Socio-Ecological Aspects of the Daily Life of the Population of the
Khorezm Oasis
Sanjarbek R. Davletov, Sadokat M. Matkarimova, and Kudrat Y. Masharipov
Mamun University, Khiva, Uzbekistan
Keywords: Ecological, Daily, Population, Oasis.
Abstract: The article is dedicated to the socio-ecological aspects of the daily life of the population of the Khorezm oasis,
a unique region of Central Asia. The oasis, located in the delta of the Amu Darya River, was an important
center of agriculture and culture, thanks to a complex irrigation system that provided water supply in a semi-
arid climate. The population of ancient and medieval Khorezm developed effective methods of environmental
and natural resource management, allowing them to thrive even in extreme natural conditions. The article
explores the ecological traditions of land use, housing construction from local materials, and cultural practices
related to the reverence for nature. Particular attention is given to issues of water use and agriculture. The
irrigation systems of Khorezm, combined with cultural and ecological traditions, ensured the sustainable
development of the region over centuries. The article emphasizes the importance of further research to
understand the ecological models of human interaction with nature and their relevance to modern conditions.
1 INTRODUCTION
The territory of Uzbekistan is one of the oldest
regions of Central Asia, famous for its rich history,
scientific and cultural heritage. Paying tribute to the
works of his ancestors, in his speech at the 78th
session of the UN General Assembly, President of
Uzbekistan Sh.Mirziyoyev stressed: "We are
rightfully proud that our country is the birthplace of
such great scientists and thinkers as Al-Khorezmi,
Beruni, Ibn Sino, Imam Bukhari, Mirzo Ulugbek,
Alisher Navoi, who They have made an invaluable
contribution to the development of world science and
culture, and have shown that Islam is a religion of
peace, knowledge and enlightenment (Al-Quran,
2001).
The Khorezm Oasis is located in the Southern
Aral Sea region, on the territory of the Amu Darya
River delta, and is part of the modern arid zone in
Central Asia, where the desert played a key role in the
preservation of archaeological sites, many of which
have preserved their original appearance to the
present day. These monuments create an
unforgettable impression, which is best conveyed in
the words of S.P. Tolstov: " a grandiose,
unforgettable panorama of the ancient Khorezm
conquered by the desert opened before us. Ahead of
us, the dead sands lay spreading out in an endless sea
to the west, east and north. Only far away on the
northern horizon, through the haze of distance, the
bluish silhouette of the Sultan-Uwe Mountains was
drawn. And everywhere, among the frozen waves of
dunes, now in dense clusters, now in lonely islands,
countless ruins of castles, fortresses, fortified estates,
entire large cities lay (Andrianov, 1969).
The formation of the geographical position of
the Khorezm oasis, located between the Kyzylkum
and Karakum deserts, was due to underground
tectonic processes, and its colorful geomorphological
description is associated with the wealth of minerals
contained in the waters of the Amu Darya. Thanks to
these deposits, the oasis has turned into a fertile and
humid lowland, which is part of northwestern Turan.
The development of the oasis in terms of climatic
conditions, ecology and anthropogenic influence had
its own unique features (Davletov & Tajiyeva, 2020).
The ecology of Khorezm is a complex
combination of steppes, deserts and river valleys. The
main waterway of the region, the Amu Darya River,
has served as the main source of life for the local
population for centuries. In the dry and hot climate of
the region, the availability of water was a key factor
for the existence of cities, agricultural activities and
the maintenance of ecosystems. Human interaction
with nature in Khorezm largely depended on the level
of development of irrigation technologies, which
Davletov, S. R., Matkarimova, S. M. and Masharipov, K. Y.
Socio-Ecological Aspects of the Daily Life of the Population of the Khorezm Oasis.
DOI: 10.5220/0013425300004654
In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science (ICHELS 2024), pages 107-112
ISBN: 978-989-758-752-8
Copyright © 2025 by Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
107
made it possible to control water resources and ensure
the sustainability of the agricultural sector
(Djumaniyazova & Zaripbaeva, 2021).
Despite numerous studies in the field of
history and archaeology, the ecological aspects of the
daily life of the population of the Khorezm oasis still
remain insufficiently studied. Meanwhile, the study
of this topic allows us to better understand how
people of the past interacted with the environment,
what methods they used to adapt to natural conditions
and how their activities influenced the ecosystems of
the region.
The article emphasizes the importance of
further research to understand the ecological models
of human interaction with nature and their
significance for modern conditions.
