The Field of Lexical Units Representing Meteorological Concepts in
the Language
O'rayeva Darmon Saidaxmedovna, Xamidova Muborak Hafizovna, Adizova Obodon Istamovna and
Umarova Madinabonu Bahodir Qizi
Bukhara State University, Uzbekisan
Keywords: Meteoronyms, Language, Culture, Traditional, Linguistic.
Abstract: This article discusses the expression of meteoronyms, ienames of meteorological phenomena in traditional
forms and styles.The article focuses on the Uzbek and French languages and explores how meteoronyms are
used and integrated into traditional stories.
1 INTRODUCTION
In the process of perceiving and knowing the world
around him, the world landscape, man tried not only
to study weather phenomena, but also to name,
describe and evaluate them. As a result, all this
knowledge was reflected in the natural language with
the help of special lexical units - meteons.
"Meteonym" means words that express the state
and structure of the atmosphere, the circulation of
heat and moisture in the atmosphere and the earth's
surface, the thermal regime, the movement of the
atmosphere and its parts, as well as electrical,
acoustic and optical phenomena in the atmosphere.
They are also called "meteons".
Meteons are usually widely used in the field of
"meteorology". Meteorology is the name of a science
that studies the atmosphere and climate, and
specialists who deal with it are called
"meteorologists". Meteorologists deal with weather
forecasting. One of the main tasks of meteorologists
is to explain the nature of various phenomena
occurring in the atmosphere: winds, cyclones,
anticyclones and other similar processes.
Weather is considered as the most important
natural phenomenon. Studying related words -
metonyms within the framework of linguistics,
identifying lexical and phraseological units specific
to it, in particular, based on observing the expression
of metonyms in thematic dictionaries of French and
Uzbek languages, semantically, the general state of
the weather, air temperature and allows to emphasize
that it consists of meteorological vocabulary and
phraseology describing atmospheric phenomena, air
movement, atmospheric humidity and precipitation.
The mutual friendship, economic and cultural
cooperation between the countries of France and
Uzbekistan is getting stronger, close cooperation
relations are strengthening, and the relations between
these two countries and people's cultures are
intensifying year by year, to eliminate some
misunderstandings that occur in the language. must In
particular, there should be no misunderstandings
about metonyms. Because misunderstandings can
inevitably lead to communication breakdowns. This
is explained by the fact that people from different
cultures and speaking different languages organize
the communication process differently, have different
ways of thinking and their linguistic expression.
Despite the fact that the process of globalization
continues throughout the world and representatives of
different ethnic cultures understand each other better,
difficulties and obstacles often arise in the process of
intercultural communication because it is not easy for
one nation to fully understand another nation.
Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the
national and cultural characteristics of the French and
Uzbek languages that are being compared, and to
clarify them, as it gives the opportunity to develop a
successful dialogue between the representatives of
these cultures.
Weather, as the most important natural
phenomenon, affects all spheres of human life, its
material and spiritual culture. Because man and
nature are inextricably linked, and the theme of ``Man
and nature'' is permanent, traditional and eternal. The
Saidaxmedovna, O. D., Hafizovna, X. M., Istamovna, A. O. and Qizi, U. M. B.
The Field of Lexical Units Representing Meteorological Concepts in the Language.
DOI: 10.5220/0013451700004654
Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science (ICHELS 2024), pages 113-121
ISBN: 978-989-758-752-8
Proceedings Copyright © 2025 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda.
113

reason is that man gets everything he needs from
nature. In this sense, nature is an important resource
for human life.
Weather phenomena occurring in nature have
their own laws that people sometimes try to change
for their own benefit. However, weather phenomena
do not depend on human will.
Nature can be understood in a broad sense -
everything that exists, the whole world in its variety
of forms, existence. In this sense, the term "nature" is
used together with concepts such as "matter",
"universe", "universe". Nature is also understood in a
narrow sense - as a set of natural conditions for the
existence of human society. With such an approach,
nature includes flora and fauna, relief, climatic
conditions, etc.
