The Effect of Sowing Norms on Growth, Development of Spring
Camelina Sativa
Atabaeva Khalima Nazarovna, Umarova Nigora Sadriddinovna,
Khayrullaev Sardor Shamsiddin Ugli and Zukhriddinov Mukhriddin Rakhmon Ugli
Department of Plant Science and Oil Crops, Faculty of Agrobiology, Tashkent State Agrarian University, Tashkent,
Uzbekistan
Keywords: Camelina Sativa, Spring Date, Sowing Norms, Preservation Level, Yield.
Abstract: Camelina sativa L., a member of the Brassicaceae family, can serve as a suitable oilseed crop during climate
change as well as a low-cost alternative oil source for food and other industrial uses. The “Crystal” variety of
spring camelina may be economically and biodiversely beneficial for the typical sierozem soils of Tashkent
province, but there is not enough information about their cultivation technology for this province. 2-year field
experiments were conducted in Tashkent province to determine the optimal spring sowing norms for plant
growth and yield. The norms of sowing seeds was from 4 million to 10 million. The plant showed a high level
of preservation compared to the other options in both years at the norm of sowing 4 million pieces/ha. When
the sowing norm was 6 million pieces/ha, the average seed yield was 23,8 s/ha, and various deviations in the
sowing norms reduced the yield. The results show that the seed yield was the highest when the sowing norm
was 6 million pieces/ha in the conditions of typical sierozem soils of the Tashkent province.
1 INTRODUCTION
Currently, due to the increasing demand for vegetable
oil, there is an increasing trend in the production of
major oilseeds throughout the world. Due to its high
nutritional value and dietary value, vegetable oil
replaces animal fats in human food.
Camelina sativa L. is native to Southeast Asia and
the east of Europe. People call it "false flax".
Cultivation as a weed plant as a cultivated crop began
in Russia and France in the 19th century. Camelina is
cultivated in Germany, Belgium, Holland, England,
France. The implementation of new oil plants serves
to increase biodiversity in plant science, reduce the
pesticide load on agrocenoses, and ensure the
sustainability of the production of vegetable oils for
various purposes.
Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) cabbages
(Brassicaceae Burnett) belongs to the family, the
genus Camelina Crantz. The pungent flavored oil
rivals sesame oil in terms of nutritional value. Its oil is
low compared to sunflower oil, mixed with linseed oil
(1:1), it is used in the varnish industry, in the
preparation of soap (green soap). A broom is tied from
the stem. The oil is used for wounds, burns, eye
irritation, stomach ulcers, and also as lamp oil
(Atabayeva Kh.N and others, 2019). Camelina oil has
unique properties. The oil contains about 64 percent
polyunsaturated, 30 percent monounsaturated, and 6
percent saturated fatty acids. Importantly, safflower
oil is very high in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an
omega-3 fatty acid that is important in human and
animal diets and for human health (Mcvay K.A et al.,
2008, Augustine K et al., 2015).
Camelina has good adaptability and is able to grow
in various soil and climatic conditions, does not
require mass use of pesticides, is resistant to frost and
has relatively high growth rates at low temperatures
and early ripening, and the ability to withstand soil and
air drought (Alyonin P.G et al., 2015).
Camelina feed-stuff is a valuable concentrated
feed. It is rich in nitrogenous substances and fats. 100
kg of food contains 115 nutrient pieces and 27 kg of
digestible protein (Prakhova T.Y et al., 2018).
Camelina's biological spring Crystal variety, when
sown in spring, increased the height of the stem as the
sowing norm increased. (Atabaeva Kh.N and others,
2023).
In order to obtain a high yield, it is important to
ensure the full individual development of plants and to
form the optimal number of plants in terms of density
Nazarovna, A. K., Sadriddinovna, U. N., Ugli, K. S. S. and Ugli, Z. M. R.
The Effect of Sowing Norms on Growth, Development of Spring Camelina Sativa.
