Prospects of IoT Technology for Supply Chain Traceability of

GI - Tagged Nendran Bananas in Kerala: A Review

Mridula N., Sakeer Husain A. and Aneesha A. K.

College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, Kerala Agricultural University, India

Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tags, QR Codes, Supply Chain, Traceability,

Bananas, Nendran, Geographical Indication.

Abstract: Nendran bananas are the exclusive commercial plantain variety of Kerala due to a combination of climatic

conditions, traditional farming practices, geographical indication recognition, culinary importance, export

demand, and cultural significance. However, the fragmented supply chain, together with the absence of quality

certification and traceability, adversely affects worldwide demand, market linkages, and finance of the

engaged stakeholders. The potential application of Internet of Things (IoT) technology to the supply chain

management of Kerala's Nendran bananas is examined in this review study. The Internet of Things (IoT)

allows for seamless data sharing, which enhances productivity, efficiency, automation, and decision-making.

IoT sensors, found on the farm and in consignments, provide the banana industry with actionable insights that

increase farm productivity, lower the cost of essential inputs, and improve post-harvest yield and quality.

Besides solar-powered inline nitrate sensors that monitor sediment, control irrigation levels, and limit

fertilization usage, onsite IoT sensors also serve as weather monitoring stations and prevent nitrate runoff.

These sensors make it possible to gauge the fruit's size and comprehend the influence of the weather on the

yield. Bunches of bananas with radio frequency identification (RFID) tags track their upkeep, harvesting,

sorting, and transportation while cutting expenses and lowering environmental impact. RFID readers that use

ultra-high-frequency technology track the products' movements and by scanning QR codes, consumers can

monitor the route of the banana directly from its origin. These real-time views of the farm or supply chain,

provide data to validate that each banana was produced in high environmental standards. Consumer

confidence is increased by transparency and traceability from the farm to the plate, and data can guarantee

the integrity of food safety. Kerala government must implement supply chain traceability by incorporating

IoT technology into export-oriented horticultural products, like Nendran bananas, to achieve notable

improvements in productivity, precision, and sustainability.

1 INTRODCUTION

Bananas are one of the most nutritious, popular, and

economically important horticultural products of

Kerala. Nendran bananas, especially the

Chengalikodan banana variety from Thrissur district,

are exclusive commercial plantain varieties of Kerala

due to their geographical indication recognition,

culinary importance, export demand, and cultural

significance. Hence high demand is observed for

Nendran bananas in domestic and overseas markets

wherever the Asian diaspora is settled. However, the

fragmented supply chain of Nendran bananas has a lot

of challenges that adversely affect quality standards,

market linkages, and financial aspects of all involved

stakeholders. Utilizing cutting-edge technologies like

the Internet of Things (IoT) and sophisticated sensors

could increase agricultural output and reduce

financial loss. Numerous global studies have

adequately shown how integrated IoT-smart sensors

may be used to monitor environmental parameters,

including temperature, humidity, moisture content,

and soil composition, that are essential for crop

growth. With the advent of the Internet of Things,

agricultural supply chain traceability should be built

to provide assurance. Global tracking and automatic

product identification for agricultural products offer

comprehensive data covering the whole product life

cycle. Hence, by employing IoT to optimize the

supply chain that links farmers and their products,

transparency is preserved.

218

N., M., A., S. H. and A. K., A.

Prospects of IoT Technology for Supply Chain Traceability of GI - Tagged Nendran Bananas in Kerala: A Review.

DOI: 10.5220/0013555200004519

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st Inter national Conference on Emerging Innovations for Sustainable Agriculture (ICEISA 2024), pages 218-223

ISBN: 978-989-758-714-6

1.1 Research Questions

This review paper addresses the following research

questions.

• How authenticity, quality and product

provenance can be ensured in GI-tagged fruits of

high demand like Nendran banana?

• How Internet of Things (IoT) technology can

address these issues, provide supply chain

traceability and ensure the reputation of Nendran

banana for quality?

1.2 Objectives

The objectives of this review paper included;

1) Examining prospects of application of Internet of

Things (IoT) technology in production and

supply chain traceability and management of

fresh farm produce including banana.

2) Reviewing the role of IoT sensors, Radio

Frequency Identification (RFID) tags and Quick

Response (QR) codes in supply chain traceability

of fresh farm produce including GI-tagged

Nendran bananas.

2 METHODOLOGY

This review paper utilized a systematic literature

review (SLR) following the below review protocol.