According to cultural scientists, the terms
"nature" and "culture" are antonyms that denote
opposing, but at the same time complementary
elements of existence.
In the world, in nature, the human environment
(spatial, temporal, intellectual, symbolic, etc.) that
provides the vital aspect of human existence (solar
radiation, atmosphere, water, food, mineral
resources) and the world of artificial orders (in form)
combines natural components. They are material
objects, symbols, ideas, social structures,
communication languages, etc., created by people
themselves and providing the collective (social)
character of their life. Nature is natural, and culture is
artificial. Culture is processed by people, it is the
result of conscious and purposeful human activity.
Therefore, as said, nature is everything that is not yet
culture, and culture is everything that is not nature.
According to the ancient tradition, the explanation
of nature is based on mythological retrospection. In
this case, nature is a predicate for man and,
accordingly, the thoughts about nature are limited to
the thoughts about God that exist in it.
Unlike climate, weather refers to short-term
conditions. Weather phenomena have been (mostly)
regularly recurring since ancient times.
Due to the fact that the weather has a significant
impact on various aspects of people's lives, they
began to think about it and tried to understand it very
early. For many centuries, people have changed their
understanding of natural phenomena, from the fear of
them and the worship of nature characteristic of
ancient people, to today's scientific knowledge, to the
first folk superstitions about the weather, including
gradually gained knowledge about the weather. That
is why the modern scientific science - meteorology
was formed.
Meteorology (from the Greek meteora - "celestial
phenomena" and logos - "education". The science of
the earth's atmosphere and its processes formed in the
second half of the 18th century. According to K.A.
Bogdanov, the first approaches to the creation of
Russian meteorology were made during the reign of
Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, whose rule the first visual
meteorological observations and daily weather
records were available during the period.Peter I,
continuing his father's initiative, made it a rule to
include notes about the weather in "Chamber-
Fourier" journals, the first of which was the diary of
the military campaign against Azov in 1695.
The concept of "meteor" is actually derived from
the Greek word "wttewpov" which means "heavenly
and air phenomenon". It was used in German in the
17th century. In the 17th and 18th centuries, it began
to be widely used in Russian and meant any weather
phenomenon. Weather phenomena or meteorites are
real phenomena that appear in the air and stay around
for some time. They can be felt and understood only
by feeling. They are usually fiery or watery... For
example, water meteors are fog, cloud, rain, dew,
frost, snow, hail. Among them, hail is a type of
precipitation consisting of ice flakes of various shapes
and sizes in the atmosphere.
The word "meteor" fully preserved its meaning in
the 19th century. For example, from the point of view
of meteorology, clouds are nothing but "systems of
condensation products of water vapor suspended in
the atmosphere (not close to the surface of the earth)
- water droplets or ice crystals, or both, that is, cloud
elements. As the cloud grows larger, the elements and
their falling speed increase, they fall from the cloud
in the form of precipitation. The presence of this
cloudiness is inextricably linked with the probability
of subsequent precipitation, which, in turn, makes a
difference.
Precipitation is the fall of atmospheric moisture
falling from clouds to the ground in the form of snow,
rain, hail, torrents, and sleet. Such types of
precipitation fall in the form of drops, particles, and
grains in a row, uniformly, from the sky, from the air,
on the earth.
Changes in the plains and human activities,
clouds, their appearance and disappearance have been
the focus of human attention for a long time, which
has led to the existence of a large number of names
corresponding to them in the language.
In contrast to terminology, words with common
meaning prevail among popular names. It often refers
not to a specific type of cloud, but to a cloud in
general; names emphasizing the color or shape of the
cloud are less common in folk meteorology.
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Most of the names of cloudiness belong to the
original French and Uzbek dictionaries, as well as
words from other languages are found in them. Many
dialect names for clouds are polysemantic, and the
meaning in question is not the only one, but exists
together with others.
