Current Challenges and Future Prospects of Solar-Powered Electric

Vehicles: A Review

Megha Sen

and Vikramaditya Dave

Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Technology & Engineering, MPUAT, Udaipur, India

Keywords: Solar Power, Electric Vehicle, SPEVs, Solar Panel, Renewable Energy.

Abstract: Solar-powered electric vehicles (SPEV’s) represent a promising innovation at the intersection of renewable

energy and sustainable transportation. This paper provides a comprehensive review of SPEVs, exploring their

technological underpinnings, potential benefits, and challenges to widespread adoption. The core components

of SPEVs, including solar panel technology, battery systems, and energy management strategies. The

environmental advantages of SPEVs are examined, highlighting their potential to reduce greenhouse gas

emissions, mitigate dependence on fossil fuels, and contribute to a cleaner energy future. Analyze the economic

viability of SPEVs, considering factors such as production costs, consumer affordability, and government

incentives. Drawing upon real-world case studies of prominent SPEV projects and models, identify key

success factors and lessons learned. A comparative analysis with conventional electric vehicles and hybrid

vehicles provides insights into the relative strengths and weaknesses of each technology. The paper concludes

with a forward- looking perspective on the future of SPEVs, emphasizing their potential impact on the

automotive and energy sectors, and highlighting the technological advancements and policy initiatives needed

to accelerate their integration into mainstream transportation systems.

1 INTRODUCTION

The global automotive industry stands at the cusp of

a significant transformation, driven by the urgent

need for sustainable transportation solutions. Electric

vehicles, a niche technology, have emerged as a

viable alternative to traditional combustion engine

vehicles, promising reduced carbon emissions and a

cleaner energy future. Advancements in solar

photovoltaic technology have made solar energy

increasingly efficient and affordable, positioning it as

a key player in the global transition to renewable

energy sources. The convergence of these two

technologies – solar power and electric vehicles –

presents a compelling opportunity to further

decarbonize the transportation sector and reduce our

reliance on fossil fuels. Early EVs, while

demonstrating the potential of electric propulsion,

faced limitations in range and refueling time. The

integration of solar power, however, offers a

promising pathway to overcome these challenges by

providing a renewable and potentially limitless

https://orcid.org//0009-0006-7512-0105

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7843-6830

energy source (Li et al., 2022). Solar-powered electric

vehicles, though still in their nascent stages of

development, hold immense potential to

revolutionize transportation. Imagine a future where

vehicles are not only powered by electricity but can

also generate their own clean energy, reducing the

strain on the electric grid and minimizing the

environmental impact of transportation. This vision,

while ambitious, is rapidly becoming a tangible

reality. A comprehensive analysis of the current state

of SPEVs, exploring both the challenges and

opportunities that lie ahead. The technological

advancements driving the development of SPEVs,

examine the barriers hindering their widespread

adoption, and discuss the potential solutions and

future prospects of this burgeoning field. This is

structured to provide a cohesive understanding of

SPEVs. By examining the historical development and

current state of both EV and solar PV technologies,

laying the groundwork for understanding their

integration as shown in figure 1

Sen, M. and Dave, V.

Current Challenges and Future Prospects of Solar-Powered Electric Vehicles: A Review.

DOI: 10.5220/0013576900004639

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Intelligent and Sustainable Power and Energy Systems (ISPES 2024), pages 59-68

ISBN: 978-989-758-756-6

Figure 1: Co-occurrence keyword analysis of Solar EV by

Vos viewer.

Solar-powered electric vehicles represent a

fascinating convergence of two rapidly evolving

technologies: solar energy and electric vehicles

(Balal, 2023). This section delves into the

technological underpinnings of SPEVs, exploring the

principles of solar power generation and the key

components that enable these vehicles to harness

sunlight for propulsion. Basic Principles of Solar

Power Generation is the heart of every SPEV lies the

remarkable process of converting sunlight directly

into electricity: photovoltaic energy conversion. This

process relies on the photovoltaic effect, a

phenomenon observed in certain materials where the

absorption of photons (light particles) leads to the

excitation of electrons, generating an electrical

current. Photovoltaic cells, typically made from

silicon, form the building blocks of solar panels

(Rathore et al., 2021).

Photons from sunlight that are absorbed by a

photovoltaic cell impart energy to the material's

electrons. The vehicle's direct current electricity is

produced when the electrons are able to separate from

their atoms due to this energy boost.

