Strategy Evaluation and Suggestions for Taihu Lake Following the

2007 Cyanobacterial Bloom Outbreak

Tian Xu

China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900, Sepang, Malaysia

Keywords: Taihu Lake, Cyanobacteria Outbreak, Eutrophication, Recovery Technologies.

Abstract: Taihu Lake, the third largest freshwater lake in China, is located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River

and serves as an important water source for the surrounding areas. The waters of Taihu Lake have experienced

eutrophication for four decades, with frequent cyanobacteria blooms that have caused serious water use

problems in the surrounding areas. The most recent was in 2007. This paper analyzed the management of

cyanobacteria in the past decade based on the situation of cyanobacteria management since the 2007 outbreak,

summarized the past experience and future development direction of cyanobacteria management in Taihu

Lake, and analyzed the effects of different measures. Results show that the causes of cyanobacteria outbreak

were analyzed, and the corresponding management suggestions were put forward. The governance of the past

decade has mainly included physical, chemical and ecological approaches. Physical and chemical methods

can kill algae quickly and effectively, but there are problems of high cost and secondary pollution. Ecological

approaches are more promising, such as deep water purification by establishing ecosystems dominated by

aquatic plants. In addition, emerging algae treatment technologies also show high potential, such as algae AIO

recovery technology and resource disposal technology, which can effectively alleviate the problem of

cyanobacteria and realize resource utilization.

1 INTRODUCTION

Taihu Lake is the third largest freshwater lake in

China, located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze

River. The waters of Taihu Lake have experienced

eutrophication, with frequent outbreaks of

cyanobacteria blooms. Large algal blooms can cause

water quality to deteriorate, depleting the water of

oxygen and killing fish. In addition, algal toxins

released by cyanobacteria death can inhibit the

growth of other algae and aquatic plants, reduce the

predation intensity of zooplankton and fish, and

stimulate their own rapid growth to form a large

number of cyanobacteria blooms (Gao and Xie,

2011).

The process of cyanobacteria management in

Taihu Lake can be traced back to the late 1980s and

early 1990s. During this period, the urbanization

process of Taihu Lake accelerated, and the

intervention of human activities on the water body

became less and less. By 2007, the lake had a massive

cyanobacteria outbreak covering 970 square

kilometers. This left people near the lake without

clean water to drink, causing serious impacts on

people and the environment. Eutrophcation in Taihu

Lake is caused by human activities that lead to a large

amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients

into the water, resulting in the rapid proliferation of

phytoplankton. Water eutrophication can lead to

deterioration of water quality and a decrease in

dissolved oxygen, which can lead to the death of large

numbers of fish and other organisms.

In order to cope with the sudden cyanobacteria

outbreak, the treatment after the 2007 cyanobacteria

outbreak in Taihu Lake mainly included the following

measures: guiding the Yangtze River water into Taihu

Lake to improve the cleanliness and stability of the

water quality of Taihu Lake, and promoting the

exchange and renewal of the water body. Measures

have been taken to shut down pollution and control

discharge to reduce the amount of inferior water

entering Taihu Lake, thus reducing the pollution

burden of Taihu Lake. Monitoring points should be

added, monitoring frequency should be increased,

and daily tracking monitoring and inspection should

Xu, T.

Strategy Evaluation and Suggestions for Taihu Lake Following the 2007 Cyanobacterial Bloom Outbreak.

DOI: 10.5220/0013851700004914

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Renewable Energy and Ecosystem (ICREE 2024), pages 151-157

ISBN: 978-989-758-776-4

151

be carried out to timely grasp the changing trend of

water situation, water quality and cyanobacteria (Lyu,

2007). However, the intensity of cyanobacterial

blooms in Taihu Lake from 2016 to 2019 was

significantly higher than that from 2010 to 2015 (Wu,

Zhu and Zhu, 2021. It can be seen that the problem of

cyanobacteria in Taihu Lake has not been completely

solved until recent years.

