Socio-Ecological Aspects of the Daily Life of the Population of the

Khorezm Oasis

Sanjarbek R. Davletov, Sadokat M. Matkarimova, and Kudrat Y. Masharipov

Mamun University, Khiva, Uzbekistan

Keywords: Ecological, Daily, Population, Oasis.

Abstract: The article is dedicated to the socio-ecological aspects of the daily life of the population of the Khorezm oasis,

a unique region of Central Asia. The oasis, located in the delta of the Amu Darya River, was an important

center of agriculture and culture, thanks to a complex irrigation system that provided water supply in a semi-

arid climate. The population of ancient and medieval Khorezm developed effective methods of environmental

and natural resource management, allowing them to thrive even in extreme natural conditions. The article

explores the ecological traditions of land use, housing construction from local materials, and cultural practices

related to the reverence for nature. Particular attention is given to issues of water use and agriculture. The

irrigation systems of Khorezm, combined with cultural and ecological traditions, ensured the sustainable

development of the region over centuries. The article emphasizes the importance of further research to

understand the ecological models of human interaction with nature and their relevance to modern conditions.

1 INTRODUCTION

The territory of Uzbekistan is one of the oldest

regions of Central Asia, famous for its rich history,

scientific and cultural heritage. Paying tribute to the

works of his ancestors, in his speech at the 78th

session of the UN General Assembly, President of

Uzbekistan Sh.Mirziyoyev stressed: "We are

rightfully proud that our country is the birthplace of

such great scientists and thinkers as Al-Khorezmi,

Beruni, Ibn Sino, Imam Bukhari, Mirzo Ulugbek,

Alisher Navoi, who They have made an invaluable

contribution to the development of world science and

culture, and have shown that Islam is a religion of

peace, knowledge and enlightenment (Al-Quran,

2001).

The Khorezm Oasis is located in the Southern

Aral Sea region, on the territory of the Amu Darya

River delta, and is part of the modern arid zone in

Central Asia, where the desert played a key role in the

preservation of archaeological sites, many of which

have preserved their original appearance to the

present day. These monuments create an

unforgettable impression, which is best conveyed in

the words of S.P. Tolstov: " a grandiose,

unforgettable panorama of the ancient Khorezm

conquered by the desert opened before us. Ahead of

us, the dead sands lay spreading out in an endless sea

to the west, east and north. Only far away on the

northern horizon, through the haze of distance, the

bluish silhouette of the Sultan-Uwe Mountains was

drawn. And everywhere, among the frozen waves of

dunes, now in dense clusters, now in lonely islands,

countless ruins of castles, fortresses, fortified estates,

entire large cities lay (Andrianov, 1969).

The formation of the geographical position of

the Khorezm oasis, located between the Kyzylkum

and Karakum deserts, was due to underground

tectonic processes, and its colorful geomorphological

description is associated with the wealth of minerals

contained in the waters of the Amu Darya. Thanks to

these deposits, the oasis has turned into a fertile and

humid lowland, which is part of northwestern Turan.

The development of the oasis in terms of climatic

conditions, ecology and anthropogenic influence had

its own unique features (Davletov & Tajiyeva, 2020).

The ecology of Khorezm is a complex

combination of steppes, deserts and river valleys. The

main waterway of the region, the Amu Darya River,

has served as the main source of life for the local

population for centuries. In the dry and hot climate of

the region, the availability of water was a key factor

for the existence of cities, agricultural activities and

the maintenance of ecosystems. Human interaction

with nature in Khorezm largely depended on the level

of development of irrigation technologies, which

Davletov, S. R., Matkarimova, S. M. and Masharipov, K. Y.

Socio-Ecological Aspects of the Daily Life of the Population of the Khorezm Oasis.

DOI: 10.5220/0013425300004654

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science (ICHELS 2024), pages 107-112

ISBN: 978-989-758-752-8

107

made it possible to control water resources and ensure

the sustainability of the agricultural sector

(Djumaniyazova & Zaripbaeva, 2021).

Despite numerous studies in the field of

history and archaeology, the ecological aspects of the

daily life of the population of the Khorezm oasis still

remain insufficiently studied. Meanwhile, the study

of this topic allows us to better understand how

people of the past interacted with the environment,

what methods they used to adapt to natural conditions

and how their activities influenced the ecosystems of

the region.

The article emphasizes the importance of

further research to understand the ecological models

of human interaction with nature and their

significance for modern conditions.

