A Review on the Impact of Electric Vehicle Deployment on Smart

Grid Infrastructure

Jahnavi Prabhu

, Amulya U Reddy

and Madhu B R

RV College of Engineering, RV University, Mysore Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, RVCE, Bengaluru, India

Keywords: Electric Vehicles, Smart Charging, Vehicle to Grid.

Abstract: The global energy demand is increasing, and in parallel also the depletion of non-renewable energy sources

and ecological damage. Electric vehicles are revolutionary for both the automotive and energy industry as

they point towards a sustainable solution to move people around. Smart Grid supports four basic electricity

operations, and with the increase demand of EVs Smart grid is expected to be challenged. This increasing

number of charging stations can create huge demand on the electricity grid, following rising popularity for

EVs. Several charging strategies and smart grid connection techniques have been used to minimize the adverse

effects of EVs on Charging. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology would address these issues in part by making

it possible for excess energy to get back into the grid from EVs. V2G technology has many benefits such as

frequency regulation, harmonic filtering, peak load shaving or shifting, grid stabilization and reliability

improvement, energy backup storage capacity both at home in the vehicle enjoys cost savings for rate

optimization purposes as well revenue earning options to consumers participating. Load Pattern Optimization

for Smart Grid presents a problem in the smart grid as it is designed to integrate various components of power

systems, utilizing state-of-the-art technologies that ensure seamless coupling between all interconnected

operations providing effective and resilient energy management. The Smart Grid is a complex integration of

multitude autonomous parts into the power system that pays attention to increasing energy efficiency and

adaptability.

1 INTRODUCTION

The world’s energy demand has been increasing

everyday which is leading to the depletion of non-

renewable energy sources like fossil fuels, coal,

nuclear energy, while also contributing to ecological

deterioration and energy crisis. Electrification has

emerged as one of the most effective measures to

solve the problems of energy crisis, coinciding with a

rise in Co2 emission due to increasing energy

demand. The conventional vehicles, industries also

add up to the Carbon emissions. The application of

non-conventional vehicles has enticed significant

attention in the recent times. The emergence of

Electric Vehicles represents a significant shift in

automotive and energy sector, indicating a transition

towards sustainable transportation solution. Electric

https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8187-649X

https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6856-1911

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4872-9103

vehicles use batteries, fuel cells, PTC heaters, DC/Dc

convertors to meet the energy demands of the vehicle.

The power demands of the same are self-reliant and

abstain from pollution. The Fig1 shows the growing

demand of Electric vehicles from 2010 to 2030. The

Smart Grid is expected to endure a flux and ambiguity

due to the augmented demand in Electric vehicles

(Tavokoli et al., 2020).

Prabhu, J., Reddy, A. U. and R, M. B.

A Review on the Impact of Electric Vehicle Deployment on Smart Grid Infrastructure.

DOI: 10.5220/0013576800004639

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Intelligent and Sustainable Power and Energy Systems (ISPES 2024), pages 53-58

ISBN: 978-989-758-756-6

Fig 1: Demand for EV vs Convention type vehicles

The grid the term grid denotes an infrastructure that

supports four fundamental electricity operations,

including electricity generation systems, long-

distance electricity transmission, electricity

distribution networks, and electricity consumption by

end users.

2 ELECTRIC VEHICLE

STANDARDS AND CHARGING

The demand for EVs is growing prodigiously

compared to conventional vehicles as shown in fig1.

The burgeoning popularity of EVs has resulted in a

surging number of charging stations, significantly

impacting the electricity grid. Diverse A variety of

charging methodologies alongside intelligent grid

integration techniques are employed to ameliorate the

detrimental impacts of electric vehicle charging. EV

was first invented in the 19th century, however after

myriad fluctuations Electric vehicles had captured

only a modest share of the automotive market

landscape (Das et al., 2020).

Present-day EV technologies when compared to

old EV are garnering widespread acclaim due to

multitude of benefits, including reduce carbon

footprint, zero exhaust gases, silent operation,

utilization of renewable energy source, enhanced

efficiency, lower operating cost. The convergence of

the transportation sector with the power grid poses

several formidable challenges for the power system.

For instance, the widespread adoption of electric

vehicles will exacerbate grid demand during the

charging phase.