In this paper, according to the situation of

cyanobacteria management in the past ten years since

the outbreak of cyanobacteria in 2007, the methods

and effects of cyanobacteria management are

discussed. Different governance methods include

physical methods, chemical methods and ecological

methods. Physical methods include deep aeration,

mechanical algae removal, electronic algae removal

and so on. The chemical method mainly uses algae

removal agents such as copper sulfate, chlorine

dioxide and ozone (Gao and Xie, 2011).

2 CAUSES OF

CYANOBACTERIAL BLOOM

IN TAIHU LAKE

First of all, the root cause of the cyanobacterial

outbreak in Taihu Lake is the eutrophization of Taihu

Lake (Zhang, Zeng and Chen, 2016). Water

eutrophcation refers to the phenomenon that under the

influence of human activities, nutrients such as

nitrogen and phosphorus required by living things

enter the water body in large quantities, causing rapid

reproduction of algae and other plankton, decline of

dissolved oxygen in the water body, deterioration of

water quality, and mass death of fish and other

organisms. However, the causes of cyanobacteria

outbreaks and the difficulty in managing them are

related to human factors and natural factors in Taihu

Lake.

2.1 Human Factors for the Continuous

Deterioration of Water Quality in

Taihu Lake

The direct reason for the deterioration of lake water

quality is that the total amount of pollution discharge

seriously exceeds the standard. Taihu Lake Basin is

the core area of the Yangtze River Delta economic

circle. However, the more extensive development

mode and economic structure have brought about

increasingly serious environmental pollution

problems for a long time. First, there is a serious

imbalance between sewage volume and runoff, which

seriously exceeds the carrying capacity of the water

ecological environment in the basin. Second, the

discharge of pollutants into the lake seriously exceeds

the standard, far exceeding the carrying capacity of

the basin waters and the Taihu Lake water body.

However, in the face of huge sewage discharge,

sewage treatment capacity is seriously insufficient. At

the beginning of the cyanobacteria outbreak in 2007,

the number of municipal sewage treatment units

around Taihu Lake was seriously insufficient. Even if

the tail water is discharged after treatment, the

accumulation of eutrophics in Taihu Lake is

accelerated because most sewage treatment plants do

not have dephosphorization and nitrogen removal

devices. In addition, a large amount of exogenous

pollution enters the lake along with the rivers that

enter the lake, and in addition, the large-scale lake

enclosure culture and Seine culture formed in the East

Taihu Lake for a long time have led to the increasing

accumulation of pollutants, phosphorus and nitrogen

in the lake (Lyu, 2007).

2.2 The Geographical Defects of Taihu

Lake Lead to the Deterioration of

Water Quality

From the perspective of water flow, the Taihu Lake

Basin is a typical plain river network area, and the

environmental degradation of its river network

system is serious. There are 215 rivers around the

lake, most of which enter the lake with poor quality

water. Due to the self-purification function of the

lake, the quality of the water flowing from the lower

reaches of Taihu Lake is higher, which inevitably

leads to the accumulation of a large number of

pollutants in the lake, resulting in a vicious cycle. In

addition, Taihu Lake belongs to the Yangtze River

system, and the drainage system between Taihu Lake

and the Yangtze River is not smooth. For a long time,

there is no main river communication, and there is

only one drainage channel of Taipu River. The single

drainage channel is not suitable for the complex lake

structure, resulting in poor water exchange in the

lake. Moreover, Taihu Lake is a shallow lake. Due to

the low and flat terrain in the region, the water

exchange period is as long as 309 days, the

hydrodynamic conditions are poor, the dilution and

degradation efficiency of pollutants is low, and the

self-purification ability of the water in the lake is

poor. Taihu Lake is also a lake with complex flow

patterns. In addition to the main lake area, there are

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many pock-shaped lakes, and the water bodies do not

flow or exchange for many years, so pollutants are

easy to gather and accumulate (Lyu, 2007), which

leads to the accelerated deterioration of the water

ecological environment and threatens the safety of

water supply in the water source.