2 SOURCES, METHODS AND

METHODOLOGY

The study of history shows that nature has always

been the focus of humanity's attention. The holy book

of our ancestors "Avesta" is a vivid example of this.

In this ancient collection of laws, special attention

was paid to relations with nature, environmental

issues and the education of young people in the spirit

of caring for the world around them and their native

land.

As Beruni noted, "... if people commit

violence against nature, grossly violating its laws,

then the time will come when it will bring down

unthinkable disasters on their heads that no forces can

stop." Currently, the environmental field is rapidly

developing in order to prevent such a course of

events. It plays a special role in the life of both society

and every person (Davletov & Tajiyeva, 2020).

The interest in the study of the Khorezm oasis

has long been in the focus of attention of researchers,

whose legacy contains a number of valuable

information about the socio-economic and political

life of the oasis. These issues were partially studied in

the twentieth century. The expedition led by

S.P.Tolstov (Khorezm Archaeological and

Ethnographic expedition) managed to study these

processes at the level of its time, i.e. the middle of the

twentieth century. In particular, G.P.Snesarev and a

group of ethnographers under his leadership tried to

highlight the local ethnographic situation at the level

of primary descriptive and analytical research.

If K.L.Zadykhina, who studied the

ethnography of the region in the twentieth century,

highlighted the traditional economy of the Uzbeks

living in the basin of the lower Amu Darya, then

M.V.Sazonova studied the dishes and food culture of

the population of the southern part of the oasis, as

well as food used in their daily lives (Gulomov,

1959).

Issues of nature management in Khorezm

Gulamov analyzed the history of irrigation

technology in Khorezm and studied the factors of

irrigation development in the lower reaches of the

Amu Darya (Jabbarov, 1997).

In the 60s and 70s of the XVIII century, the

irrigation system of Khiva was expanded and

updated. The digging of new irrigation ditches and the

expansion of cultivated areas became one of the

factors that created the ground for the development of

cultural life. I.Jabbarov, a scientist who conducted

many studies on the history of Khorezm, did not miss

out on this topic (Kamolova, 2019).

In her research, M. Dzhumaniyazova analyzed

the features of the material culture of the population

of the Khorezm oasis in the late XIX – early XX

centuries, and also, based on ethnographic data,

identified some aspects of economic activity and

housing construction of the khanate's population

(Karomov, 2022). In the research of Yu.Rakhmonova

highlights the traditions associated with agriculture

and irrigation works in the Khanate of Khiva (Kultura

i iskusstvo drevnego Xorezma, 1981). Especially in

the study of U.Tajiyeva, based on archival and written

sources, reports and memoirs of ambassadors and

travelers, highlighted environmental issues of the

Khanate of Khiva (Muradov, 2023).

Cultural life, formed over the centuries, has

developed in close connection with the natural and

socio-economic conditions of each nation,

embodying national traditions. At the same time, it is

in the culture of living, nutrition, and environmental

management that the national identity of peoples is

clearly manifested. Since ethnography developed

institutionally during the Soviet period, the topic of

traditional nutrition was widely covered. Although

the cultural life of various regions was studied by

researchers at that time, the food culture of the

population of Khorezm and its peculiar ecological

and local properties were not particularly studied in

the ethnological aspect.

In this work, the socio-ecological aspects of

the daily life of the population of the Khorezm oasis

are studied on the basis of a theoretical,

methodological, interdisciplinary approach. Such

methods as generalization of scientific data,

comparative, statistical and system-chronological

analysis are used as research methods.

ICHELS 2024 - The International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science

108

3 DISCUSSION AND RESULTS

One of the most important aspects of the ecological

life of the population of the Khorezm oasis was the

issue of water resources management. The local

population developed a complex system of irrigation

channels, which made it possible to effectively use

the water of the Amu Darya for irrigation of fields,

which was of great importance for maintaining

agricultural production. However, this system also

had its risks: improper management of water

resources could lead to soil salinization, reduced

fertility and environmental degradation.

Environmental issues in ancient and medieval

Khorezm concerned not only water use, but also

methods of land use, use of forest and livestock

resources. The environmental aspects of

the daily life of the Khorezmians also included issues

of environmental protection and adaptation to natural

and climatic changes. This often happened through

the transformation of the landscape and the rational

use of natural resources. The study of archaeological

finds, such as the remains of dwellings, irrigation

systems and household items, allows us to reconstruct

the ways of life and interaction with nature that were

used in the region.