DOI: 10.5220/0013491700004654
Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science (ICHELS 2024), pages 359-366
ISBN: 978-989-758-752-8
Proceedings Copyright © 2025 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda.
359

for the growth and development of the ridge. A high
yield (1,88 and 1,92 t/ha) was obtained when planting
winter camelina with an average seed norm of 8,0
million grains/ha for three years. A decrease in the
seed norm by 5,0 million or an increase by 10,0
million reduced the yield by 0,27-0,36 t/h, because of
the self-management properties of these plants.
(Adamen F.F et al., 2019).
According to Prakhova Tatyana Yakovlevna
(2000-2002), in the forest-steppe conditions of the
Middle Volga region, the high yield was 1,63 c/ha
when sown in the 2nd decade of August. The high
yield at sowing norm was 8 mln per hectare was 1,84
c/ha (Prakhova T.Y, 2003).
Camelina sowing norms are determined by the
method of planting, weight of 1000 seeds and soil-
climatic conditions. In the washed black soils of the
forest-steppe along the Middle Volga, the optimal
norm of camelina for seed breeding was 8 million
seeds per 1 ha, which was 8-12 kg / ha, in spring - 7
million or 8-15 kg / ha was correct. Deviations from
this norm in the direction of decrease or increase lead
to a slight decrease in the yield of camelina seed
(Smirnov A.A et al., 2013).
Research carried out in 2012-2014 at the Kustanay
Agricultural Research Institute (Republic of
Kazakhstan) showed that the most effective spring
camelina was 17,0 c/ha when 6.0 million pieces were
planted in the 3 decades of May [Tulkubaeva S.A,
2017].
Thus, the optimum sowing norm for spring
camelina seeds should be calculated at 7.0 million
seeds per hectare. The indicator was 8,0 mln
increasing the number of pieces/ha did not
significantly increase yield, but resulted in excessive
seed consumption, with poor planting quality,
increased risk of crop failure and disease damage. In
experiments, the best planting time was the first ten
days of May (Vinogradov D.V et al., 2019).
The optimum sowing norm for spring camelina
seeds should be 7,0 million viable seeds per hectare.
The indicator was 8,0 mln grain increase did not
significantly increase yield, but led to excessive seed
consumption, poor seed quality, and risk of crop
failure and disease damage (Evtishina E.V et al.,
2018).
According to some sources, the highest yield was
recorded in countries with a Mediterranean climate.
Thus, in the regions of Chillan, El-Carmen, Los
Angeles, and Gorbay, the yield of spring camelina
varieties was 2,3 t/ha; in the east of Austria - almost 3
t/ha; In Denmark, yields of 2.6–3.3 t/ha were obtained
(Augustine et al., 2015).
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
Scientific research work was conducted in the fields
of experimental scientific research and educational
experimental farm of Tashkent State Agrarian
University during 2022-2024.
The experimental farm is located in the upper
reaches of the Chirchik River, at an altitude of 481 m
above sea level, at 41
0
11
II
north latitude and
38
0
31
II
east distance, in Kibray district of Tashkent
province.
The soil of the experimental farm is a typical
sierozem soil that has been irrigated for a long time.
This soil contains 0,8-1,0% humus, about 0,058-
0,089% nitrogen, about 0,141-0,184% phosphorus,
and about 0,154-0,148% potassium, which is very
little of the nutrients used by plants during growth
indicates that it is in quantity.
The soil is not saline, and this soil differs in water
permeability, softening complexity. The
experimental field is insufficiently supplied with
nitrogen and phosphorus. If mineral and organic
fertilizers are used, it is possible to grow high yields
from field crops.
Groundwater is located at a depth of 15-18 m. For
irrigation, “Bozsuv” channel flowing through the
northern part of the experimental farm is used.
In the experiment, the biological spring Crystal
variety of Camelina was planted in wide rows on the
first ten days of March. Planting norms were
implemented according to experimental options.