3 CONTROL MEASURES AND

RESULTS OF

CYANOBACTERIAL BLOOM

IN TAIHU LAKE

After the cyanobacteria outbreak, the government

took immediate remedial measures. These measures

mainly include the control of the discharge of

pollution sources and the transfer of clean water from

the field. After achieving certain results, measures

were taken to maintain the ecological stability of

Taihu Lake in order to stabilize it. In addition to

continuing to control pollution sources, people are

actively looking for ways to actively remove algae

and use methods such as introducing aquatic plants

for ecological management.

3.1 Control Measures and Results

Shortly after Cyanobacterial Bloom

in 2007

In response to the outbreak of cyanobacteria

ecological hazards in Taihu Lake, the water

conservancy department has taken a series of

emergency control measures. These measures are

aimed at mitigating the damage of cyanobacteria to

the ecological environment of Taihu Lake and

ensuring the security of local water supply. The main

measures include water transfer and drainage, gate

closure and pollution interception, discharge control,

and strengthening monitoring and early warning.

Water transfer and drainage is one of the key

measures. Through Changshu Hub and Meiliang

Lake pumping station, the Yangtze River water is

guided into Taihu Lake to improve the cleanliness of

Taihu Lake water. This not only helps to stabilize the

water quality, but also promotes the exchange and

renewal of water bodies, effectively improving the

water quality of Taihu Lake. Secondly, shutting down

pollution and controlling emissions are also important

prevention and control measures. In view of the water

quality of the main rivers entering the lake and the

nearby ports, the quantity of inferior water entering

the lake has been successfully reduced by shutting

down pollution and controlling discharge, thus

reducing the pollution burden of the Lake and

preventing the growth of cyanobacteria. In addition,

during the emergency management period, the

hydrological department added monitoring points,

increased the monitoring frequency, and carried out

daily tracking monitoring and inspection, so as to

timely grasp the change trend of water situation,

water quality and cyanobacteria (Lyu, 2007).

After months of emergency treatment measures such

as water transfer and drainage, gate closure and

pollution interception, monitoring and early warning,

as well as the coordination and cooperation of local

governments and environmental protection

departments, obvious results have been achieved. The

reasons for the effectiveness of this measure are as

follows: First of all, the water supply safety of Taihu

Lake water source has been successfully guaranteed.

By diverting water from the Yangtze River into Taihu

Lake and then diverting it rationally, two flow fields

in the lake area are formed, which accelerates the

exchange and renewal of water bodies in the water

source and improves the main water quality

indicators. Secondly, the environmental capacity of

the Taihu Lake body has been improved. The

diversion of water from the river resulted in an

increase in the total water inflow into the lake, with a

net increase of 1.52 billion cubic meters of storage

water (Lyu, 2007).

3.2 Control Measures and Progress in

Recent 10 Years

After the initial control of the cyanobacteria outbreak

in 2007. The management of Taihu Lake is mainly to

stabilize the healthy ecosystem, actively remove

excess cyanobacteria in the lake and reduce pollution

emissions. The control of pollution sources mainly

involves raising the lake basin, removal and aging

capacity of sewage treatment plant, the development

of scientific fertilization technology to reduce

farmland light and phosphorus loss, and to reduce the

amount of domestic sewage production from the

policy. When the nutrient level of the lake drops to a

certain level, the cyanobacteria bloom could

disappear and the healthy ecosystem dominated by

deep-water plants would be gradually rebuilt (Gao

and Xie, 2011). From July 2007 to December 2015,

the production and discharge of all kinds of pollution

increased significantly, but the amount into the lake

showed a decreasing trend. This is because sufficient

Strategy Evaluation and Suggestions for Taihu Lake Following the 2007 Cyanobacterial Bloom Outbreak

153

sewage treatment capacity has been built in the upper

and middle reaches of the basin, and the domestic and

industrial pollution loads have been greatly reduced.