2 COMPONENTS OF SPEVS

SPEVs integrate several key components, each

playing a crucial role in capturing, storing, and

utilizing solar energy for propulsion:

Photovoltaic Panels: These panels, typically

mounted on the vehicle's roof and other sun-exposed

surfaces, serve as the primary energy source. They

consist of interconnected PV cells encapsulated in a

protective laminate to withstand environmental

factors. The efficiency, size, and weight of these

panels significantly impact the vehicle's overall

performance. Energy Storage Systems: While PV

panels generate electricity during daylight hours, an

energy storage system is essential to provide power

when sunlight is unavailable. High-capacity batteries,

similar to those used in conventional EVs, store the

electricity generated by the solar panels, enabling the

vehicle to operate during nighttime and cloudy

conditions. Power Management Systems: This crucial

component acts as the brain of the SPEV, efficiently

managing the flow of energy between the PV panels,

batteries, and the electric drivetrain. It optimizes

energy usage, regulates battery charging and

discharging, and ensures a consistent and reliable

power supply to the motor. Similar to conventional

EVs, SPEVs utilize an electric drivetrain for

propulsion. This system comprises an electric motor

that converts electrical energy from the batteries into

mechanical energy to turn the wheels, providing a

quiet and emission-free driving experience.

3 TYPES OF SPEVS

SPEVs can be broadly categorized into two main

types based on their energy sources.

3.1 Fully Solar-Powered Vehicles

These vehicles rely solely on energy generated by

their onboard solar panels. While offering the

ultimate in clean transportation, they often face

limitations in range and power due to the constraints

of solar panel size and efficiency.

3.2 Hybrid Solar-Electric Vehicles

These vehicles combine solar power generation with

a supplementary energy storage system, typically a

battery pack that can be charged from an external

grid. This hybrid approach offers a more practical

solution, extending the vehicle's range and ensuring

reliable performance even in low sunlight conditions

(Sharma et al., 2023). This technological overview

provides a foundation for understanding the

complexities and possibilities of SPEVs (Sharma,

2021). The following sections will delve deeper into

the specific challenges, opportunities, and future

prospects of this emerging field. The block diagram

for solar charging EV is shown in figure 2.

ISPES 2024 - International Conference on Intelligent and Sustainable Power and Energy Systems

Figure 2: Block Diagram of Solar Charging EV.

4 CURRENT CHALLENGES

While solar-powered electric vehicles hold immense

promise for a sustainable transportation future,

several challenges hinder their widespread adoption

(Reddy et al., 2024). These challenges span

technological, economic, infrastructural, and

environmental domains.

This section delves into these hurdles, providing a

comprehensive understanding of the barriers that

must be overcome to unlock the full potential of

SPEVs.

4.1 Technological Challenges

4.1.1 Efficiency of PV Panels

The efficiency of commercially available PV panels

remains a limiting factor. While advancements are

steadily increasing efficiency, a significant portion of

solar energy is still lost during the conversion process,

limiting the amount of power available to propel the

vehicle (Abbe and Smith, 2016). Impact of Weather

Conditions: Solar energy generation is inherently

intermittent, fluctuating with weather conditions and

time of day. Cloudy weather, shade, and nighttime

driving significantly reduce the energy output of PV

panels, impacting the vehicle's range and reliability.

4.1.2 Energy Storage Limitations

Battery Capacity and Lifespan: Current battery

technology struggles to balance high energy density

with long lifespan and affordable costs. SPEVs

require high-capacity batteries to store sufficient

energy for extended driving ranges, but these

batteries add significant weight and cost to the vehicle

(Wen et al., 2020). Energy Density and Weight

Considerations:

Increasing battery capacity often translates to

increased weight, negatively impacting the vehicle's

energy efficiency and performance. Finding

lightweight, high-energy-density batteries is crucial

for improving the overall efficiency of SPEVs.

4.1.3 Integration and Optimization of

Systems

Power Management and Distribution: Efficiently

managing the energy flow between the PV panels,

batteries, and the electric drivetrain is crucial for

optimal performance. Sophisticated power

management systems are needed to optimize energy

usage, regulate charging and discharging, and ensure

a consistent power supply.