2.1 Options Studied in the Experiment
In this case, sowing norms are set at 4 million (4.5
kg), 6 million (6.6 kg), 8 million (8.8 kg) and 10
million (11 kg) per hectare.
Table 1: Experimental scheme
No Variet
y
Sowing dat
e
Sowing norms, based on viable seeds, million pieces/ha
1.
Crystal March I decade
4
2. 6
3. 8
4. 10
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2.2 Quantitative Analysis
Experiments were carried out in field and laboratory
conditions. In the research "Methods of conducting
field experiments" (T.UzCRI, 2007), “Methodology
of field experiment (B. Dospehov, 1985),
“Methodology of the State variety nutrition of
agricultural crops” (1985, 1989), “Methods of
agrochemical, agrophysical research of soils in
Central Asia” (1988) methods were used.
2.3 Statistics Analysis
Statistics analyses “Methodology of field experiment
(B.Dospehov, 2012) named manual and using
Microsoft Excell program carried.
3 RESULTS
The number of plants depends on the sowing norm and
creates a certain microclimate in the fields. It affects
the plant's supply of light, food and water. The growth,
development and yield formation are inextricably
linked to the number of plants.
In the experiment, when the Crystal variety was
sown in the spring of 2022, the number of seedling
was 347,8-826,4 pieces/m
2
, depending on the sowing
norm, and it consisted of 318,0-747,0 pieces/m
2
or
94,0-90,4%. As the sowing norm increased, the
number of seedlings in the Crystal variety increased to
478,6 or 58%.
In the experiment, the number of seedlings at the
end of the operation period was 318-747 pieces/m
2
and 94-90.4% when the Crystal variety was planted in
the spring, depending on the sowing norm. As the
sowing norm increased, the number of lawns in the
Crystal variety increased to 429,0 or 57,0 % (Table 1).
In the 2023 experiment, the number of seedlings
at the beginning of the praxis period when the Crystal
variety was sown in the spring, the number of bushes
was 337,5-789,8 pieces/m
2
or 84,4-78,0 %, depending
on the sowing norm. As the sowing norm increased,
the number of bushes in the Crystal variety increased
to 452,3 or 57,0 %.
At the end of the spring sowing, the number of
bushes in the Crystal variety was 303,5-747,0 pieces /
m
2
, and the number of preserved plants was 86,5-
89,9%.
Based on the above information, it can be said that
the germination rate of camelina varieties was good
and the number of plants was close to the theoretical
number of plants. As the rate of preservation is related
to the sowing norm, it can be seen that the preservation
rate of the plants decreases as the sowing norm
increases. The main reason for this is the lack of plant
density and feeding area.
When Camelina's Crystal variety was planted in
the spring period, the germination was observed on
March 11-12. Germination and grass forming took
place in an average interval of 11 days. This phase was
observed 1-2 days later when the sowing norm
increased. The beginning of the flowering period was
observed in the first half of May. In the variants with
increased sowing norm, leaf formation was observed
1-2 days later (Table 2). Like all oilseed crops
belonging to the cabbage family, the development
periods of camelina include germination, rosette stage,
budding, flowering, raceme formation, ripening. The
main ones are germination, budding, flowering,
raceme formation and ripening periods.