Databases viz. sciencedirect.com, nih.gov,

nature.com, springer.com, elsevier.com and research

papers in other open-access peer-reviewed journals

were looked upon with a specific focus on reviewing

the published research work to attain an unbiased and

objective summary of the current state and future

potential of IoT applications in production and supply

chain traceability of fruits like banana. SLR evaluates

and interprets all existing research pertinent to a

question, issue, or phenomenon of interest using a

scientific and replicable methodology (Cook et al.,

1997; Booth et al., 2012).

Other than the relevant keywords, the searched

items included, in particular, the employability of IoT

sensors, RFID tags and QR codes in the production

and supply chain of fresh farm products in different

parts of the world for which the search strings were

established using Boolean logic, with OR/AND. The

latest and relevant results and salient findings were

summarised and presented year-wise.

3 RESULTS AND SALIENT

FINDINGS

3.1 IoT Sensors

With the use of several low-cost sensor nodes, the

Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly expanding its use

in agricultural modernization. It can track crop

disease and insect incidence from a micro level and

gather real-time weather data related to crop growth.

Enhancing agricultural productivity and reducing

financial loss could be achieved by integrating

cutting-edge technology like the Internet of Things

(IoT) with sophisticated sensors. Many studies

around the world have satisfactorily shown how

integrated IoT-smart sensors can be used to monitor

environmental factors that are essential to crop

growth, such as moisture, temperature, humidity,

pollution, water content, soil quality, radiation, and

soil composition. Sensors that are automated are also

used to measure greenhouse gasses like carbon

dioxide, methane, etc. Additionally, smart farming

makes it possible to measure the quantity of nitrogen

in the soil, which aids farmers in figuring out how

much fertilizer to apply to their fields. Furthermore,

smart farming enhances precision through improved

agricultural work management and timely decision-

making based on collected data (Rajak et al., 2023).

Farmers may better manage their crops and

vegetables over a wider area in less time by

combining the Internet of Things with a variety of

smart sensors. IoT may also make it easier to

determine when and why to apply fertilizer and

pesticides in the field. IoT applications might

undoubtedly cut down on resource waste while

safeguarding farmers' profits. IoT sensors provide the

banana industry with actionable insights that increase

farm productivity, lower the cost of essential inputs,

and improve post-harvest yield and quality. These

sensors can be found on the farm and in consignments

that are delivered to customers. In addition to solar-

powered inline nitrate sensors that monitor sediment,

control irrigation levels, and limit fertilization usage,

onsite IoT sensors also serve as weather monitoring

stations and prevent nitrate runoff. These sensors

make it possible to measure the fruit size and

comprehend how the weather may affect harvests in

the future. Food quality assurance (such as testing for

contaminants, toxins, and packaging) and plant

development monitoring (such as phenotyping,

stressors, volatile organic components, nutritional

levels, hormones, and pathogens) are two areas where

sensors are useful.

Prospects of IoT Technology for Supply Chain Traceability of GI - Tagged Nendran Bananas in Kerala: A Review

219

In 2023, Ataei et al. recognised the use of IoT-

enabled sensor technology to measure current

emperature, soil moisture, humidity, and water usage

for fieldwork. It also analyzes decisions made in

conjunction with farmers, automates water and

fertilizer delivery, and regulates system temperature,

relative humidity, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels,

vibration, and shocks.

Understanding these factors is

beneficial for optimizing the quality of the final

product, as stated by Keates (2023), Lamberty and

Kreyenschmidt (2022), and Sekaran et al. (2020).

Water management with IoT sensors: Lakshmi et al.

(2023) accurately calculated the amount of water

required for tomato and eggplant crops by utilizing

sensors and Internet of Things scheduling. When the

irrigation was

managed with these soil moisture

sensors, the plants looked better and needed 46%

less water.

IoT devices for monitoring pests and diseases:

According to Nandhini et al. (2022), IoT sensors were

shown to be beneficial in the Compressive Sensing

Integrated Disease Detection System for the aim of

monitoring banana plant diseases, such as bunchy top

and sigatoka leaf spot. Colour and temperature

sensors were employed by Duraianand and

Sivasangari (2022) to detect leaf diseases in bananas,

such as Sigatoka and black leaf streak. An IOT sensor

network and machine learning techniques were

successfully used by Silupu et al. (2021) to predict the

incidence of thrips in organic bananas.