Among all lexical units with the general meaning
of "cloud", the word CLOUD, which is stylistically
neutral and part of the active vocabulary, takes the
leading place. In the modern Uzbek literary language,
the word "cloud" is widely used as a word related to
the noun family and is recognized as a stylistically
neutral word. The word "Abr" is a synonym of its
derivative from the Persian-Tajik language.
The word cloud has preserved its meaning since
ancient times and can also be used figuratively. The
metaphorical use of the cloud is noted in various
cases, for example:
a) when it comes to something that darkens life,
causes sadness, anxiety;
b) vague, vague expression of a situation, mood".
For example: cloud of sadness.
Examples of "cloud" and its intensifying forms
are cloud, white cloud, white cloud, black cloud,
dark-black cloud, blue cloud, thick cloud, bluish
cloud, etc.
Cloud is an uncountable noun. Therefore, it
should be taken into account that sometimes the
addition of the plural suffix -lar in the plural sense is
to strengthen the meaning. For example: "Les nuages
suivirent le vent et se dirigèrent vers la montagne" /
"The clouds followed the wind and went to the
mountain." From the content of this sentence, you can
learn that clouds move in the direction of the wind. In
this sentence, clouds are diagnosed and the verbs
"followed" and "went" are used in relation to them as
a conscious being.
Revitalization, diagnosis is even more applicable
to the metonym of wind: "Le vent doux qui entrait par
la fenêtre ouverte touchait les deux mèches de
cheveux de la jeune fille jusqu'au cou et à la gorge." /
"The gentle wind that came in through the open
window touched two strands of the girl's hair to her
neck and throat."
People have long been interested in predicting the
weather. In this regard, every nation has its own
experience. In this process, metonyms were also
formed in each vernacular language. At first, this
process was spontaneous, but gradually it acquired a
scientific essence. In particular, by the 19th century,
1
Podolskaya N. V. Dictionary of Russian onomastic
terminology / N. V. Podolskaya. Moscow: Science
Publishing House, 1978. – С. 29.
meteorology was recognized as a separate science.
For example, in Russia, the weather was studied for
the first time in the 17th century. The network of
meteorological stations has been expanded since the
second half of the 17th century.
Climatology is the name of the science of climate,
which is called "climatology" in Uzbek. The words
related to it are climatology. Climatology is one of the
geographical sciences, because climatology studies
the generality of atmospheric conditions specific to
regions, depending on their geographical location.
Climatology is closely related to meteorology.
Because studying the natural and social factors that
lead to climate change, the impact of agriculture and
human production activities on it is the main task of
climatology. Since it is possible to understand the
laws of climate on the basis of the general laws
governing atmospheric processes, when analyzing the
causes of the appearance of various types of climate
and their distribution throughout the world,
climatology derives from the concepts and laws of
meteorology.
In the calendar, May 20 is the "World Metrology
Day" every year. On this day, the International
Metrology Day is celebrated all over the world.
Meteorological concepts also play an important
role in the protection of nature and improvement of
the well-being of life.
A special lexicon representing the names of
natural disasters is grouped under the name
"anemonyms". Anemony means "wind" in Greek.
N.V. Podolskaya notes in the "Dictionary of Russian
Onomastic Terminology" that the term
"anemonym", which represents the name of natural
phenomena and disasters, is directly derived from the
Greek word "anemos", i.e. "wind"..
1
In fact,
anemones are the names of natural phenomena that
pose a threat to human life. Anemonisms refer to the
names of natural disasters and mean their
individuality from other natural phenomena, their
separate recording (identification) according to their
specific signs. Such words have their own complex
system. The main factor in their origin and
development was the way of life of our ancestors
related to pasture cattle breeding and farming. Due to
the fact that the physical and economic activities of
our ancestors, who were first engaged in nomadic
animal husbandry and later in sedentary agriculture,
were often outdoors, we had to be careful of some
natural phenomena that are dangerous in every way,
The Field of Lexical Units Representing Meteorological Concepts in the Language
115

to know and determine the season of their rhythmic
recurrence depending on the seasons. those who tried.