Table 2: Number of bushes and preservation rate of camelina varieties
No Options
The number of bushes
at the beginning of the
praxis period, 1 m
2
/piece
%
The number of bushes
at the end of the praxis
period, 1 m
2
/piece
%
2022 (Crystal)
1 4 mln 347,8 86,9 318,0
94,0
2 6 mln 500,9 83,5 470,0
93,6
3 8 mln 642,4 80,3 593,0
92,3
4 10 mln 826,4 82,6 747,0
90,4
2023 (Crystal)
5 4 mln 337,5 84,4 303,5
89,9
6 6 mln 508,8 84,8 452,3
88,9
7 8 mln 623,8 78 549,3
88
8 10 mln 789,8 78,9 683,3
86,5
The Effect of Sowing Norms on Growth, Development of Spring Camelina Sativa
361

Table 3: The passing dates of the development periods of camelina varieties
No Options
Duration of development periods, date
Grass
forming
rosette
stage
budding flowering
raceme
formation
Ripening
2022 year
1 4 mln 11,03 04,04 29,04 04,05 08,05 10,06
2 6 mln 11,03 04,04 29,04 04,05 08,05 11,06
3 8 mln 11,03 05,04 01,05 05,05 09,05 12,06
4 10 mln 12,03 05,05 01,05 05,05 09,05 12,06
2023 year
5 4 mln 16,03 06,04 30,04 04,05 08,05 12,06
6 6 mln 16,03 06,04 01,05 04,05 08,05 13,06
7 8 mln 16,03 06,04 01,05 05,05 09,05 14,06
8 10 mln 17,03 06,04 03,05 05,05 09,05 14,06
The budding period was observed at the end of
April and the first ten days of May. Among the
options, the raceme formation phase was observed 2-
3 days later when the sowing norm was increased.
The beginning of the flowering period was observed
in the first half of May. The flowering phase was
observed 1-2 days later in the variants with increased
sowing norm. The raceme formation was observed in
the first ten days of May. Among the options, it was
observed that the raceme formation phase was
delayed by 1-2 days when the sowing norm was
increased. The ripening period was observed in the
second half of June.
The germination was observed on March 16-17
when Camelina's Crystal variety was sown in the
spring season of 2023. Germination took place in an
average interval of 13 days. This phase was observed
late by 1-2 days when the sowing norm increased.
The beginning of the flowering period was observed
in the first days of April. In the variants with
increased sowing norm, leaf formation was observed
1-2 days later.
The budding period was observed from the end of
April to the beginning of May. Among the options,
when the sowing norm was increased, the budding
phase was observed 2-3 days later. The beginning of
the flowering period was observed in the first 10 days
of May. The flowering phase was observed 1-2 days
later in the variants with increased sowing norm. The
raceme formation phase was observed on 08-09
April. Among the variants, it was observed that the
raceme formation phase was delayed by 1-2 days
when the sowing norm was increased. The ripening
period was observed in the first days of the second
decade of June.
When the crystal variety of Camelina was sown
in spring, grass formation was observed in 11-12 days
in all variants. The rosette stage was 24-25 days. The
budding phase was observed for 25 days in all
variants. The flowering phase was observed in 5 days,
the raceme formation phase was observed in 4-5 days,
the ripening phase was 33-34 days, and the praxis
period was 102-104 days. Due to the increase in the
sowing norm, the praxis period was extended by 1-2
days (Table 3).
In 2023, 4 million seeds were sown in 11-12 days,
rosette stage toke 20-21 days, budding toke 24-27
days, flowering toke 3-4 days, raceme formation toke
4 days, ripening toke 35-36 days. In the option where
4 million hectares were sown, the praxis period was
97 days. When the sowing norm was increased to 2
million, the praxis period was extended by 3 days, in
the variant of 8 million pieces, it was extended by 4
days. In the options where the sowing norm was 10
thousand pieces, the praxis period was 102 days,
which was 5 days later than other sowing norms.
It was found that when the Crystal variety in the
experiment was sown in the spring season, the praxis
period was extended as the sowing norm increased.
One of the characteristics of some oilseeds was their
ability to make branches. Due to the branching of
crops belonging to the Brassicaceae family, these
crops allow us to get additional crops from them. The
branching of camelina varieties depends on their
biological characteristics. But branching is also
influenced by elements of cultivation technology. In
2022, the dynamics of branching in the Crystal
variety depends on the sowing norms, when sown at
a low norm, 3,9 pieces were branched in the early
period; it was 3,3 pieces in the second sowing norm,
2,9 pieces in the third sowing norm and 2,4 pieces in
the last sowing norm.