Since ancient times, the population of Khorezm has

achieved prosperity, largely due to the use of

environmentally sound and traditional construction

methods. People took into account the natural

conditions of the region, using local materials such as

clay and wood, which made it possible to build

houses resistant to extreme climatic conditions. These

environmentally sound approaches not only

contributed to the creation of comfortable living

conditions, but also ensured the long-term safety of

homes. Thus, the study of the environmental aspects

of the daily life of the population of the Khorezm

oasis is an important scientific task that allows not

only to deepen understanding of the history of the

region, but also to contribute (Culture and Art of

ancient Khorezm, Moscow: GRVL. 1981d to the

study of the interaction of man and nature in a

complex natural and climatic situation.

In the VI-V millennia BC, the lowlands of the

Prisarykamysh, Uzboy, Shurakhan and the Sultan

Uwais intermountain, geologically connected with

the southern region of the Khorezm oasis, as a result

of the transgression of the Amudarya waters turned

into reservoirs rich in flora and fauna, the lower

reaches of which were mastered by the population

and determined their occupation in daily activities,

creating promising opportunities for a harmonious

life and creativity.

The development of the relief on the delta

plains of the Amu Darya has gone through several

stages, during which natural relief formation was

replaced by the predominance of the anthropogenic

factor and then a new stage of desertification (Culture

and Art, 1981: 76).

It is known from historical data that since the

end of the 7th century BC, groups of the agricultural

population of Bactria have caused the historical need

to develop new territories due to population density

and food problems. So, according to historical

requirements, at first the artisans, who mastered

planning knowledge at the beginning of the

agricultural population, moved to the height of the

middle part of the left bank of the Amu Darya and

built an Odoitepa. Thus, the first cultural and

economic center was formed. The Kushkala micro

oasis was created in connection with the management

of the surroundings of the cultural and economic

center. The peasants developed new territories around

the middle part of the tributaries of the Amu Darya

Tashsaka and Dovdon (Kurbanov, 2018: 54).

3.1 Water supply

In the Khorezm oasis, as a result of the urbanization

processes that began in the IV-II centuries BC, the

lands irrigated by canals with a length of 40-50 km

were covered with fields, orchards and vineyards, and

a wide agro-industrial landscape was formed [11].

In a semi-arid climate and a lack of natural

water resources, the successful existence of the

Khorezm oasis depended on effective water supply

management and complex irrigation systems. Water

was a key factor of survival, and its distribution was

the basis of the social, economic and political

structure of Khorezm.

The Amu Darya River, also known in ancient

times as the Oxus, played a key role in the formation

of the ecosystem of the Khorezm oasis. It was the

main source of water for agriculture, as well as

providing drinking water supply and supporting the

lives of the local population. However, the river was

characterized by instability and periodic changes in

its course. This created serious challenges for local

residents, who had to adapt.

Archaeological evidence suggests that the

locals developed sophisticated hydraulic systems to

maximize the use of Amu Darya water, despite its

variability. Canals and dams were built taking into

account possible changes in the riverbed, as well as

seasonal fluctuations in water levels. For example, the

channels were laid so that, with any change in the

Socio-Ecological Aspects of the Daily Life of the Population of the Khorezm Oasis

109

riverbed, water could continue to flow to the desired

areas.

As you know, the Khorezm archaeological and

ethnographic expedition, which operated in 1937 -

1990, was organized by Sergei Pavlovich Tolstov,

who led its work until 1965. The main task of the

expedition was to explore ancient irrigation systems.

The engineer-surveyor N.I. Igonin conducted planned

aerial photography of various irrigation systems,

ruins and their surroundings in several districts,

which made it possible to create detailed plans, maps

and graphic diagrams depicting typical irrigation

structures of each historical period (Poleviye zapisi,

2019). It has been established that the irrigation

system has changed over time.

In the "Koirylgankala" period, the length of

the main canals increased two to three times, reaching

250-300 km on the right bank of Khorezm. The head

structures of many large irrigation systems have been

moved significantly upstream of the Amu Darya or

even directly to the main riverbed. The water intake

system and distributors have been improved, with

channels being brought out at an acute angle.

Although the area covered by irrigation systems has

decreased slightly, the acreage has increased.

In the first centuries of our era, old irrigation

systems were rebuilt, and the range of agricultural

crops increased dramatically (Poleviye zapisi, 2018).