On this basis, words expressing the names of various
natural phenomena such as wind, snow, rain,
avalanche, fog, etc. appeared in our language. For
example, in our language, we name the wind
according to its type, position, direction, direction,
and speed. There are a number of lexical units such as
zon, izgirin. Among them, the word wind appears as
dominant.
If the wind is named according to its appearance
as a storm, typhoon, hurricane, which exists as a
natural disaster, it is considered "anemony", and the
name based on its strength is considered "meteon"..
2
A single meteor can represent two characteristics of
wind.
Uzbek meteors demonstrate the existence of a
system of geographic knowledge about the
atmosphere, its characteristics, natural rhythm.
Just as the names and signs of the seasons are
clear, the names of the natural phenomena specific to
each season have also been determined. For example,
snow, frost, ice, cold, frosty winter, Khazanrez
autumn, singing, hot summer, spring flowers and
blooming of tulips.
Metonyms consist of terms and concepts that
mean the condition of the weather, its degree of
cloudiness, coldness or warmth, appearance of the
atmosphere, various atmospheric phenomena.
Through them, the unique subtlety of the language,
people's observation of their surroundings, interest in
knowing the world, and their ability to know are
revealed. Accordingly, it is possible to study the
specific characteristics of anemonims and meteons in
our language by comparing them with similar
linguistic units in different system languages.
Because compared languages always reveal unique
signs in addition to general universals.
V.M. Kasyanova conducted research on the
Russian meteorological dictionary.
3
At first, he paid
attention to the names of concepts related to some
weather that do not have equivalents in
meteorological terminology, that is, good or
favorable weather, bad or unfavorable weather, hot
weather, cold weather. He learned that weather comes
as a state of the atmosphere. After that, the scientist
drew attention to the names of the main
meteorological events and precipitations. In this
regard, he put forward the following classification:
2
Dorzhieva G.S., Yazykova A.A. Motivational meanings
of Baikal anemones // Bulletin of the Buryat State
University. - 2016. - Issue. 5. – С.9.
1. Precipitation and humidity: rain, hail, flood,
snow, wet snow, ice, black ice, frost. As a result of
wind accompanied by precipitation: a) wind and rain;
b) He says that there will be snow and rain.
2. According to cloudiness: mentions the words
cloud, fog, darkness.
The scientist shows mirage and rainbow as optical
phenomena in the atmosphere, and thunder and
lightning among electrical phenomena in the
atmosphere. He lists the wind and the types of wind
depending on the force of motion in the air: breeze,
light wind, strong wind, storm, hurricane, dust.
Depending on the direction of the winds: a) north
wind; b) south wind; c) east wind; d) records the
presence of a westerly wind.
It can be understood from this that a special
metrological vocabulary has been formed in the
language. It appears as a separate lexical system and
has its place in the language of each nation.
The concept of systematic language was
introduced for the first time by F. de Saussure in the
book "Course of General Linguistics". French
followers developed, improved and enriched this
idea.
Among the Russian scientists, M.M. Pokrovsky
was the first to approach language as a known system,
and as V. Vinogradov pointed out in his works,
language is presented as a naturally functioning
system, all its parts interact with each other. On the
other hand, any word is part of a certain grammatical
paradigm and cannot exist outside of its membership.
A person can express his thoughts through language,
and this is possible only because the vocabulary of
any language is organized according to the rules of
grammar. But if the position of the language as a
system of systems is not a cause for debate at the
moment, the opinions of linguists about actual and
specific linguistic levels differ from each other:
systematicity at the phonetic and morphological
levels is undoubtedly recognized and considered a
specific standard.