Livestock and poultry in the basin dominated by

large-scale centralized breeding have become

important point sources in the basin. By adjusting the

scale and breeding layout, scientific and reasonable

disposal of breeding sewage and waste, the pollution

load of livestock and poultry has been greatly reduced

in the basin. In addition, all kinds of domestic and

industrial pollution sources and other non-point

sources (including planting, aquaculture, waste and

ground runoff) have been strictly controlled (Ma et al.,

2017).

Beside the above measures, a lot of efforts have

been made to catch cyanobacteria. Until 2015, a total

of 18 algae-water separation stations have been built

in various basins of Taihu Lake, and the algae-mud

obtained from them has been basically utilized as

resources. This measure controlled the degree of

cyanobacteria outbreak and resource utilization to a

certain extent. At the same time, a large amount of

sludge produced by algae was removed from the

bottom of Taihu Lake (Ma et al., 2017). In addition,

people also use physical methods and chemical

methods to actively remove algae. Chemical methods

include the use of copper sulfate, chlorine dioxide,

ozone and other jujube removal agents. Physical

methods include deep aeration, mechanical algae

removal, and electronic algae removal (Gao and Xie,

2011). Because of the growth of algae, a large amount

of oxygen consumption underwater, some organisms

died due to lack of oxygen. Increasing the content of

dissolved oxygen in the water is beneficial to the

growth of other organisms.

In addition, ecological restoration is another

important method to control cyanobacteria in Taihu

Lake, including the establishment of an ecosystem

dominated by aquatic plants. Aquatic plants can

absorb and assimilate nutrients such as nitrogen and

phosphorus in lake water and sediment during growth

(Gao and Xie, 2011), which plays an important role

in reducing nutrient levels in lake water and

preventing eutrophication. In addition, aquatic plants

can inhibit wind and waves, retain sediment, and

inhibit algae, thus improving water transparency,

providing an excellent habitat for economic aquatic

animals. In addition, the constructed wetland sewage

purification technology can capture the insoluble

pollutants in the water through the precipitation and

filtration of the wetland, and then be used by

microorganisms. Soluble pollutants in water can be

decomposed and removed through the adsorption of

plant root biofilm and microbial metabolic

degradation process. Constructed wetlands can

effectively intercept non-point source pollution and

reduce nutrients entering lake channels, thus

improving lake water quality (Gao and Xie, 2011).

4 DISCUSSION

4.1 Current Situation

The lake has long been plagued by severe

eutrophication and pollution. According to the

analysis of the current situation of water pollution

around Taihu Lake, the water quality of Taihu Lake

is moderately polluted, mainly affected by total

nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), heavy metals

and chemical oxygen demand (COD) and other

factors. From 2007 to 2020, due to the strengthening

of the management of Taihu Lake, the environmental

capacity increased, and the density of cyanobacteria

continued to increase, resulting in a continuous

downward trend of TN in Taihu Lake, with the mean

value of the whole Taihu Lake decreasing from

2.35mg/L to 1.48mg/L, a reduction of 37%. At the

same period of time, TP is basically flat. Among

them, the average annual TP from 2008 to 2012 was

lower than 0.074mg/L in 2007, and from 2015 to

2019 was higher than that in 2007 (Wu et al., 2022).

During the period from 2012 to 2018, the maximum

annual load into the lake around Taihu Lake, the

western Taihu region and the western Zhejiang region

all occurred in 2016, which were 53 278.10, 34

983.30 tons and 14 729.20 tons, respectively. As a

result, the TN load of these two areas into Taihu Lake

also increased significantly. The minimum annual

load in the lake around Taihu Lake and the west Lake

area occurred in 2013, which were 33 600.16 tons and

22 752.05 tons, respectively, but not in other water

resources zones, which further indicated that the

inter-annual variation of load in the Lake around

Taihu Lake was largely dependent on the variation in

the west Lake area (Li et al., 2023). In the 13 years,

the TP load of the river into the lake was greater than

01.84 million tons in 2007 for 10 years, and reached

0.25 million tons in 2011 and 2016, with an increase

of 36% (Wu et al., 2022). What’s more, the pollution

situation in the northern part of Taihu Lake is

particularly serious, especially Hg pollution is

significantly higher than other areas, which has

exceeded the chronic benchmark limit value of

freshwater aquatic organisms. The overall Hg

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concentration in Taihu Lake was (0.34±0.17) μg·L-1,

