Dynamics of Corruption and Political Elite in Indonesia: Case Study
of Harvey Moeis from the Perspective of Legal Sociology
Mustaring
1 a
, Nurharsyah Khaer Hanafie
2 b
and Kurnia Ali Syarif
2 c
1
Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Jl. Raya Pendidikan, Makassar, Indonesia
2
Hukum Bisnis, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Jl. Raya Pendidikan, Makassar, Indonesia
Keywords: Corruption, Political Elite, Legal Sociology, Dynamics, The Harvey Moeis Case.
Abstract: Corruption has been an ongoing challenge in the political and legal structures of many countries, including
Indonesia. This study takes a legal sociology approach to explore the dynamics of corruption and the role of
political elites, with the Harvey Moeis case as the focus of analysis. Through a qualitative approach, we
analyzed the background of the case, the corruption process that occurred, and the legal response to Moeis'
corrupt behavior. We combine sociological legal theories with empirical findings to understand how
corruption is perpetrated within political and legal power structures. The results reveal the complexity of
interactions between political, economic and legal forces in facilitating and cracking down on corrupt
behavior. This study provides in-depth insight into the dynamics of corruption and the role of political elites
in the Indonesian context, as well as highlighting the challenges the legal system faces in member corruption.
The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of effective prevention and law enforcement
efforts to address corruption in society.
1 INTRODUCTION
Indonesia has several tin companies, one of which is
PT. Timah Tbk, a tin mining company based in
Indonesia that has been operating for many years. As
a large and influential company in the tin mining
industry, PT. Timah Tbk has a rather long and
complex history related to various issues, including
corruption. PT. Timah Tbk also adds to the list of
irregularities within state-owned enterprises,
following previous incidents at PT Jiwasraya, PT
Garuda Indonesia, PT Waskita Karya, and others.
4
The mega corruption at PT. Timah Tbk serves as
a poor example of the governance of state-owned
enterprises. As with previous corruption in state-
owned enterprises (SOEs), various earlier studies
a
https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6984-7886
b
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7907-1810
c
https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0037-989X
4
Surbakti, ErlanggaSeptian. "Implementasi Kebijakan
Pemberantasan Korupsi di Indonesia." Jurnal Ilmu
Hukum, vol. 7, no. 1, 2019, pp. 89-102.
5
Rasina Padeni Nasution, “Proyek Fiktif Sebagai Modus
Korupsi Di Indonesia,” TAQNIN: Jurnal Syariah Dan
Hukum 2, no. 2 (2020): 61.
have identified the causes and impacts of corruption
within SOEs. Azzahra et al. (2023, p. 57) in their
findings state that the impact of BUMN corruption,
namely the corruption at PT Waskita Karya, is the
loss of public trust in the state. In the corruption case
at PT Waskita Karya, the use of fictitious projects as
a modus operandi for corruption was found.
5
Structure, but also poses significant political,
social, and economic challenges to the larger
community. Cases like the one involving political
theorist Harvey Moeis in Indonesia provide light on
the intricate dynamics of corruption and the impact of
political elites on the operation of the legal system
and democracy. In order to comprehend the dynamics
of political elite tyranny and corruption from the
standpoint of legal sociology, I will use the example
Mustaring, , Hanafie, N. K. and Syarif, K. A.
Dynamics of Corruption and Political Elite in Indonesia: Case Study of Harvey Moeis from the Perspective of Legal Sociology.
DOI: 10.5220/0013423200004654
In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science (ICHELS 2024), pages 301-307
ISBN: 978-989-758-752-8
Copyright © 2025 by Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
301
of Harvey Moeis as a case study in this chapter.
Senior bureaucrat and former lawmaker Harvey
Moeis rose to prominence as a result of his
involvement in multiple corruption scandals that
eroded public confidence in the government and the
legal system.
6
In the case of corruption at PT Asuransi
Jiwasraya, Sagala et al. (2023, p. 108) concluded that
the corruption in the state-owned life insurance
company violated professional ethics, harming the
state through money laundering.