Vehicle Design and Aerodynamics: Integrating

solar panels into the vehicle's design while

maintaining aerodynamic efficiency poses a

significant challenge (Abbe and Smith, 2016). The

size and placement of solar panels can increase drag,

reducing the vehicle's overall efficiency.

4.2 Economic Challenges

4.2.1 Cost of High-Efficiency PV Panels

While desirable for maximizing energy generation,

high-efficiency PV panels come at a premium cost.

This cost significantly contributes to the overall price

of SPEVs, making them less accessible to the average

consumer.

4.2.2 Initial Investment and Total Cost of

Ownership

The initial investment required to purchase an SPEV

is typically higher than that required to purchase a

conventional gasoline-powered vehicle or even a

standard EV.

While the total cost of ownership may be lower in

the long run due to reduced fuel and maintenance

costs, the upfront price tag remains a barrier for many

potential buyers.

Current Challenges and Future Prospects of Solar-Powered Electric Vehicles: A Review

4.2.3 Availability of Subsidies and

Incentives

Government subsidies and incentives play a crucial

role in promoting the adoption of electric vehicles.

However, specific incentives for SPEVs are often

limited or nonexistent, putting them at a disadvantage

compared to other types of EVs.

4.2.4 Market Acceptance and Consumer

Perception

The market for SPEVs is still nascent, and consumer

awareness and acceptance remain low. Many

consumers are unfamiliar with the technology and

may perceive it as less practical or reliable than

traditional vehicles.

4.3 Infrastructure Challenges

4.3.1 Availability and Accessibility of

Charging Stations

While SPEVs can generate some of their energy, they

still rely on charging infrastructure for extended

ranges and nighttime driving. The availability and

accessibility of charging stations, particularly in rural

areas, remain a significant barrier to widespread

adoption.

4.3.2 Maintenance and Repair Facilities for

SPEVs

As a relatively new technology, SPEVs require

specialized knowledge and equipment for

maintenance and repair. The limited availability of

trained technicians and specialized facilities could

pose challenges for SPEV owners, potentially leading

to higher repair costs and longer waiting times.

4.3.3 Grid Integration and Energy Supply

The widespread adoption of SPEVs, while beneficial

for reducing reliance on fossil fuels, will place

additional demands on the electric grid. Ensuring a

stable and reliable energy supply to support the

charging needs of a growing SPEV fleet will require

significant investments in grid infrastructure and

renewable energy generation.

4.4 Environmental and Regulatory

Challenges

4.4.1 Environmental Impact of PV Panel

Production and Disposal

While SPEVs offer significant environmental

benefits during operation, producing and disposing

PV panels raise concerns regarding resource

depletion, energy consumption, and potential for

environmental pollution. Developing sustainable

manufacturing processes and end-of-life management

solutions for PV panels is crucial for minimizing the

overall environmental footprint of SPEVs.

4.4.2 Regulatory Standards and

Certification Processes

The development and implementation of clear

regulatory standards and certification processes are

essential for ensuring the safety, reliability, and

performance of SPEVs. Harmonised regulations

across different regions will facilitate the development

of a global market for SPEVs and promote innovation

in the field (Panoutsou et al., 2021).

4.4.3 Policies and Incentives Promoting

SPEVs

Government policies and incentives play a crucial

role in accelerating the adoption of new technologies.

Targeted policies, such as tax credits, rebates, and

research grants, can incentivize the development and

deployment of SPEVs, making them more attractive

to both consumers and manufacturers. However, the

availability and structure of these incentives vary

greatly across different regions, creating uneven

playing fields and hindering the global growth of the

SPEV market.

5 CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS

AND INNOVATIONS

Despite the challenges, the field of solar-powered

electric vehicles is brimming with innovation.

Researchers, engineers, and entrepreneurs are actively

pursuing breakthroughs in various areas to enhance

the viability and appeal of SPEVs. Here are some of

the most promising developments.

ISPES 2024 - International Conference on Intelligent and Sustainable Power and Energy Systems

5.1 Advances in PV Technology

Perovskite Solar Cells: Emerging as a potential game-

changer, perovskite solar cells offer higher

conversion efficiencies compared to traditional

silicon-based cells (Mahapatra et al., 2022). They are

also cheaper to produce and can be fabricated in

flexible formats, opening up new possibilities for

integrating solar panels seamlessly into vehicle

designs. Tandem Solar Cells: These cells combine

different materials with complementary absorption

spectra to capture a wider range of sunlight

wavelengths, leading to increased energy conversion

efficiency.