2 SOURCES, METHODS AND
METHODOLOGY
The study of history shows that nature has always
been the focus of humanity's attention. The holy book
of our ancestors "Avesta" is a vivid example of this.
In this ancient collection of laws, special attention
was paid to relations with nature, environmental
issues and the education of young people in the spirit
of caring for the world around them and their native
land.
As Beruni noted, "... if people commit
violence against nature, grossly violating its laws,
then the time will come when it will bring down
unthinkable disasters on their heads that no forces can
stop." Currently, the environmental field is rapidly
developing in order to prevent such a course of
events. It plays a special role in the life of both society
and every person (Davletov & Tajiyeva, 2020).
The interest in the study of the Khorezm oasis
has long been in the focus of attention of researchers,
whose legacy contains a number of valuable
information about the socio-economic and political
life of the oasis. These issues were partially studied in
the twentieth century. The expedition led by
S.P.Tolstov (Khorezm Archaeological and
Ethnographic expedition) managed to study these
processes at the level of its time, i.e. the middle of the
twentieth century. In particular, G.P.Snesarev and a
group of ethnographers under his leadership tried to
highlight the local ethnographic situation at the level
of primary descriptive and analytical research.
If K.L.Zadykhina, who studied the
ethnography of the region in the twentieth century,
highlighted the traditional economy of the Uzbeks
living in the basin of the lower Amu Darya, then
M.V.Sazonova studied the dishes and food culture of
the population of the southern part of the oasis, as
well as food used in their daily lives (Gulomov,
1959).
Issues of nature management in Khorezm
Gulamov analyzed the history of irrigation
technology in Khorezm and studied the factors of
irrigation development in the lower reaches of the
Amu Darya (Jabbarov, 1997).
In the 60s and 70s of the XVIII century, the
irrigation system of Khiva was expanded and
updated. The digging of new irrigation ditches and the
expansion of cultivated areas became one of the
factors that created the ground for the development of
cultural life. I.Jabbarov, a scientist who conducted
many studies on the history of Khorezm, did not miss
out on this topic (Kamolova, 2019).
In her research, M. Dzhumaniyazova analyzed
the features of the material culture of the population
of the Khorezm oasis in the late XIX early XX
centuries, and also, based on ethnographic data,
identified some aspects of economic activity and
housing construction of the khanate's population
(Karomov, 2022). In the research of Yu.Rakhmonova
highlights the traditions associated with agriculture
and irrigation works in the Khanate of Khiva (Kultura
i iskusstvo drevnego Xorezma, 1981). Especially in
the study of U.Tajiyeva, based on archival and written
sources, reports and memoirs of ambassadors and
travelers, highlighted environmental issues of the
Khanate of Khiva (Muradov, 2023).
Cultural life, formed over the centuries, has
developed in close connection with the natural and
socio-economic conditions of each nation,
embodying national traditions. At the same time, it is
in the culture of living, nutrition, and environmental
management that the national identity of peoples is
clearly manifested. Since ethnography developed
institutionally during the Soviet period, the topic of
traditional nutrition was widely covered. Although
the cultural life of various regions was studied by
researchers at that time, the food culture of the
population of Khorezm and its peculiar ecological
and local properties were not particularly studied in
the ethnological aspect.
In this work, the socio-ecological aspects of
the daily life of the population of the Khorezm oasis
are studied on the basis of a theoretical,
methodological, interdisciplinary approach. Such
methods as generalization of scientific data,
comparative, statistical and system-chronological
analysis are used as research methods.
ICHELS 2024 - The International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science
108
3 DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
One of the most important aspects of the ecological
life of the population of the Khorezm oasis was the
issue of water resources management. The local
population developed a complex system of irrigation
channels, which made it possible to effectively use
the water of the Amu Darya for irrigation of fields,
which was of great importance for maintaining
agricultural production. However, this system also
had its risks: improper management of water
resources could lead to soil salinization, reduced
fertility and environmental degradation.
Environmental issues in ancient and medieval
Khorezm concerned not only water use, but also
methods of land use, use of forest and livestock
resources. The environmental aspects of
the daily life of the Khorezmians also included issues
of environmental protection and adaptation to natural
and climatic changes. This often happened through
the transformation of the landscape and the rational
use of natural resources. The study of archaeological
finds, such as the remains of dwellings, irrigation
systems and household items, allows us to reconstruct
the ways of life and interaction with nature that were
used in the region.