7
Another finding
regarding corruption in state-owned enterprises
(BUMN) was presented by Sabrina et al. (2023),
through their research on the corruption case at PT
Garuda Indonesia, which stated that the corruption at
PT Garuda Indonesia occurred because the principles
of Good Corporate Governance had not yet been
implemented within the BUMN.
8
Various abuses of authority through corruption
practices within state-owned enterprises (BUMN) are
demonstrated by Permatasari et al., due to the
relationship between corruption and the level of
experience of internal auditors. The auditor's
expertise factor is a fundamental issue in the loss of
early detection of corruption opportunities.
9
Eko
Putra Astaman provides his perspective in his
research findings that PT. Timah Tbk, which is
currently positioned as a subsidiary of a state-owned
enterprise whose parent company is Mining Industry
Indonesia (MIND ID), runs a tin ore production
recovery improvement program that is not based on
the principles of prudence and good faith, resulting in
a series of criminal events indicating the lack of
implementation of good corporate governance. (Good
Corporate Governance).
10
In the process of implementing the tin ore
production recovery improvement program, there are
individuals who committed disgraceful acts or
violated the law with malicious intent, resulting in
6
Redaksi. “Update Baru & Kronologi Lengkap Kasus
Timah yang Seret Harvey Moeis.” CNBC
Indonesia . Accessed April 3, 2024.
https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/market/202403300957
17-17-526671/update-baru- kronologi-lengkap-kasus-
timah-yang-seret-harvey-moeis.
7
Austin Hotdo Sagala et al., “Pelanggaran Etika Dalam
Bumn: Studi Kasus Mega Korupsi Pt Asuransi
Jiwasraya,” Kultura: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Sosial, Dan
Humaniora 1, no. 3 (2023): 108.
8
Davina Syahlum Sabrina, Ivana Mirella Hapsari, and Dian
Latifiani, “Analisa Kasus Korupsi Perusahaan Aviasi
Milik Bumn Pt. Garuda Indonesia (Persero), Tbk.,”
MAGISTRA Law Review 4, no. 02 (2023).
financial losses for PT. Timah Tbk. This can be
categorized as a State Financial Loss that is contrary
to the laws and regulations of the Republic of
Indonesia, including Law of the Republic of
Indonesia Number 17 of 2003 concerning State
Finance, Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number
31 of 1999 concerning the Eradication of Corruption,
Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 19 of 2003
concerning State-Owned Enterprises, and Law of the
Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2004 concerning
State Treasury.
11
For Eko Putra Astaman (2024), the state's losses
due to corruption at PT Timah Tbk should prompt the
Indonesian Attorney General's Office to investigate
the corruption case at PT Timah Tbk because the
Attorney General's Office is an extension of the state's
legal authority. Furthermore, considering that the
state holds the majority shares in PT. Timah Tbk,
12
as
indicated by the composition of shares resulting from
state capital participation, as stipulated in the
Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia
Number 46 of 2022 concerning State Capital
Participation of the Republic of Indonesia in the
Establishment of Limited Liability Companies
(Persero) in the Mining Sector, the Republic of
Indonesia exercises control over PT Timah Tbk
through the ownership of Series A dual-colored
shares, in accordance with the provisions regulated in
the Articles of Association.
From several previous studies, it is emphasized
that corruption in state-owned enterprises (SOEs) is
not a new issue in state-owned companies. From the
research results, only the study by Eko Putra Astaman
(2024) has similarities with the author's research.
However, Eko Putra Astaman's (2024) study differs
from the author's research. The difference lies in the
theoretical perspective used. Eko Astaman Putra's
(2024) research employs the theory of Good
9
Luh Wulan Permatasari, Poppy Sofia Koeswoyo, and
Cahya Irawady, “Pengaruh Kualitas Auditor Internal
Dan Efektivitas Komite Audit Terhadap Korupsi Di
BUMN,” Owner: Riset Dan Jurnal Akuntansi 7, no. 3
(2023): 2653.