5.2 Improvements in Battery

Technology

Solid-State Batteries: Promising significantly higher

energy density, faster charging times, and improved

safety, solid- state batteries could dramatically extend

the range and reduce the charging time of SPEVs.

Lithium-Sulphur Batteries: Offering higher

theoretical energy density than lithium-ion batteries,

lithium-sulphur batteries are being explored as a

potential solution for increasing the range of SPEVs.

5.3 Innovative Vehicle Designs

Lightweight Materials: Employing lightweight

materials like carbon fibre, aluminium alloys, and

advanced composites in vehicle construction can

significantly reduce weight, improving energy

efficiency and range. Aerodynamic Optimization:

Streamlined designs, active aerodynamic features,

and optimized underbody airflow can minimize drag,

enhancing the vehicle's energy efficiency (Xia and

Huang, 2024).

5.4 Smart Grid and V2G Technologies

Smart Charging: Integrating SPEVs into smart grids

allows for optimized charging strategies, taking

advantage of periods with lower electricity demand or

higher renewable energy generation. V2G

Technology is to enabling SPEVs to feed electricity

back into the grid during peak demand periods can

create new revenue streams for owners while

enhancing grid stability and reliability. Examples of

Current SPEVs in the Market are is still in its early

stages, several companies and research institutions

have developed promising prototypes and limited-

production models.

Lightyear One: This Dutch company has

developed a long-range SPEV with a claimed range

of over 700 km (435 miles) on a single charge, thanks

to its highly efficient solar panels and aerodynamic

design.

Sono Motors Sion: This German startup is

developing a family-friendly SPEV with integrated

solar panels that can provide up to 34 km (21 miles)

of additional range per day.

Aptera Motors: This US-based company is

developing a highly efficient, three-wheeled SPEV

with a claimed range of up to 1,600 km (1,000 miles)

on a single charge in ideal conditions.

These examples highlight the growing momentum

and innovation within the SPEV sector. As research

and development efforts continue, expect to see even

more impressive advancements in the coming years,

paving the way for a future where solar-powered

vehicles play a significant role in sustainable

transportation.

6 FUTURE PROSPECTS

The future of solar-powered electric vehicles shines

brightly, fueled by continuous technological

advancements, growing economic viability, and

increasing awareness of their environmental benefits.

As research and development efforts intensify, SPEVs

are poised to transition from a niche technology to a

mainstream transportation solution.

6.1 Technological Advancements

6.1.1 Potential Breakthrough in PV

Efficiency

The quest for higher solar panel efficiency drives

relentless innovation in photovoltaic technology.

Researchers are exploring novel materials and

fabrication techniques to develop next-generation

solar cells with significantly improved performance.

Perovskite Solar Cells: Perovskite solar cells have

emerged as a promising alternative to traditional

silicon-based cells, offering higher conversion

efficiencies and lower production costs. Ongoing

research focuses on enhancing their long-term

stability and scalability for mass production.

Tandem Solar Cells: By combining different

semiconductor materials with complementary

absorption spectra, tandem solar cells can capture a

wider range of sunlight wavelengths, leading to

increased energy conversion efficiency.(Zhang et al.,

2020) Advancements in tandem cell design and

Current Challenges and Future Prospects of Solar-Powered Electric Vehicles: A Review

fabrication hold the potential to significantly boost

the power output of SPEVs. Quantum Dot Solar

Cells: Quantum dot solar cells utilize semiconductor

nanocrystals to absorb sunlight and convert it into

electricity (Tian and Cao, 2022). These cells offer the

potential for high efficiency, low-cost manufacturing,

and tunable absorption properties, making them an

attractive option for future SPEV applications.

6.1.2 Next-Generation Battery Technologies

Battery technology plays a pivotal role in the

performance and viability of SPEVs. While current

lithium-ion batteries have limitations in terms of

energy density, charging speed, and lifespan, ongoing

research and development efforts are paving the way

for next-generation battery technologies with the

potential to revolutionize SPEV capabilities.

Solid-State Batteries: Solid-state batteries replace

the flammable liquid electrolyte found in

conventional lithium- ion batteries with a solid

electrolyte, offering significant improvements in

safety, energy density, and charging speed (Guo et al.,

2022). These advancements could lead to SPEVs with

longer ranges, shorter charging times, and enhanced

safety profiles.