Since ancient times, the population of Khorezm has
achieved prosperity, largely due to the use of
environmentally sound and traditional construction
methods. People took into account the natural
conditions of the region, using local materials such as
clay and wood, which made it possible to build
houses resistant to extreme climatic conditions. These
environmentally sound approaches not only
contributed to the creation of comfortable living
conditions, but also ensured the long-term safety of
homes. Thus, the study of the environmental aspects
of the daily life of the population of the Khorezm
oasis is an important scientific task that allows not
only to deepen understanding of the history of the
region, but also to contribute (Culture and Art of
ancient Khorezm, Moscow: GRVL. 1981d to the
study of the interaction of man and nature in a
complex natural and climatic situation.
In the VI-V millennia BC, the lowlands of the
Prisarykamysh, Uzboy, Shurakhan and the Sultan
Uwais intermountain, geologically connected with
the southern region of the Khorezm oasis, as a result
of the transgression of the Amudarya waters turned
into reservoirs rich in flora and fauna, the lower
reaches of which were mastered by the population
and determined their occupation in daily activities,
creating promising opportunities for a harmonious
life and creativity.
The development of the relief on the delta
plains of the Amu Darya has gone through several
stages, during which natural relief formation was
replaced by the predominance of the anthropogenic
factor and then a new stage of desertification (Culture
and Art, 1981: 76).
It is known from historical data that since the
end of the 7th century BC, groups of the agricultural
population of Bactria have caused the historical need
to develop new territories due to population density
and food problems. So, according to historical
requirements, at first the artisans, who mastered
planning knowledge at the beginning of the
agricultural population, moved to the height of the
middle part of the left bank of the Amu Darya and
built an Odoitepa. Thus, the first cultural and
economic center was formed. The Kushkala micro
oasis was created in connection with the management
of the surroundings of the cultural and economic
center. The peasants developed new territories around
the middle part of the tributaries of the Amu Darya
Tashsaka and Dovdon (Kurbanov, 2018: 54).
3.1 Water supply
In the Khorezm oasis, as a result of the urbanization
processes that began in the IV-II centuries BC, the
lands irrigated by canals with a length of 40-50 km
were covered with fields, orchards and vineyards, and
a wide agro-industrial landscape was formed [11].
In a semi-arid climate and a lack of natural
water resources, the successful existence of the
Khorezm oasis depended on effective water supply
management and complex irrigation systems. Water
was a key factor of survival, and its distribution was
the basis of the social, economic and political
structure of Khorezm.
The Amu Darya River, also known in ancient
times as the Oxus, played a key role in the formation
of the ecosystem of the Khorezm oasis. It was the
main source of water for agriculture, as well as
providing drinking water supply and supporting the
lives of the local population. However, the river was
characterized by instability and periodic changes in
its course. This created serious challenges for local
residents, who had to adapt.
Archaeological evidence suggests that the
locals developed sophisticated hydraulic systems to
maximize the use of Amu Darya water, despite its
variability. Canals and dams were built taking into
account possible changes in the riverbed, as well as
seasonal fluctuations in water levels. For example, the
channels were laid so that, with any change in the
Socio-Ecological Aspects of the Daily Life of the Population of the Khorezm Oasis
109
riverbed, water could continue to flow to the desired
areas.
As you know, the Khorezm archaeological and
ethnographic expedition, which operated in 1937 -
1990, was organized by Sergei Pavlovich Tolstov,
who led its work until 1965. The main task of the
expedition was to explore ancient irrigation systems.
The engineer-surveyor N.I. Igonin conducted planned
aerial photography of various irrigation systems,
ruins and their surroundings in several districts,
which made it possible to create detailed plans, maps
and graphic diagrams depicting typical irrigation
structures of each historical period (Poleviye zapisi,
2019). It has been established that the irrigation
system has changed over time.
In the "Koirylgankala" period, the length of
the main canals increased two to three times, reaching
250-300 km on the right bank of Khorezm. The head
structures of many large irrigation systems have been
moved significantly upstream of the Amu Darya or
even directly to the main riverbed. The water intake
system and distributors have been improved, with
channels being brought out at an acute angle.
Although the area covered by irrigation systems has
decreased slightly, the acreage has increased.
In the first centuries of our era, old irrigation
systems were rebuilt, and the range of agricultural
crops increased dramatically (Poleviye zapisi, 2018).