Along with the above-mentioned works, the Khorezm

expedition has been dealing with another big problem

for a long time, the interaction of farmers and cattle

breeders in the Aral Sea region. The farmers of

Khorezm and the herders of the desert areas formed a

single ecological system (Kurbanov, 2018).

3.2 Agriculture

The lands used for the cultivation of kultura were

mostly virgin, soil, and in some places saline. That is

why the lands in Central Asia were often fertilized.

For a long time, the local population used river waters

for irrigation, since the muddy water contained

various substances useful for plants. These substances

contributed to an increase in the fertility of the earth,

and the soil layer increased due to silt (Rakhmanova,

2007).

In the Khorezm oasis, which was located on

the right and left banks of the Amu Darya delta, which

was one of the main sources of water supply,

agriculture was distinguished by its unique traditions.

Artificial irrigation has occupied a special place in the

agricultural history of the region, contributing to the

development of agricultural technologies. Khorezm

farmers, being well versed in the specifics of their

lands, paid special attention to the selection of crops

that were best suited for each district.

In the rural economy of the Khiva Khanate, all

plants adapted to the climate conditions of Central

Asia were cultivated, trying to collect a good result.

Society, based on internal and external needs,

consciously approached the choice of those cultures

that were needed in the first place. In this regard, they

tried to grow products that were popular on the

market, which caused a decrease in some vegetables

and fruits and an increase in others, which, in turn,

caused a number of environmental and economic

issues.

Farmers used alternating crops, traditional

methods of cultivation and tillage, thereby solving

urgent problems. In the 70s of the XVIII century, a

canal was built near Lake Davkor, and at the

beginning of the XIX century — the Lavzan, Kilich-

Niezbiy, Bolshoy Khanabad canals. It is well known

from historical sources that, despite the difficult

conditions, during this period farmers had extensive

experience in the effective use of land and water

resources in agriculture (Rozimboev & Sobirova,

2001).

The lands in the Khorezm oasis were divided

mainly into 2 types: "true red soil" (highly fertile

unsalted or slightly saline lands) and "saline soil"

Even on saline lands, farmers regularly grew crops

adapted to such conditions. These crops produced a

good harvest, and in addition, they contributed to

improving the condition of the soil. Such crops

include white corn, alfalfa, quinoa and others

(Sazonova, 1967).

In general, in the semi-arid climate of

Khorezm, agriculture was adapted to difficult natural

conditions, combining agriculture and animal

husbandry. Pastoral cattle breeding played a key role

in animal husbandry, where sheep, goats and camels

were bred, which were adapted to limited water

resources and a hot climate.

3.3 Housing construction

Since ancient times, residents of Khorezm have

attached great importance to the construction of

housing, paying attention to the purpose and

maintenance of individual parts of buildings. During

the construction of houses, special attention was paid

to the choice of a place for construction, the

surrounding conditions and general natural and

climatic factors. When designing residential

buildings, the specific climatic features of the region

were also taken into account. One of the key

characteristics of adobe houses or mud brick

ICHELS 2024 - The International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science

110

buildings was to keep the rooms cool in summer and

keep warm in winter (Snesarev, 1969).

In the Khorezm oasis, where winters are cold

and summers are sultry, the construction of houses

from pakhsa is one of the most effective solutions for

housing. In addition, buildings constructed from

environmentally friendly materials such as natural

clay created favorable climatic conditions for life.

Such houses did not have a negative impact on health,

contributing to the longevity of residents.

The city of Khiva was built on a slope, which

allowed it to be supplied with water from the canal.

The slope provided water supply and wastewater

discharge to all parts of the city. This allowed the

Khorezmians to create their own sewage system

already in the XVII century (Tajiyeva, 2021).

In the city of Khiva, the population lived

mainly inside the fortress, and there were problems

with providing them with clean drinking water. Due

to the fact that the moats around the fort are filled with

water, they have become a breeding ground for many

insects. In addition, a large number of rice fields in all

districts of Khorezm has caused an increase in

accumulated and polluted reservoirs. But in Khorezm

there were favorable conditions for fighting malaria:

firstly, the absence of reservoirs inside the city

fortresses; secondly, the cessation of water supply in

the ditches around the castle in winter; thirdly, the

absence of swamps due to the population density

around the castle; Fourth, such as the death of

malaria-carrying mosquitoes in winter (Tolstov,

1948).

4 SOCIO-CULTURAL PRACTICES

In Khorezm, social and cultural practices were

closely intertwined with environmental aspects. The

inhabitants of the oasis revered water as a sacred

resource, which was reflected in their respect for

water systems and irrigation facilities. There was also

a community-based water management system where

access to it was regulated to avoid conflict and

inefficient use.