The inception of smart grid has streamlined the

power system with an extraordinary communication

facet. Vehicle to Grid encompasses the afore

mentioned smart grid technology. V2G (Vehicle-to-

Grid) technology aims to alleviate such challenges.

By enabling bi-directional energy flow between

electric vehicles and the power grid, V2G technology

can potentially mitigate the increased load on the grid

caused by EV charging (Tan et al., 2020). V2G notion

empowers bidirectional charging allowing batteries

to charge during low demands and expel excess

energy back to the grid when it is not needed. The

power capacity of V2G EV is constrained by three

factors (Kempton and Tomić, 2020):

• The ability of the wires and other connections

in the building to carry current

• The amount of stored energy in the vehicle

relative to its usage time

• The maximum rated power of the vehicle's

electronic systems

V2G technology presents a multitude of

advantages, encompassing frequency regulation,

harmonics filtering, peak load shaving, grid stability,

reliability enhancement, resilience during blackouts,

uninterrupted power supply for homes, backup

energy storage, cost savings, and revenue

opportunities for vehicle owners (Tan et al., 2020).

3 CONCEPTS OF SMART GRID

Smart Grid represents the sophisticated

amalgamation of the multifaceted operations within

the power system encompassing the intricate

processes of electricity generation, distribution, and

bidirectional functionalities. This advanced

infrastructure leverages cutting-edge technologies to

optimize the seamless coordination of these

interconnected activities, ensuring efficient and

resilient energy management (Tuballa and Abundo,

2016).

Smart grids are autarkic systems capable of

autonomously diagnosing and rectifying their

deficiencies within the network, significantly

reducing the need for human intervention. Smart

grids offer a multitude of benefits, including autarkic

reliability, heightened operational efficiency,

seamless integration of renewable energy sources,

robust cybersecurity, consumer empowerment via

real-time data analytics, significant environmental

advantages, economic savings, and scalable

flexibility, representing the zenith of contemporary

energy infrastructure sophistication (Bayindir et al.,

2016).

Fig2: Components connected to the smart grid

ISPES 2024 - International Conference on Intelligent and Sustainable Power and Energy Systems

4 IMPLEMENTATIONS TO THE

GRID

Smart Grid an integrated network encompasses

several areas like AMI, WAMS, Power quality,

distributed automation, customer technology etc

(Soykan et al., 2021). Prerogatives of Grid manager

and the EV Driver are considered in designing the

V2G. The driver requires sufficient stored energy

and grid manager is responsible for activating and

deactivating the grid at specific intervals. These

schemes of vehicle to grid can address the impending

disagreements:

• Augmenting additional energy storage

(electrical brawn)

• Utilizing V2G from fleets with predetermined

usage pattern

• Implementing sophisticated controls for

supplementary requirements (Kempton and

Tomić, 2020)

Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is deployed

to evaluate comprehensive load variation at each

customer interface and furnish feedback, also

facilitating the enhancement of power quality (PQ)

levels. Wide area monitoring systems (WAMS)

leverage phasor measurement technology to surviel

transmission system conditions across vast regions,

identifying and mitigating grid instabilities.

Distribution automation (DA) technologies grant

operators sophisticated capabilities to detect, locate,

and diagnose faults, with real-time data on primary

feeders provided by remote fault indicators, relays,

and re-closers.

Customer technology (CT) and information and

communication technology (ICT) manage customer

communications and align customer needs with grid

operations. Distributed generation (DG) involves

electricity production from renewable sources like

rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems, small-scale

hydro, and wind plants. Energy storage systems

(ESS) allow engineers to optimize the power system,

primarily addressing uncertainties in renewable

distributed generation. Finally, electric vehicle (EV)

charging infrastructures, a burgeoning global market,

necessitate access to electric vehicle supply

equipment (EVSE).

Along with these facets there are some

imperatives to be chosen they are:

• Fault current restrictions

• Power flow regulation

• Adaptive Protection Measures

• Enhanced safety against faults

• Instantaneous electricity load transfer

• Ascertainment equipment status

• Expeditious electric loads transfer

Concomitantly other steps involved are diagnosis

of traits of smart grid, synchronizing each role, Data

Compilation, determining the benefit, Valorise the

benefit, expense evaluation (Sospiro et al., 2021). EV

charging characteristics should also be considered for

implementing. EV charging entities include charging

point, charging point operator, charging station,

distribution system operator, smart meter. The

charging connector types include Type1, Type2,

Combined Charging systems, CHAdeMO and GB/T.