Linguistic systematicity, but such unanimity is not
observed at the lek-micro-scientific level, according
to one of the existing points of view, "the systematic
relationship between its separate /vocabulary/ parts is
very insignificant and general with the real relations
of reality outside the given language." /49, p.70/.
At present, the position (of linguists) that reliably
proves and shows that the lexical-semantic level of
3
Kasyanova V.M. Russian meteorological vocabulary:
Abstract of a PhD dissertation in Philology. – M., 1985.
– 16 с.
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the language is a system organized in a certain way is
becoming more and more widespread.
The first studies on the study of systematic
relations in the dictionary appeared in the 19th
century. In the works of F. de Saussure, M.
Pokrovsky, K. Potebnya, R. Meyer, G. Yipsen and
other scientists, the issues of studying semantic
connections between language units and drawing
preliminary conclusions based on them were raised.
As F. de Saussure pointed out, "words that have
something in common with each other are connected
in memory in such a way that a group is formed from
them, within which very different relationships are
found" (IZ, p. 121 ). A similar idea is expressed in the
works of M. M. Pokrovsky, who does not use one
single word, but "in connection with words that are
synonymous with them and, most importantly, that
fall within the scope of the same ideas." considered it
necessary to study.
Since the middle of the 20th century, the study of
vocabulary as a system has been particularly widely
developed. The works of V. V. Vinogradov, A. I.
Smirnitsky, U. Kh. Shmelev, R. S. Ginzburg and
other linguists were of the main importance in the
development of this field of linguistics, because the
main concepts of the lexico-semantic part of the
language were in the word.
The general position about the lexical-semantic
system of the language was first put forward by V.V.
Vinogradov, who emphasized the need to consider
words and their meanings within a certain system, "to
the lexical-semantic system [/ words and phrases; /
word formation and grammatical categories,
according to which syntenic groups, linguistic
relationships of words are interconnected, all
elements of the lexical-semantic system are internally
connected, interrelated and mutually original , all the
words and their meanings are interconnected and
connected to each other. 27" page 186/, - says.
The difference between the lexical-semantic
system and the phonetic and morphological system of
the language is often determined by the specific
features of the dictionary; its openness, closedness,
flexibility and mobility of the composition, as well as
the fact that it is related to the real life and activities
of people to a greater extent than other language
systems, these characteristics make it difficult to
identify systematic connections at the lexical-
semantic level in many cases.
In modern linguistics, the lexical-semantic system
of lexical units is understood as "the entire field of
semantic relations of lexical units, the uniqueness of
their grouping types and the nature of their interaction
with each other/lexical paradigmatics".
Lexico-semantic groups /1SG/ are the most
traditional link in the systematic organization of the
dictionary, they are the middle link between
synonymous lines and the semantic field / according
to the number of language units and the nature of
semantic connections between them / and includes
words from only one part of the speech. The basis for
choosing lexical-semantic groups is purely linguistic;
the words used in them are expressed with common,
uniform, homogeneous meanings; in addition, they
are a totality of logical and objective content, as well
as a real linguistic, that is, a semantic community.
The main issues that arise in the description of
specific lexical groups are the issues of determining
their boundaries, relations with other language
groups, and conducting a linguistic analysis of the
words included in the given LST.
The solution to these questions allows us to see
the word as a member of the distributed microsystem
of the language, and not as a single word, therefore,
only a deep study of individual lexical groups, ways
of interlinking and relationships of word
combinations. It is possible to approach the study of
the dictionary as a system by analyzing the
emergence of new meanings and the loss of old
meanings in words, lexical groups as a synchronic
analysis from the point of view of both historical
development and formation. From the specific to the
general - this philosophical position is a prerequisite
for any level of language, including the lexicon.
In the 60s and 80s. Extensive research has been
conducted on special lexical groups of the 20th
century from the point of view of their history,
development and language functioning, legal,
botanical, military, metrological, astronomical
vocabulary has been studied to one degree or another,
etc. / cm. Works by N.G. Mikhailovskaya, M.A.