The most important component of the

phenomenon of long life is the nutrition system, along

with other causes, may be the result of some special

ecological relations between man and nature. In the

Khorezm oasis, such types of apples grown in the

Hazaraspian mist as having white, green, red, pink,

yellow coloring, as well as varieties “Azorasp” (apple

Karvak), “Besh Yulduz”, “Kizil Olma” were often

used in the early XX century, then from the middle of

the XX century varieties became widespread reinet,

semirenko, bellefleur, kitayka, krasny zheleznyak,

rosemary (Tolstov, 1948). The apple is considered a

fruit with magical properties, there is information

about it in legends, legends and folk dastans (Urolov

et al., 1994).

Pomegranate as an attribute of Anahita is

mentioned in the Avesta, in the holy Quran it is listed

among valuable fruits (Mirziyoyev, 2023), in folk

songs pomegranate is always mentioned together

with an apple (Yunusova & Usarov, 2018). It is

determined that this fruit is well preserved, used as

dried fruit, juice. Sweet pomegranate cleanses the

body, and sour pomegranate helps with stomach

diseases, at high temperatures. In addition,

pomegranate peel (decoction) helps with diarrhea and

pain of the gastrointestinal tract (Zadykhina, 1952).

Since Khorezm is located in a sharply

continental belt, winters are very cold here, and

summers are very hot. Therefore, special attention has

long been paid to the storage and processing of

agricultural products. It should be noted that ancient

methods were used for the storage and processing of

products: salting, pickling, pickling, preservation,

storage underground or in suspension, drying. In the

oasis, a special cool room was allocated for storing

food – a talak. For example, in Khiva, wormwood

(shuvok) was previously used for drying fruits.

5 CONCLUSIONS

The territory of Uzbekistan, one of the oldest regions

of Central Asia, is famous for its rich cultural and

scientific heritage. The Khorezm oasis, located in the

Southern Aral Sea region, is unique due to its

ecology, archaeological sites and complex irrigation

systems. The population of the oasis has developed

effective ways to manage the water resources of the

Amu Darya River, which made it possible to maintain

agricultural production in a semi-arid climate.

Despite centuries of research, the environmental

aspects of the life of the local population require

further study. The unique traditions of agriculture and

the use of natural resources, as well as the

construction of housing from local materials, ensured

the sustainable development of Khorezm. For

successful farming and maintaining life in the oasis,

the residents of Khorezm have developed a complex

network of irrigation canals, dams and dams, which

made it possible to efficiently distribute water for

irrigation of fields. Irrigation was an integral part of

economic activity in a desert and semi-desert zone.

Agricultural rituals and festivals, such as

sowing and reaping, often included rituals of

thanksgiving to natural forces for water and fertility.

Traditions of careful use of resources were also

Socio-Ecological Aspects of the Daily Life of the Population of the Khorezm Oasis

111

reflected in construction, where local natural

materials were used, which contributed to energy

efficiency and harmony with the environment.

Local residents carefully studied the climate of

the oasis before building houses to ensure a

comfortable microclimate for living. Special attention

was paid to such aspects as the location of the house,

wind direction and illumination. These factors were

considered important for the health of the family. To

do this, they used a centuries-old method.

On the site where the house was planned to be

built, fresh meat was hung in different places,

wrapped in gauze. Two or three days later, an

inspection was carried out. The house was built in the

place where the meat remained unspoiled. It is known

that Khiva khans used this method in the construction

of their residences. Studying these aspects makes it

possible to better understand the interaction of man

with the environment in ancient times and apply this

knowledge in modern times.

REFERENCES

Al-Quran. (2001). Tashkent Islamic University, Tashkent.

Andrianov, B. V. (1969). Drevniye orositelniye sistemi

Priaralya [Ancient irrigation systems of the Aral Sea

region]. Moscow.

Davletov, S. R., & Tajiyeva, U. R. (2020). Nature

management in the historical context of Khorezm. The

American Journal of Social Science and Education

Innovations, 353–360.

Djumaniyazova, M. T., & Zaripbaeva, Z. Z. (2021).

Naselenie Khivinsky Khanstva v XVIII-XIX vekax

[Population of the Khiva Khanate in the 18th–19th

centuries]. Tsifrovaya nauka, 3, 142–148.

