A Research of Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage

Lingxiao He

1,*

and Haoyang Wang

Longshan Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210044, China

School of Culture Communication and Design, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics Dongfang Collage,

Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314000, China

Keywords: CCS Technology, Low-Carbon Production, Reuse Energy.

Abstract: Researchers believe that the emission of CO

is the main factor causing the greenhouse effect, which has

further exacerbated the climate change. According to the report, carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology

should be promoted to effectively reduce carbon emissions and store sustainable energy. The paper delves

into the basic and latest progress of CCS technology, focusing on the application and advantages of each step,

and provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential of CCS technology in ecological protection and

energy transition. In the report, CCS technology is divided into three parts: carbon dioxide capture technology,

transportation technology and storage technology. The capture is divided into pre-combustion capture, post-

combustion capture and after-oxidation combustion capture. Storage technology can be used for geological

capture or marine storage. In recent years, many industries, such as transportation, power and chemical

industries, have adopted or are preparing to adopt CCS technology. Studies have shown that this will have a

significant impact on emissions reduction and energy conservation in these industries. Globally, the

International Energy Agency says that CCS will achieve 14% of the cumulative emissions reductions needed

to limit warming. Due to the impact of the epidemic, China will increase economic construction recently.

Therefore, CCUS (carbon capture, utilization and storage) technology should be widely used. However,

because the cost is too expensive, it will not be used majorly.

1 INTRODUCTION

In recent years, the problem of global climate change

has become more and more serious, mainly

manifested in the greatly intensified greenhouse

effect, the annual average temperature has significant

rising trend, and the frequent occurrence of extreme

weather events. Researchers believe that the emission

of greenhouse gases is the main factor leading to

global warming, especially carbon dioxide, which has

increased by 25% in the past 125 years, and has

become the main culprit of the greenhouse effect (Li

et al., 2023). A growing number of studies show that

human activity is the main factor that causes the most

carbon emissions. Researchers have simulated

various external climate strength, and the results

show that factitious strength, such as greenhouse gas

emissions, factitious aerosols, and land use change,

have a greater impact on extreme temperature

changes (Balcerak, 2013).

Carbon capture and storage is an authoritative

method for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

(Figueroa, 2023). It is divided into three processes:

capture, transport and storage, including three

capture technologies: pre-combustion capture, post-

combustion capture and oxidation capture, and two

storage methods: geological storage and Marine

storage. The researchers focused on promoting the

development of CCS technology in different areas

and levels to reduce carbon emissions and achieve

sustainable energy production. In the past few years,

research on CCS technology has covered a variety of

capture and storage methods, including chemical

absorption, physical adsorption, membrane

separation and other capture technologies, as well as

underground reservoir injection, mineralization

storage and other storage methods (Benson, 2008).

The technologies' continuous innovation and

optimization offers new possibilities for achieving the

low-carbon economy and sustainable development

goals.

Therefore, the capture and storage of carbon is

necessary for the development of humanity. This

paper delves into the latest advances in CCS

technology and focus on the applications and

advantages of different technological approaches.

He, L. and Wang, H.

A Research of Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage.

DOI: 10.5220/0013853500004914

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Renewable Energy and Ecosystem (ICREE 2024), pages 179-183

ISBN: 978-989-758-776-4

179

The full text will be divided into three aspects:

introduction of CCS process, application examples

and development prospects. The second part will

describe the application of CCS in transportation,

power and chemical industries, and the third part will

show the measures taken by the world and China in

the promotion of CCS technology. Through a

comprehensive analysis of the relevant literature, this

text will gain a comprehensive understanding of the

potential of CCS technology to mitigate climate

change, protect the environment and drive the

transition to renewable energy.

2 CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE

TECHNOLOGY

Carbon dioxide capture in CCS technology is

significant, and so much literature is devoted to the

research of capture technology, including pre-

combustion capture technology, post-combustion

capture technology, and oxidation combustion

technology.

2.1 Pre-Combustion Capture

Technology

The basic principle of pre-combustion capture

technology is the conversion of carbon-containing

fuels into hydrogen and carbon dioxide, followed by

the separation of pure hydrogen through an absorbent

(Benson, 2008). It is usually described in the

literature as the separation of carbon from the fuel in

gaseous form prior to the combustion process. It has

been shown that the selection of a suitable absorbent

can significantly improve the separation efficiency,

but it also brings problems of energy consumption

and equipment corrosion with higher separation

efficiency. Primary amines are the most commonly

used absorbents in the carbon dioxide capture

industry because of their excellent CO

removal

capability, which produces >99% pure -CO

. Even

though primary amines have a proven ability to

capture carbon dioxide, drawbacks remain, the most

common of which is that they are susceptible to

degradation, and the substances produced by this

degradation will result in, for example, solvent loss.