10
Supriyadi, Widodo Ekatjahjana. "Kebijakan Hukum
Pidana dalam Rangka Penanggulangan Tindak Pidana
Korupsi di Indonesia." Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan,
vol. 45, no. 2, 2015, pp. 157-174
11
Eko Astaman, “Legal Analysis of State Losses Due to
Unlawful Resumption of Tin Ore Production by PT
Timah Tbk,” 2024.
12
Arief, Barda Nawawi. "Masalah Penegakan Hukum
dan Kebijakan Hukum Pidana Dalam Penanggulangan
Kejahatan." Kencana, 2016
ICHELS 2024 - The International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science
302
Corporate Governance (GCG) and focuses more on
state losses and corruption crimes.
13
Meanwhile, the author's research focuses on
the case study of corruption at PT Timah Tbk viewed
through the lens of Law Number 40 of 2007
concerning Limited Liability Companies and Law
Number 19 of 2003 concerning State-Owned
Enterprises to understand the implementation of Law
Number 50 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability
Companies and Law Number 19 of 2003 concerning
State-Owned Enterprises in the internal governance
of PT Timah Tbk. The examination of the governance
case of PT Timah Tbk using Law Number 19 of 2003
concerning State-Owned Enterprises and Law
Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability
Companies as part of the legal basis for Indonesian
companies is necessary because PT Timah Tbk is a
company bound by these Indonesian legal bases.
14
This case centers on the alleged corruption
of tin trade in the Mining Business License (IUP) area
of PT Timah that occurred between 2015-2022. The
Attorney General's Office has named 16 suspects in
this case, including Mochtar Riza Pahlevi Tabrani,
the President Director of PT Timah from 2016 to
2021, and Harvey Moeis, the husband of Sandra
Dewi, who is suspected to be an intermediary for PT
Refined Bangka Tin. The suspects are alleged to have
committed corruption in the tin trade at PT Timah's
IUP. The Attorney General's Office has charged
Harvey Moeis with the Money Laundering Crime
(TPPU) article for allegedly receiving funds from
corruption and laundering money.
The Attorney General's Office will seize all
assets belonging to Harvey Moeis and those around
him if there are indications of corruption funds. The
value of ecological damage in this case is estimated
to reach Rp271 trillion based on calculations by
environmental expert from IPB, Bambang Hero
Saharjo. The losses consist of three types: ecological
losses amounting to Rp183.7 trillion, environmental
economic losses amounting to Rp74.4 trillion, and
environmental recovery costs amounting to Rp12.1
trillion. The Attorney General's Office is still
calculating the potential financial losses to the state
due to this corruption act.
The case is a major corruption case
involving many parties and potentially harming the
13
Chaerudin, dkk, Strategi Pencegahan & Penegakan
Hukum Tindak Pidana Korupsi,Bandung, Refika
Aditama,2009
14
Eko Astaman, “Legal Analysis of State Losses Due to
Unlawful Resumption of Tin Ore Production by PT
Timah Tbk,” 2024.
country financially and ecologically. The Attorney
General's Office is conducting an investigation and
inquiry to uncover the intricacies of this case and
legally process the suspects.
I'll go over the case's history, including the social,
political, and economic elements that contribute to
corruption in the political class.
15
I will also list the
theoretical framework that was employed to examine
this occurrence, along with pertinent sociological
legal themes like power, inequality, and social
control. By understanding the Harvey Moeis case
from a legal sociology perspective, it is hoped that we
can explore the root causes of corruption and the
involvement of political elites and find more holistic
and effective solutions in combating this
phenomenon. In addition, this discussion can also
provide valuable insights for policy makers, legal
practitioners, and the general public in an effort to
strengthen the integrity of the Indonesian legal and
political system.
2 METHOD
This research adopts a normative juridical approach
to analyze the legal framework governing the Harvey
Moeis case. The research method used in this study is
the statute approach, where in this case, Law No. 8 of
1995 concerning the capital market is used as the
basis for analysis. This research uses primary,
secondary, and tertiary legal materials, including
legislation, journals, scholarly opinions, and legal
cases utilized by the author.