Lithium-Sulphur Batteries: Lithium-sulphur

batteries utilize sulphur as the cathode material,

offering a higher theoretical energy density compared

to lithium-ion batteries (Evers and Nazar, 2013).

Overcoming challenges related to sulphur's reactivity

and the battery's lifespan could unlock the potential

for SPEVs with significantly extended ranges. Metal-

Air Batteries: Metal-air batteries utilize the reaction

between a metal electrode and oxygen from the air to

generate electricity. These batteries offer the potential

for very high energy densities, exceeding those of

lithium-ion batteries. However, challenges related to

cost, lifespan, and performance in real-world

conditions need to be addressed before they can be

widely adopted in SPEVs.

6.1.3 Advanced Power Management and

AI-Driven Optimization

Efficient power management is crucial for

maximizing the range and performance of SPEVs.

Advanced power electronics and artificial

intelligence are playing increasingly important roles

in optimizing energy usage and extending battery life.

Predictive Energy Management: AI algorithms can

analyze driving patterns, weather conditions, and

traffic data to predict energy consumption and

optimize battery usage. This predictive capability

enables SPEVs to adapt their power consumption

strategies in real-time, maximizing range and

efficiency.

Smart Charging: AI-powered smart charging systems

can optimize charging schedules based on electricity

grid conditions, taking advantage of periods with

lower demand or higher renewable energy generation.

This approach not only reduces charging costs but

also minimizes the impact of SPEV charging on the

grid.

Thermal Management: Maintaining optimal

battery temperature is essential for performance and

lifespan. Advanced thermal management systems

utilize sensors, actuators, and AI algorithms to

regulate battery temperature, ensuring optimal

operating conditions and extending battery life.

6.1.4 Integration with Renewable Energy

Sources and Smart Grids

Integrating SPEVs with renewable energy sources

and smart grids is crucial for maximizing their

environmental benefits and creating a sustainable

transportation ecosystem.

Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology: V2G

technology enables SPEVs to not only draw energy

from the grid but also feed electricity back into the

grid during periods of peak demand. This

bidirectional energy flow transforms SPEVs into

mobile energy storage units, enhancing grid stability,

and supporting the integration of renewable energy

sources.

Solar Charging Infrastructure: Expanding the

availability of solar charging stations allows SPEVs

to directly utilize solar energy for charging, further

reducing their reliance on the grid and minimizing

their carbon footprint.

Smart Grid Integration: Integrating SPEVs into

smart grids enables optimized charging strategies,

taking advantage of periods with lower electricity

demand or higher renewable energy generation. This

integration enhances grid efficiency, reduces energy

costs, and supports the transition to a cleaner energy

future.

6.2 Economic Viability

The economic viability of SPEVs is rapidly

improving, driven by declining costs for solar panels

and batteries, innovative business models, and

supportive government policies.

ISPES 2024 - International Conference on Intelligent and Sustainable Power and Energy Systems

6.2.1 Trends in Cost Reduction for PV Panels

a n d B a t t e r i e s

The cost of solar photovoltaic panels has plummeted

in recent years, making solar energy more accessible

than ever before. This trend is expected to continue,

driven by advancements in manufacturing

technology, economies of scale, and increasing

competition within the solar industry. Similarly, the

cost of battery technology, particularly lithium-ion

batteries, has been steadily declining, making electric

vehicles more affordable for consumers. As battery

technology continues to advance and production

scales up, further cost reductions are anticipated,

making SPEVs increasingly competitive with

conventional gasoline-powered vehicles.

6.2.2 Business Models for SPEVs

Innovative business models are emerging to

accelerate the adoption of SPEVs and make them

more accessible to a wider range of consumers.

Leasing: Leasing allows consumers to experience

the benefits of SPEVs without the upfront cost of

purchasing a vehicle outright. Leasing companies can

leverage economies of scale and residual values to

offer attractive lease terms, making SPEVs more

affordable for consumers.

Battery Swapping: Battery swapping models

involve replacing depleted batteries with fully

charged ones at dedicated swapping stations

(Revankar and Kalkhambkar, 2021). This approach

eliminates the need for lengthy charging times,

making SPEVs more convenient for long-distance

travel and commercial applications.