Britsin, T.A. Bobrova, N. Tarko, F.P. Sorokoletov,
L.F. Foyina and others.
The weather has long been an object of close
observation by people, and the names of phenomena
related to it appeared in ancient times. Most of them
usually attract attention due to their dialectal
character.
T.V. Goryacheva, E.G.Azim-zade, L.Z.Danilova,
E.Shcherbakova's studies draw attention to the
history of the emergence of meteorological concepts.
In particular, L.V. Danilova's dissertation entitled
"Meteorological lexicon of Turkic languages" used
many factual materials to show the process of
formation and development of the meteorological
vocabulary system of Turkic languages. The author
drew attention to the structure, macro- and micro-
The Field of Lexical Units Representing Meteorological Concepts in the Language
117

space, and foundations of formation of
meteorological lexical units.
4
In the dissertation of L.E.Shcherbakova, among
meteorological words in the Russian language,
precipitation names, conceptual features of lexical
units related to weather, their use in historical and
modern texts and dialect are emphasized..
5
Liu Yanchun made a comparative study of
Russian and Chinese meteorological words and
phraseology from the linguistic and cultural aspect..
6
It is known that some words of the meteorological
lexicon are not only names used in popular culture,
but also terminological terms of one or another
phenomenon. In addition, the system of naming other
phenomena in the common language is always
different and differs from the corresponding system
in terminology, and this difference is clearly reflected
in dictionaries: terminology is more characterized by
maximum differentiation of concepts, smaller and
consistent identification. For smaller dictionaries,
there is a tendency to take different words under the
same concept in the general literary language, and to
designate them by some invariable symbols.
The purpose of this study is to linguistically
describe words, phrases and expressions related to
French and Uzbek meteorology, with the main focus
on their formation process, historical and modern
status, diachronic and synchronic, semantic and
stylistic. is focused on. The meteorological lexicon is
also approached from the point of view of the time of
their use, whether it is original or appropriated. Or,
from the point of view of derivation, on the basis of
which important unit and with the help of which word
formation method, it is also examined. In addition,
phonetic, morphological, accentological variants,
semantic structure are revealed, stylistic features,
field of application, etc. are noted.
Meteorological names in different languages
cannot prove their complete conceptual identity,
because in national meteorological nomenclature - in
contrast to terminology - there is a clear tendency to
represent weather phenomena that are close in their
manifestation.
France and Uzbekistan have their own climate and
geography, but most of the natural phenomena
occurring in them are the same, only the units
4
Danilova L.V. Meteorological vocabulary of the Turkic
languages (Comparative historical coverage). Abstract
of diss... Cand. Philological Sciences – Tashkent, 1972.
– 17 с.
5
Danilova L.V. Meteorological vocabulary of the Turkic
languages (Comparative historical coverage). Abstract
of Cand. Philological Sciences Dissertation. – Tashkent,
1972. – 17 p.; Shcherbakova L.E. Formation of Russian
expressing them in language are different. Also,
natural phenomena occur differently in different
places. Let's say that the summer of Uzbekistan is
very hot, and the winter is bitterly cold. Strong winds
blow in summer. Sandstorms occur in desert areas,
and avalanches occur in mountainous regions.
Sometimes rivers and seas can freeze. Based on
natural phenomena, the people living here have their
own "calendar". They are characterized by the fact
that they can tell how the seasons will come based on
an event.
Nature does not always have the same rhythm, the
same weather conditions, but it has a changing
environment. Sometimes the weather can be different
every day. For example, in early spring or winter,
sometimes in late autumn, in some cases, the weather
changes several times in one day, sometimes it is
warm, sometimes it is cold, sometimes it rains, the
sun shines in an instant or it rains. it can turn into
snow and the ground can freeze. Or, during the days
of Cancer, when almost all creatures are hiding in the
cool shade, an unusually strong and pleasant wind can
blow and bring pleasure to the body.