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362

Table 4: The duration of development and praxis period of Crystal variety of Camelina sativa, day, 2022-2023
No Options
development periods , days
grass
formation
rosette
stage
budding flowering
raceme
formation
ripening
praxis
p
erio
d
2022 year
1 4 mln 11 24 25 5 4 33 102
2 6 mln 11 24 25 5 4 34 103
3 8 mln 11 24 25 5 5 34 104
4 10 mln 12 25 25 5 5 34 104
2023 year
5 4 mln 11 20 24 3 4 35 97
6 6 mln 11 21 25 3 4 36 100
7 8 mln 11 21 25 4 4 36 101
8 10 mln 12 21 27 4 4 36 102
During the flowering period, the number of
branches was 6,0 pieces, and as the sowing norm
increased, it was observed that branching decreased,
and the number of branches decreased to 5,0 pieces at
the sowing norm of 6 million pieces; it was observed
that 4,5 branches were planted at the rate of 8 million
seeds. The minimum number of branches was
observed when the sowing norm was 10 million
pieces/ha, i.e. 3,7 pieces. During the period of raceme
formation, branching was slowed. Sowing norms
were 6,3 pieces of Camelina crystal variety at the
norm of planting 4 million pieces; it was observed
that 6-8 million seeds were planted at the norm of 6,3
seeds. At the highest sowing norm, the number of
branches was 5,2, and the lowest result was observed
among the options.
In 2023, the same pattern is repeated, when the
crystal variety is planted at a low rate, the number of
branches in the first sowing norm was 4,5 pieces and
3,3 pieces at the rate of second planting; the minimum
number of branches in the third sowing norm was 3,0
pieces and in the last sowing norm was 2,6. When
sowing norms were increased, the number of
branches was 2,6.
In the raceme formation phase, it was observed
that the number of branches decreased by 8,7 pieces
at the rate of planting 4 million pieces, and at the rate
of planting 6 million pieces, it was observed by 1,5
pieces. At the highest sowing norm, it was up to 2,9
fewer branches were produced than at other sowing
norms.
Yield is the sum of the yield of plants on a given
unit area. If the plants in the field are sparse, the yield
per hectare will be low due to the decrease in the
number of bushes, despite the fact that the yield of
each individual plant was high. As the thickness of
the bush increases, the yield of the individual plant
decreases, but the yield increases to a certain extent.
In this case, if the number of plants in a given unit
area was optimized, the yield can be the highest.
When planted in the spring of 2022, Crystal
variety of Camelina yielded 21,7 c/ha at the minimum
seeding norm, and 24,2 c/ha when the seeding norm
was increased to 2 million seeds. The yield were
obtained 22,6 and 20,8 c/ha respectively from the
options planted with 8 million pieces, and from the
options planted with 10 million pieces/ha.
In the experiments of 2023, when the sowing
norm was 4 million pieces/ha, the yield was 20,6 c/ha,
when the sowing norm was 6 million pieces/ha, it was
23,3 c/ha, when the sowing norm was 8 million
pieces/ha, it was 20,1 c/ha and the lowest indicator
was observed at sowing norm 10 million pieces/ha.
The highest yield was observed in the variants sown
in 6 million pieces/ha in both years.
4 DISCUSSION
To obtain a high yield, it is necessary to form crops
with an optimal density of productive stems. In
achieving this, plant density, which is determined by
the completeness and survival of seedlings, plays an
important role. The most important process in the
field is germination. In all research years, field
germination of autumn camelina seed was
52.4...63.9%. The lowest percentage of field
germination of winter camelina seeds was recorded in
1999 (47,0...57,3%), which was due to high air
temperature (19,4 °c) and minimum precipitation of
4,3 mm during sowing. (prakhova t.y, 2003).