Gulomov, Y. G. (1959). Xorazmning sug‘orilishi tarixi

[The history of irrigation in Khorezm]. Tashkent.

Jabbarov, I. (1997). Khiva va kadimgi Khorazm madaniyati

[Khiva and ancient Khorezm culture]. In Khiva is the

city of a thousand domes (pp. 13–21). Tashkent.

Kamolova, N. P. (2019). Xiva xonligida dehqonchilik

tizimining tashkil qilinishi va soliq tizimi. Bull. Mamun

Acad. Khorezm, 4, 26–28.

Karomov, G. (2022). 1920-1924 yillarda O‘zbekiston

aholisi ijtimoiy hayoti va uning sog‘liqni saqlash ishiga

ta’siri [The social life of Uzbekistan in 1920–1924 and

its impact on public health]. In Hist. Cult. Uzbekistan

Central Asia (pp. 323–326). Qarshi.

Kultura i iskusstvo drevnego Xorezma [Culture and Art of

Ancient Khorezm]. (1981). GRVL, Moscow.

Muradov, Sh. (2023, October 13). Predotvrashaya

ekologicheskiye problemi [Preventing environmental

problems]. Pravda Vostoka.

Nerazik, E. E. (1979). Materiali po zemlepolzovaniyu i

zemlevladeniyu v Xorezme pervix vekov n.e.

[Materials on land use and ownership in Khorezm in the

first centuries AD]. Ethnogr. Archaeol. Central Asia.

Moscow.

Poleviye zapisi. (2019). Kushkupirskiy rayon posyolok

Katagan [Field notes. Kushkupir district, Katagan

village].

Poleviye zapisi. (2018). Xazaraspskiy rayon posyolok

Karvak [Field notes. Khazarasp district, Karvak

village].

Kurbanov, M. A. (2018). Xorazm vohasida

mikrovohalarning vujudga kelishi va rivojlanish tarixi

[The emergence and development history of micro-

oases in the Khorezm oasis]. Bull. Mamun Acad.

Khorezm, 3, 52–54.

Rakhmanova, Yu. (2007). Khorazmda deҳkonchilik

ananalari [Farming traditions in Khorezm]. In Conf.

Agric. Dev. Lower Amudarya (pp. 37–40). Urgench.

Rozimboev, S., & Sobirova, N. (2001). “Avesto”

mifologiyasi va Xorazm folklori [Mythology of

"Avesta" and Khorezm folklore]. Urgench.

Sazonova, M. V. (1967). Traditsionnoe hozyaystvo

Uzbekov Yuzhnogo Khorezma [Traditional economy

of the Uzbeks of southern Khorezm]. Tashkent, 52–53.

Snesarev, G. P. (1969). Relikti domusulmanskix verovaniy

i obryadov uzbekov Xorezma [Relics of pre-Islamic

beliefs and rituals of the Uzbeks of Khorezm]. Moscow.

Tajiyeva, U. R. (2021). Ecological issues of housing and

urbanization processes in the Khiva Khanate. Electron.

J. Actual Probl. Sci. Educ. Train., 1, 91–96.

Tolstov, S. P. (1948). Drevniy Xorezm [Ancient Khorezm].

Moscow.

Tolstov, S. P. (1948). Po sledam drenexorezmiyskoy

tsivilizatsii [In the footsteps of the ancient Khorezmian

civilization]. Moscow.

Urolov, A., Nozilov, D., Farmonov, A., & Matyazov, S.

(1994). Qishloq uylarini rejalashtirish va qurish asoslari

[Fundamentals of planning and building rural houses].

Tashkent: Uzbekistan, 133–143.

Mirziyoyev, Sh. (2023, September 23). Vistupleniye

Prezidenta Respubliki Uzbekistan Shavkata

Mirziyoyeva na 78-y sessii Generalnoy Assamblei

Organizatsii Ob’yedinennix Natsiy [Speech by the

President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev at the 78th

UN General Assembly]. Pravda Vostoka.

Yunusova, K., & Usarov, U. (2018). Nekotoriye sujdeniya

ob istorii zemledelcheskoy kulturi v Sredney Azii

[Some judgments on the history of agricultural culture

in Central Asia]. Sci. Tech. Educ., 42–46.

Zadykhina, K. L. (1952). Uzbeki delta Amudari [Uzbeks of

the Amu Darya delta]. Tr. Khorezmskoy Archaeol.

Ethnogr. Exped., 1, 319–427.

ICHELS 2024 - The International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science

112