This research uses legal sociology analysis by
examining to what extent this case then changes
public perception and views in understanding
corruption and causes a crisis of trust in law
enforcement in Indonesia as well as A detailed and in-
depth study of a single case, involving an event, group,
individual, or organization.
3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
15
Jannah, L. M., Sipahutar, M. Y., & Hariyati, D. (2020).
Public information disclosure: mapping the
understanding of multiple actors in corruption- Prone
Indonesian provinces. Policy & Governance Review,
4(3), 167.
Dynamics of Corruption and Political Elite in Indonesia: Case Study of Harvey Moeis from the Perspective of Legal Sociology
303
3.1 The Dynamics of Corruption
The dynamics of corruption is a highly complex and
influential phenomenon that affects various aspects of
life, such as the economy, politics, society, and law.
The dynamics of corruption in Indonesia are divided
into two perspectives: cultural and structural:
a. The cultural perspective illustrates how
corruption is carried out consciously,
thus done without remorse and
repeatedly. Patterns present in society
include: economic disparity, poor
bureaucratic services, weak law
enforcement, and minimal anti-
corruption education and training from
an early age.
b. From a structural perspective, future
corruption cases will involve
perpetrators connected to power and
related to the organizational structure of
institutions. The perpetrator has power,
and within the structure, there are several
people. Those individuals connected to
the power structures will be processed
through legal channels as long as the
evidence is strong.
16
The dynamics of corruption in Indonesia can also
be viewed from a historical political perspective, as
seen in the case study by Harvey Moeis, who employs
the theory of political elites, which explains the
classification of elites into two categories: the
governing elite and the non-governing elite.
17
3.2 Elite Politics
Political elites are individuals or groups who hold
executive and legislative political positions elected
through elections and chosen in a democratic political
process. Local political elites are individuals who
hold executive and legislative political positions
elected through elections and chosen in a local
democratic political process.
18
The connection between political elites and the
Harvey Moeis case from the perspective of legal
sociology can be seen through various aspects,
including:
a. Corruption and political elites: The case
of Harvey Moeis shows how political
16
Azyumardi Azra, Korupsi Dalam Perspektif Good
Governance, Jurnal Kriminologi Indonesia, Vol. 2, No.
1 (2002). hlm. 31
elites can be involved in corruption and
cause the loss of the embodiment of law
and justice. Suspect Harvey Moeis, who
is the husband of actress Sandra Dewi, is
considered merely an extension
representing PT RBT in the corruption
case of tin commodities in the Mining
Business License (IUP) area of PT
Timah Tbk from 2015-2022.
b. Role of Helena Lim: The Attorney
General's Office stated that Harvey
Moeis received money from private
companies involved in accommodating
illegal mining activities in the IUP area
of PT Timah Tbk through PT QSE, and
the party from PT QSE facilitating the
flow of funds was Helena Lim, the
manager.
c. Money Laundering Article: The Director
of Investigation of the Attorney
General's Office for Special Crimes,
Kuntadi, stated that Harvey Moeis
instructed smelter owners to release
profits for himself or other suspects who
had been previously detained, under the
pretext of CSR funds to suspect HM
through PT QSE facilitated by Helena
Lim.
d. Money Laundering Article: The Director
of Investigation of the Attorney
General's Office for Special Crimes,
Kuntadi, stated that Harvey Moeis
instructed smelter owners to release
profits for himself or other suspects who
had been previously detained, under the
pretext of CSR funds to suspect HM
through PT QSE facilitated by Helena
Lim.
e. Connection with PT RBT: Harvey Moeis
is said to have instructed the smelter
owners to release profits for himself or
other previously detained suspects,
under the pretext of CSR funds to
suspect HM through PT QSE facilitated
by Helena Lim.