IoT sensors for managing fertilizer and soil: Grand

Nain Bananas used less water and NPK fertilizer as a

result of IoT sensors for IoT-based soil water

potential sensors, which decreased financial risk for

farmers (Salimath et al., 2023). According to Fan et

al. (2022), an IoT system for real-time soil

monitoring could reveal the paths through which

nitrogen is lost during the production of bananas, as

well as weather data, soil moisture content, and

surface water runoff. In bananas, an Internet of

Things machine learning model can determine

whether the soil condition is ideal, adequate, or

unacceptable (Iorliam, 2022). Real-time soil nitrate

concentration monitoring—an IoT node with ion-

selective electrode soil nitrate sensors for precision

agriculture—can help with decisions about fertilizer

management, increase the efficiency of N use, and

decrease nitrogen losses to the environment. (Bristow

et al., 2022)

IoT sensors for harvesting and ripening: According

to Altaf et al. (2020), wireless sensor networks

(WSN) and Internet of Things (IoT)-based neural

networks were utilized to remotely monitor the

ripening of bananas in Pakistan. The use of AI in

banana production aids in the detection of crop type,

crop grade, ripeness, leaf diseases, and soil control.

(Almeyda and Ipanaqué, 2022).

IoT sensors in polyhouse:

For Nepali smallholder farmers to display, monitor,

and control real-time data about their crops, livestock,

and other agricultural assets Lamsal et al. (2023)

created an affordable, configurable, scalable, and

reliable Internet of Things platform. Eighty-four per-

cent of the citrus plants grafted during the offseason

were successful thanks to the platform, which was set

up within a polyhouse.

3.2 RFID Tags

IoT solutions based on radio frequency identification

(RFID), such as RFID tags on banana bunches,

monitor the care, harvesting, sorting, and shipping of

the bananas, increasing productivity while cutting

costs and decreasing environmental impact. While

handheld scanners read the ultra-high frequency RFID

tags, they send the data to the cloud. Fruit and

vegetable boxes with RFID tags use RFID readers that

track the products' movements as they go from fields

to distribution centres and then to retail locations.

These devices keep an eye on the farm's or supply

chain's circumstances in real-time and provide

recommendations based on the software they access

and monitor. To sell fruit as a premium product rather

than at a discount, the producer can simply track any

tainted batch of food back to its source by removing

the information from an RFID tag. From the farm to

the market to the customer, the information on the tags

verifies that every banana was grown under strict

environmental guidelines. Data can ensure the

integrity of food safety, and transparency and

traceability from the plantation to the plate can

increase consumer confidence.

Mango farms use RFID-Based Fruit Monitoring

and Orchard Management Systems, where each

employee is given a duty list that includes spraying,

plucking, and early fruit cover with bags. The status is

updated in the cloud database once the tasks are

completed. (Imdaad et al., 2023). Humidity,

temperature, gas, pH, integrity, and traceability

sensors for food packaging are identified by RFID-

based sensing in smart packaging (Zuo et al., 2022).

According to Nugraheni et al. (2016), RFID

technology was utilized in Indonesian banana

traceability systems so that customers could view

details about the product, including planting and

harvesting information.

According to studies by Kavya (2012) and Verma

et al. (2015), colour indices of bananas can be used

ICEISA 2024 - International Conference on ‘Emerging Innovations for Sustainable Agriculture: Leveraging the potential of Digital

Innovations by the Farmers, Agri-tech Startups and Agribusiness Enterprises in Agricu

220

by RFID technology to track the ripening process of

bananas. With its focus on expiration dates and

remaining shelf life, RFID could be advantageous to

distributors, retailers, and consumers in the supply

chain of extremely perishable food. (Grunow and

Pira, 2013).

RFID-based technologies have the potential to

produce automated alerts for containers that have

lower banana green life or temperature issues. They

can also remotely monitor the ripening process within

the container. Controlling waste and losses, recycling,

identifying undesired ripening and volatile

components that suggest mold infections, and

monitoring and controlling the food quality evolution

during its postharvest life are just a few of the

environmental problems they could take on. Batch

mixing incidents might be found, and compromised

batches could be removed from the market and

supply chain. Negara and Dachyar (2021), Navarro et

al. (2021), Onwude et al. (2016), Duroc and Kaddour

(2012) and Jedermann et al. (2006).