Along with the above-mentioned works, the Khorezm
expedition has been dealing with another big problem
for a long time, the interaction of farmers and cattle
breeders in the Aral Sea region. The farmers of
Khorezm and the herders of the desert areas formed a
single ecological system (Kurbanov, 2018).
3.2 Agriculture
The lands used for the cultivation of kultura were
mostly virgin, soil, and in some places saline. That is
why the lands in Central Asia were often fertilized.
For a long time, the local population used river waters
for irrigation, since the muddy water contained
various substances useful for plants. These substances
contributed to an increase in the fertility of the earth,
and the soil layer increased due to silt (Rakhmanova,
2007).
In the Khorezm oasis, which was located on
the right and left banks of the Amu Darya delta, which
was one of the main sources of water supply,
agriculture was distinguished by its unique traditions.
Artificial irrigation has occupied a special place in the
agricultural history of the region, contributing to the
development of agricultural technologies. Khorezm
farmers, being well versed in the specifics of their
lands, paid special attention to the selection of crops
that were best suited for each district.
In the rural economy of the Khiva Khanate, all
plants adapted to the climate conditions of Central
Asia were cultivated, trying to collect a good result.
Society, based on internal and external needs,
consciously approached the choice of those cultures
that were needed in the first place. In this regard, they
tried to grow products that were popular on the
market, which caused a decrease in some vegetables
and fruits and an increase in others, which, in turn,
caused a number of environmental and economic
issues.
Farmers used alternating crops, traditional
methods of cultivation and tillage, thereby solving
urgent problems. In the 70s of the XVIII century, a
canal was built near Lake Davkor, and at the
beginning of the XIX century the Lavzan, Kilich-
Niezbiy, Bolshoy Khanabad canals. It is well known
from historical sources that, despite the difficult
conditions, during this period farmers had extensive
experience in the effective use of land and water
resources in agriculture (Rozimboev & Sobirova,
2001).
The lands in the Khorezm oasis were divided
mainly into 2 types: "true red soil" (highly fertile
unsalted or slightly saline lands) and "saline soil"
Even on saline lands, farmers regularly grew crops
adapted to such conditions. These crops produced a
good harvest, and in addition, they contributed to
improving the condition of the soil. Such crops
include white corn, alfalfa, quinoa and others
(Sazonova, 1967).
In general, in the semi-arid climate of
Khorezm, agriculture was adapted to difficult natural
conditions, combining agriculture and animal
husbandry. Pastoral cattle breeding played a key role
in animal husbandry, where sheep, goats and camels
were bred, which were adapted to limited water
resources and a hot climate.
3.3 Housing construction
Since ancient times, residents of Khorezm have
attached great importance to the construction of
housing, paying attention to the purpose and
maintenance of individual parts of buildings. During
the construction of houses, special attention was paid
to the choice of a place for construction, the
surrounding conditions and general natural and
climatic factors. When designing residential
buildings, the specific climatic features of the region
were also taken into account. One of the key
characteristics of adobe houses or mud brick
ICHELS 2024 - The International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science
110
buildings was to keep the rooms cool in summer and
keep warm in winter (Snesarev, 1969).
In the Khorezm oasis, where winters are cold
and summers are sultry, the construction of houses
from pakhsa is one of the most effective solutions for
housing. In addition, buildings constructed from
environmentally friendly materials such as natural
clay created favorable climatic conditions for life.
Such houses did not have a negative impact on health,
contributing to the longevity of residents.
The city of Khiva was built on a slope, which
allowed it to be supplied with water from the canal.
The slope provided water supply and wastewater
discharge to all parts of the city. This allowed the
Khorezmians to create their own sewage system
already in the XVII century (Tajiyeva, 2021).
In the city of Khiva, the population lived
mainly inside the fortress, and there were problems
with providing them with clean drinking water. Due
to the fact that the moats around the fort are filled with
water, they have become a breeding ground for many
insects. In addition, a large number of rice fields in all
districts of Khorezm has caused an increase in
accumulated and polluted reservoirs. But in Khorezm
there were favorable conditions for fighting malaria:
firstly, the absence of reservoirs inside the city
fortresses; secondly, the cessation of water supply in
the ditches around the castle in winter; thirdly, the
absence of swamps due to the population density
around the castle; Fourth, such as the death of
malaria-carrying mosquitoes in winter (Tolstov,
1948).