Camelina sativa seed germination was greatly
affected by the required shallow (2-3 cm) planting in
the soil and a significant reduction in the number of
stems during wintering, especially when planting late
(kireychev b.b, 2007). It was found that, regardless of
The Effect of Sowing Norms on Growth, Development of Spring Camelina Sativa
363

Table 5: The effect of different sowing norms on the yield of the Crystal variety of Camelina sativa, (2022-2023), c/ha
Sowing norm million /
ha
Years
Average
2022 2023
4 mln 21,7 20,6 21,2
6 mln 24,2 23,3 23,8
8 mln 22,6 20,1 21,4
10 mln 20,8 19,3 20,1
NSR
05
c/ha
%
1,0
4,5
0,94
4,52
-
Figure 1: The effect of different sowing dates and norms on the branching of the Crystal variety of Camelina sativa, (2022-
2023), pieces/bush
the year of the study, the field germination of
camelina in the field is very high, up to 78,2-81,4% at
the minimum seed rate, and when sowing 7,0 million
seeds, it varies up to 77,2-80,0%. During the
researches, on average, field germination changed
from 79,0% (7,0 million pieces/ha) to 80,5% (9,0
million pieces/ha) (avdeenko a.p, 2015).
The full development cycle of spring camelina -
from the beginning of germination to ripening in the
conditions of the middle volga - averages 80 days.
However, over the years, due to the variability of
weather conditions, the growing season can vary from
75 to 85 days within a variety. A short vegetation
period is one of the main biological characteristics of
camelina (abdulina y.b, 2014).
Biological spring varieties are early ripening, the
vegetation period is 65-80 days, they are well adapted
to the natural and climatic conditions of siberia. The
3.9
3.3
2.9
2.4
4.5
3.3
3
2.6
6
5
4.5
3.7
7.7 7.7
5.3
4.8
6.7
6.3 6.3
5.2
8.7
7.2
6
5.8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
4 mln 6 mln 8 mln 10 mln 4 mln 6 mln 8 mln 10 mln
2022 2023
budding flowering raceme formation
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364

early ripening of varieties allows to harvest camelina
was 15-20 days earlier than grain crops (semenova
m., 2017).
Camelina is generally known as a cold-tolerant
crop, but in this study, cold temperatures (below -4°c)
in the spring of 2014 caused complete loss of
camelina seedlings shortly after emergence. The
optimal sowing norm for the spring crop in three
planting periods - average 6.0 million pieces/ha for
2012-2014, the highest seed yield was 16,9 c/ha in the
first period, 17.0 c/ha in the second, and 16,8 c/ha in
the third (tulkubaeva s.a, 2017).
5 CONCLUSIONS
1. The degree of preservation of plants in the Crystal
variety as the sowing norm increases in all years
decreased. Preservation rate was reduced dependent
on sowing norm when planted in spring, as sowing
norm increased, preservation rate decreased due to
reduced feeding area and plant density.
2. The sowing date of the Camelina plant increased as
the sowing norms increased: from 102 to 104 days
when the Crystal variety was planted in the spring of
2022, and from 97 to 102 days in 2023.
3. Sowing norms affected the yield of the camelina
variety, the highest yield was obtained in the spring
periods when 6 million seeds per hectare were planted
in both years, 24,2 c/ha in 2022, the yield was
obtained 23,3 c/ha in 2023.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The results presented in the manuscript are part of
PhD thesis of Zukhriddinov Mukhriddin Rakhmon
ugli. We are thankful to head of department of
experimental farm of Tashkent State Agrarian
University for providing facility in this study.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Kh.N.Atabaeva, M.R.Zukhriddinov designed the
research experiment; Kh.N.Atabaeva,
M.R.Zukhriddinov conducted the experiment;
N.S.Umarova, S.Sh.Khayrullaev performed lab
analysis and data analysis; S.Sh.Khayrullaev,
M.R.Zukhriddinov wrote first draft of manuscript:
S.Sh.Khayrullaev edited and translated the
manuscript. All authors have read and approved the
manuscript.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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