Solar-as-a-Service: Some companies offer solar

panels for SPEVs on a subscription basis, allowing

consumers to access solar energy without the upfront

investment in solar panel installation. This model can

make SPEVs more appealing to consumers who are

hesitant to commit to the long-term ownership of

solar panels.

6.2.3 Role of Government Policies and

Subsidies

Government policies and subsidies play a crucial role

in accelerating the adoption of SPEVs by

incentivizing consumers, supporting research and

development, and creating a favorable market

environment.

Tax Credits and Rebates: Offering tax credits or

rebates to consumers who purchase SPEVs can

significantly reduce the upfront cost of ownership,

making them more attractive compared to

conventional vehicles (Bjerkan et al., 2016).

Research and Development Grants: Providing

grants to companies and research institutions engaged

in SPEV development can foster innovation,

accelerate technological advancements, and drive

down costs. Investing in public charging

infrastructure, particularly solar-powered charging

stations, can alleviate range anxiety and make SPEVs

a more practical option for consumers.

6.3 Infrastructure Development

A robust infrastructure is essential for supporting the

widespread adoption of SPEVs. This includes

expanding charging infrastructure, integrating with

renewable energy sources, and developing

maintenance and support networks. The availability of

public charging stations is crucial for alleviating range

anxiety and making SPEVs a practical option for long-

distance travel. Expanding the network of solar-

powered charging stations allows SPEVs to directly

utilize renewable energy for charging, further

reducing their carbon footprint.

Integrating SPEV charging infrastructure with

existing renewable energy sources, such as solar and

wind farms, can maximize the environmental benefits

of SPEVs. This integration can also enhance grid

stability by using SPEVs as mobile energy storage

units.

6.4 Environmental and Social Impact

SPEVs offer significant environmental and social

benefits, contributing to a cleaner, more sustainable

future.

6.4.1 Reduction in Carbon Footprint and

Emissions

SPEVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, significantly

reducing greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution

compared to gasoline-powered vehicles. The

electricity grid transitions to renewable energy

sources, the carbon footprint of SPEVs will further

decrease, making them an even more sustainable

transportation option.

6.4.2 Lifecycle Analysis of SPEVs

A comprehensive lifecycle analysis of SPEVs

considers the environmental impact of all stages,

from raw material extraction and manufacturing to

use and disposal. While the production of SPEVs,

particularly their batteries, can be energy-intensive,

Current Challenges and Future Prospects of Solar-Powered Electric Vehicles: A Review

their zero-emission operation and the increasing

use of recycled materials in their production are

contributing to a lower overall environmental

impact compared to conventional vehicles.

6.4.3 Public Perception and Adoption

Trends

Public perception of SPEVs is becoming increasingly

positive as awareness of their environmental benefits

and technological advancements grows. Consumers

are also attracted to the potential cost savings

associated with reduced fuel and maintenance costs.

As SPEVs become more affordable, reliable, and

accessible, adoption trends are expected to rise,

leading to a gradual shift towards more sustainable

transportation options.

Governments and policymakers play a crucial role

in accelerating the adoption of SPEVs through

various incentives and supportive policies

Table 1: Challenges, Developments, and Prospects of Solar-

powered electric vehicles (SPEVs)

Challenges Applications Remark

Technologi

cal

Challenges

Efficiency of PV Panels

(U.S. Department of

Energy, 2024)

- Conversion efficiency is

still limited.

- Impacted by weather and

sunlight availability.

Energy Storage Limitations

(Argonne National

Laboratory, 2024)

- High-capacity batteries

are expensive and heavy.

- Limited battery lifespan

affects overall cost and

efficiency.

Integration and

Optimization (Zhang et al.,

2024)

- Complex power

management systems

required.

- Design challenges with

integrating PV panels

without

compromising

aerodynamics.

Economic

Challenges

High Cost of PV Panels

(CNET, 2025)

- High-efficiency panels

are expensive, raising

SPEV prices.

Initial Investment

(EnergyRight, 2023)

- Upfront costs are higher

compared to conventional

EVs and gasoline cars.

Incentives and Market

Acceptance (Gao et al.,

2023)

- Limited government

incentives for SPEVs.

- Low consumer awareness

and perception issues.

Infrastruct

ure

Challenges

Charging Infrastructure

(U.S. Department of

Transportation, 2025)

- Need for widespread

solar-powered charging

stations.