These connectors vary in plug and socket designs and

are standardized differently across countries and

vehicle models. Main factors to be considered along

with other characters are Battery State of Charge and

Charging Duration.

Battery State of Charge represents the amount of

remaining charge stored in the battery of an electric

vehicle. The initial SoC is the battery’s energy level

at the start of charging process, while the target SoC

denotes the desired charge level upon completion.

The EV charging curve shown in fig 3 initially

rises rapidly and then slows down as it approaches

full capacity due to the battery management system

reducing the current to prevent overcharging.

Conversely, the discharging curve shows a steady

decline initially, followed by a more rapid decrease as

the battery depletes, which reflects increased energy

demands and voltage drops. This behaviour is typical

for lithium-ion batteries, where efficient charging

occurs at lower states of charge and protective

measures kick in as the battery nears full capacity.

Fig 3: Charging State of Charge and Discharging State of

charge

A Review on the Impact of Electric Vehicle Deployment on Smart Grid Infrastructure

5 IMPACTS OF EV ON SMART

GRID

Electric Vehicle (EVs) integration into the grid

presents significant possibilities and obstacles. It

requires strategic planning and technological

advancements to manage increase electricity demand,

peak load challenges and infrastructure upgrades,

while also leveraging smart grid and V2G

technologies to enhance renewable energy utilization

and demand response capabilities.

5.1 Peak Load

This section must be in one column. The Electric

Vehicles (EVs) are being promoted has a primary

mode of transportation that increases the load in work

areas as well as residential area due to their plug in

charge mode. This causes’ peak plus peak’ and

increase of peak valley difference leading to regional

imbalance (Chun-lin et al., 2011). Significant voltage

deviation and overloads in local distribution

transformer might result from Plug-in Electric

Vehicle (PEV) charging during peak hours. The

system load curve is influenced by the rate and time

of PEV charging. Concentrated charging during peak

periods can result in greater total system peaks, but

spreading charging during off-peak hours can reduce

these peaks (Masoum et al., 2010).

5.2 Economic Demand

Setting up vehicle (EV) infrastructure requires an

amount of investment, in charging facilities, which

includes both public and private charging stations.

This investment plays a role in guaranteeing access to

charging points and accommodating the increasing

EV population. Implementing metering infrastructure

(AMI) and incorporating grid upgrades are essential

for enabling communication, between EVs and the

grid. This optimization helps streamline the charging

procedures while minimizing expenses (Jiang et al.,

2016).

5.3 Vehicle to Grid Integration

Electric vehicles enabled with V2G technology in

parking lots or residential buildings can serve as

energy storage units by supplying electricity to the

grid or recharging during low demand periods

providing advantages, for both grid operators and EV

users (Kumar et al., 2019). V2G also enables

electricity to flow both ways, thus enabling electric

vehicles (EVs) to draw power from the grid for

charging (G2V) and send it back during peak periods

of demand (vehicle-to-grid, or V2G), which helps in

load balancing and grid stability. But integrating this

requires significant investments in grid infrastructure

and equipment upgrades for managing two-way

power flows and increased EV demands (Inala et al.,

2021). While Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) grow

in market share, the power grid can have higher

energy losses which requires reinforcing of already

existing infrastructure to decrease these losses.

Therefore, the EV charging/discharging should be

managed properly with proper control mechanisms to

prevent challenges such as transformer overloads,

system efficiency degradation and harmonic

distortion in generation and transmission lines.

However, the V2G system necessitates sophisticated

communication technologies so that secure and

efficient interaction among the EV owners, grid

operators and aggregators is possible (Kumar et al.,

2019).

5.4 Grid Infrastructure

One big concern as EVs proliferate is the added

demand on grid infrastructure when it comes to

charging all of them, and that can lead to a lot of stress

on an already-stressed grid.

As EVs are integrated into the grid, this increased

electricity demand, particularly during peak charging

times, can stress the distribution networks and

transformers by causing constant overheating cycles

of equipment (Beaude et al., 2016).

Excessive use of electric vehicle charging stations

can result in voltage imbalances and fluctuations in

areas where the power grid infrastructure may not be

equipped to handle changes, in electricity demand

resulting in either overvoltage or undervoltage

situations (Chun-lin et al., 2011).