The most common drawback is their easy

degradation, which results in a number of problems

such as solvent loss, fouling and equipment corrosion

(Leung et al., 2014 & Chai, Hgu and How, 2022).

2.2 Post-Combustion Capture

Technology

Post-combustion capture technology mainly absorbs

carbon dioxide from the post-combustion flue gas

through chemical solutions, such as ammonia or

amine absorbers. This technology is currently the

most industrialized CCS technology, which absorbs

from the combustion flue gas by using a

chemical absorber (usually an amine solution)

(Benson, 2008). Although such technologies can be

applied to many types of industrial emission sources,

energy consumption is still one of the main obstacles.

2.3 Oxidation Combustion Technology

Oxidation combustion technology uses pure oxygen

instead of air to burn fuel, thereby obtaining CO

-rich

flue gas and simplifying the separation process of

(Metz et al., 2005). This technology can

significantly reduce the energy required to separate

from flue gas, but at the same time requires that

combustion units must be resistant to corrosion to

adapt to high temperatures and high oxygen

concentrations. In addition, because the technology is

relatively new, its long-term reliability and large-

scale application potential need further study and

validation.

3 CARBON DIOXIDE

TRANSPORT RESEARCH

Literature in this area generally focuses on the

transportation of CO

from the capture point to the

storage point. Pipeline transportation is the most

commonly used mode of transportation (Chai, Ngu

and How, 2022), so most studies have focused on the

selection of pipeline materials, safety during

transportation, and environmental impacts in the

event of a CO

leak. In addition, there is also literature

exploring the feasibility of using ships or tankers as

an alternative. After CO

is captured, it is mainly

transported through pipelines, ships or tankers. In

order to evaluate these transportation methods,

researchers need to consider not only the cost and

efficiency, but also the safety and environmental

impacts of transportation, and the environmental risks

and monitoring issues associated with pipeline

leakage are also factors to be considered (Wilberforce

et al., 2021). For safety the main focus is on

preventing CO

leakage and emergency response in

case of leakage. In addition, there is a focus on

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180

transportation safety under extreme weather

conditions or geological activity, as well as

regulations and standards to ensure the safety of the

transportation process. The assessment of

environmental impacts during the transportation

phase of CCS involves impacts on ecosystems, water

resources, and land use. Researchers analyze the

potential direct and indirect environmental impacts of

transporting CO

through a life cycle assessment

(LCA) approach. This includes an assessment of

possible ecological disturbances from the

construction of transportation infrastructure and the

potential impacts of possible CO

leakage during

transportation on the surrounding environment.

4 CARBON DIOXIDE STORAGE

TECHNOLOGY

Storage is the last link of CCS technology, and it is

also one of the hot spots of current research, including

geological storage and Marine storage.

4.1 Geological Storage

Geological sequestration involves the injection of

into underground oil and gas fields, saline

formations, or coal seams (Leung et al., 2014).

Studies of geological sequestration in the literature

have focused on the long-term stability of

sequestration, monitoring techniques, and potential

environmental risks.

Storage efficiency, capacity assessment, leakage risk

and monitoring methods are the main aspects of

geological storage evaluation methodology. The

study shows that although geological storage has a

large amount of potential storage space, its long-term

storage stability is still an unsolved mystery, and

long-term geological monitoring and simulation are

needed to ensure the safety of the storage.

4.2 Marine Storage

Marine sequestration is a method of injecting CO

directly into the deep ocean, but due to its potential

impact on Marine ecosystems, the literature in this

area has focused on environmental impact

assessments and related legal and regulatory studies.

5 USE OF CCS TECHNOLOGY

Currently, carbon capture and storage technology has

been widely applied globally, spanning various

sectors including environmental governance,

chemical industry, power industry, construction

engineering, materials science, and transportation.

5.1 Transportation Industry

In 2019, the global aviation industry emitted 915

million tons of carbon dioxide, or about 2% of global

anthropogenic carbon emissions. If no action is taken,

international aviation is projected to become the

second largest source of emissions by 2050 (Almena

et al., 2024). Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAFs) is a

short-term solution: Fischer-Tropsch synthetic

paraffin kerosene (FT-SPK) extracted from forest

residues, converted into a pathway that allows for the

integration of carbon capture and storage (CCS)

technology. The FT-SPK and CCS processes were

modelled and the study showed that the use of A

certified mixture resulted in a 37% reduction in Jet

A/A1 fossil emissions and a positive net carbon flux.

