

=1,2 m and

b=0,15 m the total tillaged area of 1 hectare of field is

=1250 m

. The effect of the number of seedlings 𝒏

𝒑

on the surface of the tillaged area F

was studied (Fig.

3). It turned out that the value of the distance between

the rows B

is directly proportional to the value of

the number of planted seedlings 𝒏

𝒑

. That is, in Figure

3, it became known that as the values of B

decrease,

the value of 𝒏

𝒑

also decreases. It was found that the

decrease in the number of planted seedlings 𝒏

𝒑

directly affects the decrease in F

of the cultivated

field surface (Fig. 3).

In discontinuously strip planting, between the

rows B

=3,6 m and width of tillaged strip b=0,15 m

the cultivated area for 1 hectare will be equal to

=83,3 m

and the number of seedlings to be planted

is 𝒏

𝒑

560 pcs, if between the rows B

=3,6 m and

the width of the tillaged strip b=0,15 m the cultivated

area for 1 hectare will be equal to F

=250 m

and the

number of seedlings to be planted is 𝒏

𝒑

1667 pcs.

Based on the mathematical expressions defined

above, we will be able to compare the technologies of

planting seedlings of phytomeliorative plants using

conventional (overall), continuously strip and

discontinuously strip tillage of the soil (Fig. 4).

Figure 4: The effect of different (discontinuously,

continuously and conventional) technologies on the soil in

relation to the area of the tillage.

As can be seen from the given figure 4, the

technologies of continuously strip, discontinuously

strip and conventional (overall) soil tillage differ from

each other in the fact that the area of the tillaged soil

is different.

1) BM=1,2 m; 2) BM=2,4 m; 3) BM=3,6 m.

Figure 2: Effect of row spacing B

on cultivated field

surface F

in continuously strip planting.

1) BM=1,2 m; 2) BM=2,4 m; 3) BM=3,6 m.

Figure 3: The effect of the number of seedlings nk on the

surface area of the tillaged area F2 in discontinuously strip

planting.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Currently, there are various ways to prevent

degradation of pastures and to improve them,

conventional, continuously strip and discontinuously

strip tillage of pasture soils, sowing of seeds and

planting of seedlings technologies are used. If we

consider the surface of cultivated areas to be 10,000

m2, the surface area to be cultivated during planting

with conventional tillage will be 100%. Theoretical

calculations showed that in continuous strip tillage,

the soil is tillaged up to 4-12% of the total area, while

in discontinuous strip tillage only 1-3% of the total

area is tillaged. This allows to plant up to 560-1667

seedlings in the tillaged area and ensures that the

natural vegetation cover in the area is preserved to 97-

99%. Thus, when improving pastures by sowing

I-CRAFT 2024 - 4th International Conference on Research of Agricultural and Food Technologies

seeds of phytomeliorative plants, continuously strip

tillage is considered promising, and when improving

by planting seedlings, discontinuously strip tillage is

considered most promising.

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