Moreover, EV chargers that often involve power

electronics can also bring harmonics into the grid.

Along with damaging the already damaged power

grid, this non-linear loading can also degrade the

quality of power moving through utility lines,

exciting other reactive elements on a transmission

line that might have been idle for a long time and

leading to overheating and efficiency degradation in

transformers and other components.

In fact, the non-linear charging loads of EVs can

lead to harmonic currents that distort the voltage

waveform and endanger sensitive electronic

equipment (Garwa and Niazi, 2019).

ISPES 2024 - International Conference on Intelligent and Sustainable Power and Energy Systems

6 ADVANTAGES OF

IMPLEMENTING EV TO GRID

The uses of electric vehicles in the grid infrastructure

have a lot of advantages that can help complement

both energy management and sustainability. Some of

the advantages are listed below:

• Smart charging techniques such as off-peak hours

or high renewable energy generation can help

reduce the peak demand on the grid by flattening

load duration curve and should allow for a greater

level of balance and efficiency in transporting.

• V2G also has the potential to stabilize grid needs

by allowing an EV to draw from storage but then

give back, helping provide ancillary services like

frequency regulation and spinning reserves at

peak times of demand (Garwa and Niazi, 2019).

• Adopting smart charging strategies can help lower

energy costs for EV owners. By adjusting

charging times according to grid demand and

electricity prices, users can benefit from reduced

rates during off-peak hours (Kumar et al., 2019).

• Encouraging the adoption of EVs can lead to a

decrease in greenhouse gas emissions and air

pollutants, particularly when the electricity used

for charging is sourced from renewables. This

shift supports overall environmental sustainability

(Beaude et al., 2016).

EV owners can make money by selling energy

stored to the grid or mitigating their demands through

demand response programs, effectively bringing

down cost of ownership and operation of EV as well

hence making financial proposition stronger.

Moreover, EV use can eventually lead to savings for

consumers and utilities. When power is abundant,

EVs and chargers can take advantage of dramatically

lower rates compared to peak loading which avoids

the costly infrastructure upgrades necessitated by

demand (Garwa and Niazi, 2019).

7 FUTURE SCOPE

The future possibilities for integrating Electric

Vehicles (EVs) to the grid system are vast and wide

with many vital areas of innovation as well as

research being poised. As the EV’s integration into

the grid is increasing, V2G plays an essential role in

enhancing the grid stability by providing ancillary

services such as frequency regulation which is

essential for managing volatile renewable energy

sources (Kumar et al., 2019). EVs will also be vital in

flexibly absorbing the variability of supply and

demand as renewable deployment is expected to

escalate their share in power mix. It designates future

work to advance schemes that would let EVs uptake

when renewable generation peak and yield during its

trough, hence benefiting grid constancy while

supporting fossil-fuel reliance (Garwa and Niazi,

2019). The fig 4 shows the market strategy for

Electric Vehicles (EVs) by 2030 and growth EV

production volumes with increasing integration of

bidirectional converters allowing transferring power

from the grid to vehicles (Kaufmann, 2017).

Fig 4 Market Strategy for Electric Vehicles

It is important to conduct longitudinal studies that

measure how EV adoption affects grid impact

cumulatively over years. This will allow EV

penetration to be mapped, and for future challenges to

be anticipated.

8 CONCLUSIONS

The growing penetration of Electric Vehicles (EVs)

in the power grid help transform them from fossil

fuel-based to a cleaner and more efficient mode of

transportation. However, there are big challenges

with this shift — increased grid stress and potential

overloads due to the demand as well infrastructure

upgrades. Smart grid technologies like Vehicle-to

Grid (V2G) can help as they make the energy flow bi-

directional so we may have a demand response at

peak periods in which vehicles give back some of

their stored electricity to stabilize the system. To truly

capitalize on the advantages electric vehicles can

offer, smart charging as well as other state-of-the-art

grid management technologies are essential to curb

peak loads and boost resiliency whilst also providing

further resources for renewable energy sources at

large. With the maturing of EV technology and its

broader integration with traditional energy

infrastructure will come new opportunities in

innovation, planning and implementation to support a

A Review on the Impact of Electric Vehicle Deployment on Smart Grid Infrastructure

healthy (not unsustainable) transformation to cleaner

forms of power.

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