French and Uzbek words denoting various types
of precipitation make up about 30 percent of the
national meteorological vocabulary. The basis of
most of them is etymologically related to the verb.
In the modern Uzbek literary language, the word
rain is a common name for snow, hail, dew, etc. It has
a clear biblical meaning and is not characteristic of
ordinary colloquial speech.
Until now, a number of candidate dissertations on
meteorological vocabulary have been defended in
linguistics, and structural-semantic analysis of lexical
units denoting atmospheric phenomena have been
published within the thematic groups of
"atmosphere". They focus on the naming of weather
and climate, processes of occurrence of natural
phenomena, state of the atmosphere, movement of air
in the atmosphere, waters in the atmosphere. In
addition, the names of meteorological phenomena in
dialects, lexical units related to them (such as wind,
snow, hail, dew) were reviewed taking into account
the semantic specificity of the dialect. Comparatively,
the meteorological dictionary was considered based
on more regional materials. The metaphorical
meteorological vocabulary (names of precipitation,
weather conditions): Abstract of Cand. Philological
Sciences Dissertation. – М., 1983. – 17 с.
6
Liu Yanchun. Meteorological vocabulary and
phraseology in Russian and Chinese: linguo-cultural
aspect: Diss.... cand. philol. science. – Eat, 2012. –
243 с.
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possibilities of the lexical-semantic group of names
of weather and atmospheric phenomena are also
partially analyzed.
It is necessary to study the functional-semantic
possibilities of metonyms in connection with
nominations of seasons, months, days of the week.
Some scientific-theoretical articles present a
conceptual analysis of such important metonyms as
"wind" and "rain", as well as a conceptual analysis of
one of its main elements, "winter".
As in all languages, in the ideographic language
system of French and Uzbek, metonyms represent the
natural phenomena of blowing, raining, burning,
coming out. They are mainly names of natural
phenomena morphologically belonging to the noun
group. In the example of French and Uzbek
languages, they can be classified as follows:
Table 1: Metonyms with blowing motion:
In French In Uzbek lan
g
ua
g
e
vent, vent gespille, souffle, petit vent, souffle-
brise, courant d’aire, tempête, inondation, samum,
typhon, poussière, ouragan, le mousson, vent chaud
d’ètè, temps tres froid, tourbillon...
shamol, shabada, bo‘ron, to‘fon, samum, tayfun,
to‘zon, dovul, musson, garmsel, izg‘irin, quyun...
For these hyponym lexemes listed, the word
"wind" is a hyperonym. A.G. Alikulov found out that
there are 34 words expressing the movement of wind
in the "Annotated Dictionary of the Uzbek
Language", and it was found that in the lexicographic
interpretation of twenty of them, the word "wind" was
used as a symbol of "sema". But the lexemes we listed
above are only metonyms based on the act of
blowing.
A.G. According to Alikulov, "words that are
directly related to the movement of wind and form a
mutual paradigm, the use of the word wind for the
term microfield, first of all, the phonetic structure of
the word wind creates convenience in all respects for
its use as a term. dyrishi, and secondly, its semantic
structure is appropriate due to the fact that it is
considered a leading, organizing word for words
expressing the action of blowing. But among the
metonyms, not the word "wind", but rather the word
"wind" is used. Also, words such as bod, nasim, bodi
sabo, shabboda, yelvizak, izgirig, girdibod, uyurma,
jintopolon, gurgurak, which mean the full level of the
word wind, are not metonyms, but the names of
natural phenomena. It's coming.
Table 2: Precipitation movement metonyms:
In French In Uzbek language
pluie, pluie torrentielle, inondation, grêle, neige,
cigogne neige, tempête de neige, le sable-orage, rocher-
ora
g
e, rosée,
g
el, brouillard...
yomg‘ir, jala, sel, do‘l, qor, laylakqor, qorbo‘ron,
qumbo‘ron, toshbo‘ron, shudring, qirov, tuman....