ranging from 0.16 to 0.70 μg·L-1, while the mean Hg

concentration in the northern coast reached 0.52

mg·L-1. In addition, cyanobacteria bloom and other

phenomena still exist, especially in the three northern

bays and the western lake area (Liu et al., 2020). From

the above data, although some water quality barely

meets the standard, overall, the pollution situation of

Taihu Lake has not improved significantly.

The changes of TN loading and concentration in

different water resources around Taihu Lake showed

different characteristics. The annual average

concentration of TN in Taihu Lakehu is significantly

higher than that out of Taihu Lakehu, especially in the

western region of Taihu and Zhejiang. In each year,

the TN load into the western part of the lake

contributed the most to the TN load into the lake,

while the contribution of the Taicpu River to the TN

load out of the lake was the most significant (Li et al.,

2023). In addition, the characteristics of TN loading

into the lake during cyanobacteria outbreaks were

similar to those at the annual scale, but there were

some differences among regions. Among them, the

change of water quality of East Taihu Lake near

Suzhou is also the focus of people's attention. The

change of water quality in East Taihu Lake is not

optimistic. The biomass of cyanobacteria has

gradually increased, the area and volume of aquatic

plants have shown a downward trend, the silt problem

at the bottom of the lake is serious, and the influence

of hydrological conditions on the aquatic ecological

environment has become more significant in recent

years. In particular, the water ecological environment

of East Taihu Lake has weakened its ability to

conserve water resources, which is difficult to meet

the local demand for water resources. The gap

between the water ecological and environmental

protection status of East Taihu Lake and the average

level of Taihu Lake basin is narrowing, and some

water quality indicators have even been lower than

the average level of Taihu Lake, and the TP

concentration continues to rise (Guo, Tan and Wang,

2023). Compared with 2007, the TP of East Taihu

Lake in 2020 increased by 20% (Wu, Zhu and Zhu,

2021).

4.2 Suggestions for Cyanobacterial

Bloom Management

The traditional physical and chemical methods were

more commonly used, faster and more effective, and

can effectively kill algae, but they are expensive, but

also prone to secondary pollution, and most physical

methods cannot fundamentally solve the problem of

water eutrophication. Therefore, ecological methods

are currently preferred. The following is an

evaluation of the existing methods.

The design of ecological restoration system and the

purification effect of aquatic plants is more effective.

In terms of ecological restoration and deep

purification of drinking water source quality, the

threat of cyanobacteria outbreak to drinking water

source safety has been effectively solved through the

construction of water source ecological purification

project and the use of aquatic plants as part of the

natural ecosystem. The designed three-stage

purification system, including reed wetland,

submerged plant area and water conservation area,

forms a cascade purification system and improves the

water purification effect (Fan, 2020). In terms of the

combination of ecological restoration with dredging

and flood control and dredging projects, the silt

accumulation is made shallower by implementing

ecological dredging. In addition, water plants are used

for wetland restoration, and the excavation site is

deepened into deep water area or flood discharge

channel, which solves the problem of dredging and

silting treatment in Taihu Lake and reduces the

dredging cost (Ma et al., 2017).