5.2 Power Industry

On the one hand, the electric power energy industry

has been the largest carbon emission industry; On the

other hand, the traditional power generation method

of energy consumption is huge, and industrial

transformation is imperative. In recent years, CCS

technology has become increasingly widely used in

the power industry. For example, the literature

surveyed Bangladesh in Southeast Asia, which has

about 2.7 billion metric tons of high-quality coal

reserves. Yet, coal only accounted for 6.21% of

electricity generation in the 2020-21 fiscal year.

Therefore, the use of CCS in existing large-scale

power plants in Bangladesh will be a highly feasible

pulverized coal power generation technology

(Hossain et al., 2023).

5.3 Chemical Industry

The traditional chemical industry is also at the top of

the list of industries producing carbon emissions. The

literature shows that the CCUS (Carbon Capture,

Utilization and Storage) process can be used for the

final stage of the carbon dioxide and flue gas mineral

carbonization process of cement kiln dust, which can

reduce the CO

emissions of the plant by 0.42% (Sun

et al., 2024). Also in the oil and gas industry, CCS can

be used as an alternative to reservoir water injection,

A Research of Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage

181

which involves injecting carbon dioxide into the

reservoir for enhanced oil recovery while storing the

carbon dioxide underground. CCS technology

includes various capture methods in petroleum

engineering, such as post-combustion capture, pre-

combustion capture, and oxygen-fuel combustion

(Yasemi et al., 2023).

6 CURRENT STATUS OF CCS

TECHNOLOGY

DEVELOPMENT

CCUS is critical in shifting the world to more

sustainable and low-carbon energy production, as it is

a temporary "band-aid" to reduce the impact of

humanity's high dependence on fossil fuels.

6.1 World CCS Technology Application

Prospects

According to the International Energy Agency, 14%

of total cumulative emissions reductions by 2050 will

need to come from CCS. Especially in the industrial

sector, CCS and CCUS are the only technologies that

can reduce emissions from steel, gas, refining, paper

and other industries. If CCS is used with biomass,

CCS can extract carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

(Kapetaki, Simjanović and Hetland, 2016)

6.2 Application Prospect of CCS

Technology in China

The Chinese government recently committed to

becoming carbon neutral by 2060, and CCUS

technology will be a key building block in achieving

this ambitious goal. Post-covid-19, as the Chinese

government prioritizes economic growth over

sustainable energy security, a large number of fossil

fuel power plants will remain operational, and the

CCUS strategy will need to minimize their impact as

much as possible. Fortunately, implementing CCUS

technologies and strategies could reduce China's CO

emissions by 60% by 2050, but this would cost about

$450 billion. Therefore, the Chinese government does

not view it as a viable primary technology but as an

"alternative technology." As a result, according to the

concerns of investors and policymakers, committing

to the development of this project is a costly and risky

endeavor (He, 2023).

7 CONCLUSION

The paper specifically describes the process of CCS

technology, application examples and development

prospects of three aspects. This paper finds that, the

process of CCS technology is divided into three steps:

capture, transportation and storage, while the

capture technology includes three methods: pre-

combustion capture, post-combustion capture and

oxidation combustion capture. The storage

technology is divided into two means: geological

capture or Marine storage. In the introduction of CCS

application examples, the article selects three aspects:

CCS treatment of aviation fuel, coal-fired power

generation and application of CCS in chemical

industry, showing the characteristics that CCS

technology can be widely used to achieve energy

saving and emission reduction. Finally, the article

expounds the CCS technology in China The

international and domestic application prospects, the

advantages and existing limitations of this technology

are objectively analyzed. Through the introduction of

CCS in the above three parts, readers can better

realize the important role of CCS technology in

saving energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions

in the world when greenhouse effect is greatly

intensified and environmental problems are frequent.

However, our research on the project is still not

deep enough. Therefore, readers could only learn the

technology itself, but will fail to comprehensively

understand the benefits it has by contrasting to other

techniques for solving the greenhouse effect. In the

next step, the three different methods used by the

CCS technology will be studied to screen for more

effective solutions, such as the monitoring of the data

of the CO

transportation pipeline, which is studied to

achieve the most effective way for CO

transportation. The CCS technology can also be

compared with other emission-reduction production

technologies in emissions, efficiency, cost and so on,

such as the hydrogen technology, this will be

beneficial to offer insights about future low-carbon

production pathways.

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION

All the authors contributed equally and their names

were listed in alphabetical order.

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182

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