4 SOCIO-CULTURAL PRACTICES
In Khorezm, social and cultural practices were
closely intertwined with environmental aspects. The
inhabitants of the oasis revered water as a sacred
resource, which was reflected in their respect for
water systems and irrigation facilities. There was also
a community-based water management system where
access to it was regulated to avoid conflict and
inefficient use.
The most important component of the
phenomenon of long life is the nutrition system, along
with other causes, may be the result of some special
ecological relations between man and nature. In the
Khorezm oasis, such types of apples grown in the
Hazaraspian mist as having white, green, red, pink,
yellow coloring, as well as varieties “Azorasp” (apple
Karvak), “Besh Yulduz”, “Kizil Olma” were often
used in the early XX century, then from the middle of
the XX century varieties became widespread reinet,
semirenko, bellefleur, kitayka, krasny zheleznyak,
rosemary (Tolstov, 1948). The apple is considered a
fruit with magical properties, there is information
about it in legends, legends and folk dastans (Urolov
et al., 1994).
Pomegranate as an attribute of Anahita is
mentioned in the Avesta, in the holy Quran it is listed
among valuable fruits (Mirziyoyev, 2023), in folk
songs pomegranate is always mentioned together
with an apple (Yunusova & Usarov, 2018). It is
determined that this fruit is well preserved, used as
dried fruit, juice. Sweet pomegranate cleanses the
body, and sour pomegranate helps with stomach
diseases, at high temperatures. In addition,
pomegranate peel (decoction) helps with diarrhea and
pain of the gastrointestinal tract (Zadykhina, 1952).
Since Khorezm is located in a sharply
continental belt, winters are very cold here, and
summers are very hot. Therefore, special attention has
long been paid to the storage and processing of
agricultural products. It should be noted that ancient
methods were used for the storage and processing of
products: salting, pickling, pickling, preservation,
storage underground or in suspension, drying. In the
oasis, a special cool room was allocated for storing
food a talak. For example, in Khiva, wormwood
(shuvok) was previously used for drying fruits.
5 CONCLUSIONS
The territory of Uzbekistan, one of the oldest regions
of Central Asia, is famous for its rich cultural and
scientific heritage. The Khorezm oasis, located in the
Southern Aral Sea region, is unique due to its
ecology, archaeological sites and complex irrigation
systems. The population of the oasis has developed
effective ways to manage the water resources of the
Amu Darya River, which made it possible to maintain
agricultural production in a semi-arid climate.
Despite centuries of research, the environmental
aspects of the life of the local population require
further study. The unique traditions of agriculture and
the use of natural resources, as well as the
construction of housing from local materials, ensured
the sustainable development of Khorezm. For
successful farming and maintaining life in the oasis,
the residents of Khorezm have developed a complex
network of irrigation canals, dams and dams, which
made it possible to efficiently distribute water for
irrigation of fields. Irrigation was an integral part of
economic activity in a desert and semi-desert zone.
Agricultural rituals and festivals, such as
sowing and reaping, often included rituals of
thanksgiving to natural forces for water and fertility.
Traditions of careful use of resources were also
Socio-Ecological Aspects of the Daily Life of the Population of the Khorezm Oasis
111
reflected in construction, where local natural
materials were used, which contributed to energy
efficiency and harmony with the environment.
Local residents carefully studied the climate of
the oasis before building houses to ensure a
comfortable microclimate for living. Special attention
was paid to such aspects as the location of the house,
wind direction and illumination. These factors were
considered important for the health of the family. To
do this, they used a centuries-old method.
On the site where the house was planned to be
built, fresh meat was hung in different places,
wrapped in gauze. Two or three days later, an
inspection was carried out. The house was built in the
place where the meat remained unspoiled. It is known
that Khiva khans used this method in the construction
of their residences. Studying these aspects makes it
possible to better understand the interaction of man
with the environment in ancient times and apply this
knowledge in modern times.
REFERENCES
Al-Quran. (2001). Tashkent Islamic University, Tashkent.
Andrianov, B. V. (1969). Drevniye orositelniye sistemi
Priaralya [Ancient irrigation systems of the Aral Sea
region]. Moscow.
Davletov, S. R., & Tajiyeva, U. R. (2020). Nature
management in the historical context of Khorezm. The
American Journal of Social Science and Education
Innovations, 353360.
Djumaniyazova, M. T., & Zaripbaeva, Z. Z. (2021).
Naselenie Khivinsky Khanstva v XVIII-XIX vekax
[Population of the Khiva Khanate in the 18th19th
centuries]. Tsifrovaya nauka, 3, 142148.