Aquatic plant plays an important role in

ecological restoration. They directly absorb nutrients

in water, such as phosphorus and COD, and have a

good purification effect on eutrophic water (Gao and

Xie, 2011). At the same time, grass-type aquatic

plants have the effect of inhibiting algae growth,

which can reduce the amount of algae in the water,

thus reducing the occurrence of bloom. The wave

elimination effect of wetland system also helps to

reduce sediment in water body and further improve

water quality (Gao and Xie, 2011). In addition, the

effect of water temperature on P release should be

considered for ecological restoration. By planting

large aquatic plants, such as reeds, the water surface

temperature can be lowered and the rate of

phosphorus release from sediment can be slowed

down, thus reducing the degree of eutrophication

(Fan, 2020). Controlling water depth is also an

effective means to reduce the concentration of

nutrients in water.

Emerging algal treatment technologies are highly

anticipated. Among them, the successful application

of cyanobacteria AIO salvage technology（ All －

Weather, Intelligence, Offshore ） and resource

disposal technology has relieved the pressure of

cyanobacteria in Taihu Lake. AIO recovery

technology can obtain algae mud with a moisture

Strategy Evaluation and Suggestions for Taihu Lake Following the 2007 Cyanobacterial Bloom Outbreak

155

content of less than 50% after disposal by automatic

collection, algae water separation and high

temperature pressing facilities, and then produce

organic fertilizer through fermentation of algae mud

and straw. Or further produce algae powder with a

moisture content lower than 10% and a higher value

through the low-temperature evaporation and drying

system of solar composite membrane. The treatment

of algal sludge and the market application of the final

product have broad prospects, and have been

successfully promoted in several cyanobacterium

outbreak areas in China, forming a sustainable, low-

cost, market-oriented ecological recycling system.

This technology not only fills the gap in the field of

cyanobacteria treatment in China, but also achieves

the goals of efficient salvage, stable treatment,

harmless treatment, reduction and resource

utilization, and effectively reduces the secondary

pollution problem (Qian and Xie, 2023). In the future,

with the continuous upgrading of technology and the

application of new processes, this technology is

expected to be applied to the management of more

lakes to achieve efficient and green development of

lake management.

5 CONCLUSION

The management of cyanobacteria in Taihu Lake has

been a tricky task since the outbreak of cyanobacteria

in 2007. Taihu Lake is highly eutrophication,

resulting in frequent cyanobacteria blooms and

declining water quality. Human activities, such as

excessive pollution discharges and improper

wastewater treatment, are the main causes of

eutrophication. In addition, the geographical features

of Taihu Lake, including shallow water and complex

flow patterns, exacerbate the accumulation of

pollution. The immediate response after the 2007

cyanobacteria outbreak included water transfers from

the Yangtze River and pollution source control

measures. The long-term strategic focus is on

pollution source control, algae removal, and

ecological restoration. Longstanding measures have

improved water quality and reduced cyanobacteria

biomass. Although initial progress has been made in

the management of cyanobacteria in Taihu Lake since

2007, the pollution situation in Taihu Lake is still

worrying, with continuous cyanobacteria blooms and

deteriorating water quality, and high levels of

nitrogen and phosphorus in the lake, especially in the

northern and eastern regions. In order to cope with the

continuous growth of cyanobacteria and the

eutrophication of the lake water, ecological

restoration, combined with innovative technologies,

offers hope for long-term management of

cyanobacteria, in addition to physics-based algae

removal methods and chemical-based algae removal

agents.

What’s more, the development of algal recovery

and resource utilization technologies, such as AIO

recovery technology, provides sustainable and cost-

effective solutions for cyanobacteria management.

These innovations relieve pressure on Taihu and

provide opportunities for wider application in other

lake management contexts. With the progress of

cyanobacterial control technology in the future, the

efficiency and effect of cyanobacterial control can be

improved by combining advanced technologies such

as remote sensing with traditional management

methods. Moreover, emphasis on sustainable and

adaptive management practices, as well as

stakeholder engagement and policy support, is

essential to achieve lasting improvements in the

ecological health and water quality of Taihu Lake. By

drawing on past experiences, embracing

technological advancements, and adopting

ecosystem-based strategies, Taihu can move toward a

more sustainable and resilient future that ensures the

well-being of the environment and local communities.

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