3.3 QR Codes

QR codes are utilized to provide nutritional

information about products and to provide

transparency in the banana supply chain (Hassoun et

al., 2023; Surbhi Bhatia and Albarrak, 2023).

According to Kavyasree and Natarajan's (2022)

research, QR codes utilizing laser technology in

exotic dragon fruit provide a sustainable, anti-

counterfeiting, hygienic, clean, and non-contact

traceability solution. QR codes also provide

traceability from production to customer. In addition

to increasing transparency, lowering the cost of food

recalls, and reducing waste and loss, it also improved

the safety and quality of numerous fruits and

vegetables. Recently, the Vegetable and Fruit

Promotion Council Keralam (VFPCK), in Kerala,

employed QR codes to boost banana exports and

fetch better prices by leveraging geographical

indications, ensuring the Nendran Banana’s

reputation for quality. This can be replicated in the

case of other fresh produce with export potential.

4 CONCLUSION AND

SUGGESTIONS FOR SUPPLY

CHAIN MANAGEMENT OF GI

TAGGED NENDRAN BANANA

Since fresh food has historically not been particularly

sensitive to margins, losses from spoiling have been

accepted as a necessary expense of conducting

business. Gathering data is crucial to understanding

how a firm operates, particularly in the fresh food

industry. To provide clear and reliable insight into the

efficacy and inefficiencies along the supply chain, it

is imperative to capture the appropriate data. Cost-

effective IoT sensor integration into processes

facilitates information gathering, accurate company

health assessment, and necessary correction before a

poorly thought-out or inadequate decision ruins

business outcomes.

Knowing about problems as they arise helps

ensure that none of the problems affecting the farm

produce's remaining freshness turn into real

problems. Product management from field to shelf

affects how fresh it remains. When paired with cloud-

based predictive analytics, IoT technologies keep an

eye on a wide range of characteristics and may

precisely estimate a product's remaining freshness

and offer an up-to-date snapshot of its handling. This

makes it possible for supply chain managers to

proactively manage farm output using actual product

data as opposed to the present simpler assumptions

based on harvest date (which presumes uniform

processing) or visual inspection. IoT technology

adoption can have a significant impact since it is far

better at providing the kind of data and knowledge

required to guide proactive decision-making and

correct inefficiencies. Growers can increase the

profitability of the food they labour so hard to

produce, merchants can provide their customers with

a high-quality product, and consumers may feel more

confident about their purchases by proactively

managing the products through the supply chain.

By enhancing decision-making at every stage and

hence lowering food waste, IoT technology and

cloud-based analytics have the potential to change the

fresh food supply chain completely. Internet of

Things (IoT) sensors can change an assumption-

based supply chain into one driven by real-time,

detailed data showing how to make the best decisions

possible. Growers, processors, distributors, and

retailers can optimize food waste and increase food

safety and supply chain transparency by

implementing a data-driven approach that leverages

IoT and cloud analytics to solve the hidden issues

affecting the fresh food supply chain.

Based on the research findings, it is evident that

IoT is poised to bring about remarkable

transformations in the production and supply chain of

GI-tagged farm produce like Nendran bananas with

the potential for enhancing efficiency, accuracy, and

sustainability in production and profits. As the

preliminary step, farm/farmer profiling is to be

Prospects of IoT Technology for Supply Chain Traceability of GI - Tagged Nendran Bananas in Kerala: A Review

221

carried out by assessing the landholding information

under Nendran bananas. Geo-mapping of Nendran

banana farms can be done by connecting each harvest

to geo coordinates and unique QR codes. IoT sensors

can be employed on farms to follow a package of

practice recommendations

from planting to harvest

stage. RFID tags can enhance the sales margin by

assessing the optimal period of harvest and leading to

sales of products as per market demands. Quality

adherence to post-harvest processes and traceability

in transportation to know the origin, grade, supply

chain touch points, and feedback provision are

possible by the use of IoT sensors, RFID tags, and QR

codes in banana production and export for ensuring

overall quality supply chain and export of GI banana.

Consumer confidence is increased by transparency

and traceability from the farm to the plate, and IoT

data can guarantee the integrity of food safety. Kerala

must implement supply chain traceability by

incorporating IoT technology into export-oriented

horticultural products, like Nendran bananas, to

achieve notable improvements in productivity,

precision, and sustainability

5 FUNDING

No funding was received to assist with the

preparation of this manuscript.

6 CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

Regarding the subject matter of this paper, the writers

have no relevant conflicts of interest to disclose

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