For these hyponym lexemes, the word "rain" is a
hyperonym. The lexeme "rain" is a generalizing word
in which the noun-forming affix "-in" is added to the
verb "oil" for the natural phenomena formed on the
basis of precipitation or the movement of
precipitation. is used as It can also be joined by a
compound suffix that forms the case noun "-
garchilik": like oil+in+garchilik. Sometimes the
repeated word "rain-hair" is used in relation to this
phenomenon.
Table 3: Combustible metonyms:
In French In Uzbek lan
g
ua
g
e
la foudre, le tonnerre, la foudre chaqmoq, momaqaldiroq, chaqin, yashin
Table 4: Metonyms with outgoing movement:
In French In Uzbek lan
g
ua
g
e
arc en ciel kamala
k
It should also be said that the classification of
natural phenomena represented by metonyms,
lexemes representing the names of natural disasters in
connection with the movement of wind, rain, burning,
and exit is relative. The reason is that several types of
movement are mixed in the formation of some of
The Field of Lexical Units Representing Meteorological Concepts in the Language
119

them. For example, although rain, fog, and dew fall
from the sky, the expressions "it rained", "fog" or
"dew" are not used in relation to them, but "it fell". it
is said "fog has fallen", "dew has fallen". So, their
falling from the sky is taken into account. That is, it
is used together with the verbs "to fall" or "to cover"
for specific phenomena of nature, such as rain, fog,
and dew falling from the sky.
Taking this into account, A.G. Alikulov said,
"Lexemes denoting the movement of wind and rain
exist in the lexical system of the Uzbek language as a
separate microfield (lexical-semantic group), and
they can be conditionally divided into three: a)
lexemes representing the act of blowing; b) lexemes
denoting the act of raining; c) lexemes denoting the
act of landing.
7
Hail is a type of precipitation that falls with strong
winds and is formed by the combination of rain and
wind. Rainfall and wind action also occur together in
the case of kuyun, stone boulder, and kumboron.
Dust, sand, soil, and small stones are blown down by
the wind. These phenomena have the meaning of
"moving around". For example, "Tout le monde a été
couvert par une tempête de sable" / "Everyone was
covered by a sandstorm."
Lexical units representing precipitation events
often imply a privative conflict based on the dialectic
of cause and effect. For example:
Precipitation is the cause / ring, mud is the result.
Snow is the cause / avalanche is the result
Ice is the cause / ice is the effect
In fact, if there is slush due to rain, thick piles of
snow piled up in the mountains due to snowfall will
start to move as the weather starts to melt. Such
landslides are very dangerous for human life. The
surface of the earth freezes for some reason.
T. Alikulov also took into account the type of air
flow when classifying wind-rain horses. Accordingly,
he emphasizes that dry air flow is the origin of
lexemes denoting the action of blowing, and moist air
flow is the origin of lexemes denoting the action of
precipitation and descent. At the moment, the
researcher again uses the lexemes representing
movement based on moist air flow: a) lexemes
representing the movement of precipitation; b)
divided into two in the form of lexemes denoting the
movement of landing.
8
Metonyms can be divided into two depending on
whether they can be seen or felt:
7
Alikulov A.G. The lexical-semantic group “El-yogin”
(system, application and lexicographic interpretation):
Candidate of Philological Sciences ...diss. author's
abstract – Tashkent, 2011. – 19 б.
1. Names of natural phenomena that can be seen
with the eyes. For example, snow, rain, hail, sleet,
dew.
2. The name of natural phenomena that cannot be
seen or touched with hands. For example, cloud, fog,
thunder, lightning, pollen, rainbow.
3. Natural phenomena that cannot be seen by the
eye or touched by the hand. For example: wind,
breeze, garmsel.
In short, nature is a certain organized system, and
if something breaks in this system, various terrible
events will happen in nature. This affects the
language as well as other fields.
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