Gulomov, Y. G. (1959). Xorazmning sug‘orilishi tarixi
[The history of irrigation in Khorezm]. Tashkent.
Jabbarov, I. (1997). Khiva va kadimgi Khorazm madaniyati
[Khiva and ancient Khorezm culture]. In Khiva is the
city of a thousand domes (pp. 1321). Tashkent.
Kamolova, N. P. (2019). Xiva xonligida dehqonchilik
tizimining tashkil qilinishi va soliq tizimi. Bull. Mamun
Acad. Khorezm, 4, 2628.
Karomov, G. (2022). 1920-1924 yillarda O‘zbekiston
aholisi ijtimoiy hayoti va uning sog‘liqni saqlash ishiga
ta’siri [The social life of Uzbekistan in 19201924 and
its impact on public health]. In Hist. Cult. Uzbekistan
Central Asia (pp. 323326). Qarshi.
Kultura i iskusstvo drevnego Xorezma [Culture and Art of
Ancient Khorezm]. (1981). GRVL, Moscow.
Muradov, Sh. (2023, October 13). Predotvrashaya
ekologicheskiye problemi [Preventing environmental
problems]. Pravda Vostoka.
Nerazik, E. E. (1979). Materiali po zemlepolzovaniyu i
zemlevladeniyu v Xorezme pervix vekov n.e.
[Materials on land use and ownership in Khorezm in the
first centuries AD]. Ethnogr. Archaeol. Central Asia.
Moscow.
Poleviye zapisi. (2019). Kushkupirskiy rayon posyolok
Katagan [Field notes. Kushkupir district, Katagan
village].
Poleviye zapisi. (2018). Xazaraspskiy rayon posyolok
Karvak [Field notes. Khazarasp district, Karvak
village].
Kurbanov, M. A. (2018). Xorazm vohasida
mikrovohalarning vujudga kelishi va rivojlanish tarixi
[The emergence and development history of micro-
oases in the Khorezm oasis]. Bull. Mamun Acad.
Khorezm, 3, 5254.
Rakhmanova, Yu. (2007). Khorazmda deҳkonchilik
ananalari [Farming traditions in Khorezm]. In Conf.
Agric. Dev. Lower Amudarya (pp. 3740). Urgench.
Rozimboev, S., & Sobirova, N. (2001). “Avesto”
mifologiyasi va Xorazm folklori [Mythology of
"Avesta" and Khorezm folklore]. Urgench.
Sazonova, M. V. (1967). Traditsionnoe hozyaystvo
Uzbekov Yuzhnogo Khorezma [Traditional economy
of the Uzbeks of southern Khorezm]. Tashkent, 5253.
Snesarev, G. P. (1969). Relikti domusulmanskix verovaniy
i obryadov uzbekov Xorezma [Relics of pre-Islamic
beliefs and rituals of the Uzbeks of Khorezm]. Moscow.
Tajiyeva, U. R. (2021). Ecological issues of housing and
urbanization processes in the Khiva Khanate. Electron.
J. Actual Probl. Sci. Educ. Train., 1, 9196.
Tolstov, S. P. (1948). Drevniy Xorezm [Ancient Khorezm].
Moscow.
Tolstov, S. P. (1948). Po sledam drenexorezmiyskoy
tsivilizatsii [In the footsteps of the ancient Khorezmian
civilization]. Moscow.
Urolov, A., Nozilov, D., Farmonov, A., & Matyazov, S.
(1994). Qishloq uylarini rejalashtirish va qurish asoslari
[Fundamentals of planning and building rural houses].
Tashkent: Uzbekistan, 133143.
Mirziyoyev, Sh. (2023, September 23). Vistupleniye
Prezidenta Respubliki Uzbekistan Shavkata
Mirziyoyeva na 78-y sessii Generalnoy Assamblei
Organizatsii Ob’yedinennix Natsiy [Speech by the
President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev at the 78th
UN General Assembly]. Pravda Vostoka.
Yunusova, K., & Usarov, U. (2018). Nekotoriye sujdeniya
ob istorii zemledelcheskoy kulturi v Sredney Azii
[Some judgments on the history of agricultural culture
in Central Asia]. Sci. Tech. Educ., 4246.
Zadykhina, K. L. (1952). Uzbeki delta Amudari [Uzbeks of
the Amu Darya delta]. Tr. Khorezmskoy Archaeol.
Ethnogr. Exped., 1, 319427.
ICHELS 2024 - The International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science
112