- Limited availability in

rural areas.

Maintenance and Repair

(Limble CMMS, 2025)

- SPEVs require

specialized maintenance

expertise.

- Lack of trained

technicians increases

repair times.

Current

Developme

nts

Advances in PV

Technology (Zhou et al.,

2025)

- Development of

perovskite and tandem

solar cells for

better efficiency.

- Flexible PV cell designs

for vehicle integration.

Battery Innovations

(Solidion Technology,

2025)

- Solid-state and lithium-

sulphur batteries for higher

energy density.

- Potential for extended

range and faster charging.

Smart Grid Integration (Li

et al., 2024)

- Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)

tech to stabilize grid

demand.

- AI-driven energy

management for optimized

charging.

Case

Studies

Lightyear One (Lightyear,

2025)

- Focused on high-

efficiency design and

solar integration.

- Extended range of over

700 km per charge.

Sono Motors Sion

(CleanTechnica, 2023)

- Solar panels provide up

to 34 km of range daily.

- Faced financial and

production challenges.

Aptera Motors (Aptera

Motors, 2025)

- Aerodynamic design for

high efficiency.

- Claimed range of up to

1600 km under optimal

conditions.

Future

Prospects

PV Efficiency

Breakthroughs (Zhou et al.,

2025)

- Research on perovskite

and quantum dot solar

cells.

Next-Gen Battery

Technology(Argonne

National Laborator

, 2024

)

- Solid-state and metal-air

batteries for better energy

stora

Economic Viability

(Financial Times, 2025)

- Declining costs for PV

panels and batteries.

ISPES 2024 - International Conference on Intelligent and Sustainable Power and Energy Systems

- Emerging business

models like leasing and

battery

swapping.

Environmental Impact

(Financial Times, 2025)

- Zero tailpipe emissions

and reduced lifecycle

carbon

footprint.

- Need for sustainable PV

panel production and

disposal.

Table 2: Performance comparison summary

Aspect Challenges

Current

Developments

Future

Prospects

Technological

Low efficiency of PV

panels(U.S. Department

of Energy, 2024)

Advances in

perovskite and

tandem solar cells

Quantum dot

solar cells

Limited battery lifespan

and

capacity(Argonne

National Laboratory,

2024)

Solid-state and

lithium-sulfur

batteries

Solid-state

and metal-

air batteries

Integration complexity

affecting design and

aerodynamics(Zhang et

al., 2024)

AI-driven energy

management

systems

Advanced AI

and thermal

management

systems

Economic

High cost of PV

panels(CNET, 2025)

Cost reduction in

PV and battery

technology

Lower costs

for production

and

integration

High upfront

investment for

consumers(EnergyRight,

2023)

Leasing and

battery swapping

models

government

policies and

subsidies for

adoption

Infrastructure

Lack of widespread

solar charging

stations(Gao et al., 2023)

Integration with

smart

grids and V2G

technology

Expanded

charging

networks

Limited maintenance

and repair

facilities(U.S.

Department of

Transportation, 2025)

Specialized

technician

training

programs

Enhanced

renewable

integration

Environmental

PV panel production

and

disposal issues(Limble

CMMS, 2025)

Use of recycled

materials in

production

Sustainable

PV panel

production

Regulatory gaps in

standards(Zhou et al.,

2025)

Improved

lifecycle analyses

Clear

regulatory

frameworks

to encourage

adoption

7 CONCLUSION

This exploration into solar-powered electric vehicles

has highlighted their potential to revolutionize

transportation and contribute to a more sustainable

future. While still in their early stages of

development, SPEVs offer compelling advantages,

including reduced reliance on fossil fuels, lower

emissions, and potentially extended range.

Despite facing challenges such as high production

costs, limited solar energy conversion efficiency, and

the need for robust charging infrastructure, ongoing

advancements in solar technology, battery

technology, and lightweight materials are steadily

improving the viability and affordability of SPEVs.

The performance comparison summary is given in

table 2.

As research and development efforts intensify,

and with supportive government policies and growing

consumer demand, SPEVs are poised to claim a

significant share of the automotive market in the

coming decades. This transition to SPEVs has the

potential to reshape not only the automotive industry

but also the energy sector, driving the adoption of

renewable energy sources and fostering a more

decentralized and resilient energy grid.

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