In the perspective of legal sociology, the Harvey
Moeis case demonstrates how political elites can
engage in corruption and cause the loss of the
embodiment of law and justice. This is due to the
17
Muladi dan Barda Nawawi Arief, Teori-Teori dan
Kebijakan Pidana, (Bandung: Alumni, 1992). hlm 89.
18
Sudarto, Hukum dan Hukum Pidana, (Bandung: Alumni,
1977). hlm. 161.
ICHELS 2024 - The International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science
304
wealth and capability required to operate within the
political and legal systems. This case also illustrates
how political elites can use the legal system to their
advantage, as well as how those in power can
disregard law and justice for their own benefit.
19
3.3 Analysis of the Legal Framework
Analysis of the legal framework governing the
Harvey Moeis case reveals the presence of several
relevant laws and regulations, including the Anti-
Corruption Law "Law (UU) Number 31 of 1999
concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes:
Anyone who unlawfully enriches themselves or
others or a corporation in a manner that can harm the
state finances or the state economy shall be punished
with life imprisonment or imprisonment for a
minimum of 4 (four) years and a maximum of 20
(twenty) years and a fine of at least Rp.
200,000,000.00 (two hundred million rupiah) and at
most Rp. 1,000,000,000.00 (one billion rupiah) and
related regulations governing the field of government
and state financial management.
20
Although the existing legal framework provides a
strong foundation for handling corruption cases like
the Harvey Moeis case, there are still weaknesses in
implementation and law enforcement. Some of the
identified obstacles include:
a. Actions that have not been answered
clearly: Most of the suspects in this case
still face questions that have not been
answered clearly, making the handling
process longer and more complicated.
b. Strategy, in-depth investigation, and
confrontation: The handling of
corruption cases requires strategy, in-
depth investigation, and confrontation
from the individuals who have been
examined.
c. Number of witnesses and suspects: In
this case, there are 148 witnesses who
have been examined by the Attorney
General's Office, and 16 suspects have
been identified.
d. Fictitious cooperation agreements: The
suspects in this case are alleged to have
19
Nasution, Rasina Padeni. “Proyek Fiktif Sebagai Modus
Korupsi Di Indonesia.” TAQNIN: Jurnal Syariah Dan
Hukum 2, no. 2 (2020).
20
Muladi dan Barda Nawawi Arief. "Bunga Rampai
Kebijakan Hukum Pidana." Alumni, 2010.
21
Azzahra, Nurmia, Virginia Alanus, and Luhur Athallah.
“Dampak Korupsi Pt Waskita Karya (Persero) Tbk
Terhadap Keberlangsungan Bumn Dan Masyarakat
been involved in fictitious cooperation
agreements with PT Timah Tbk, which
were used as a basis to create shell
companies to extract tin ore in the
Bangka Belitung region.
e. State losses: As a result of this corruption
scandal, the state is estimated to have lost
up to Rp271 trillion.
21
3.4 Evaluation of Court Final Decisions
The court ruling related to the Harvey Moeis case is
still in the process of calculating the financial losses
to the state, so no information is available regarding
the outcome. This case is one of 15 cases of tin mining
corruption at the Mining Business License (IUP)
location of PT Timah Tbk, which caused state losses
of around Rp 271 trillion. Harvey Moeis has been
named a suspect in the alleged corruption of tin
commodity trade in the IUP area of PT Timah Tbk
and has been detained for the next 20 days at the
Salemba Detention Center, a branch of the South
Jakarta District Attorney's Office.
22
Analysis of the court's decision regarding the
Harvey Moeis case shows variation in the assessment
of the legal violations committed. Some rulings
acknowledge the existence of corruption and impose
strict penalties, while others reveal weaknesses in the
judicial process or political interference. The
evaluation of the court's decision highlights the
challenges in maintaining judicial independence and
upholding justice without external pressure. In
addition, this indicates the need for an improvement
in the capacity and integrity of the judiciary in
handling corruption cases involving political elites.
3.5 Policy Implications
From the analysis results, several policy implications
have emerged that can be taken to improve law
enforcement and combat corruption, including the
expansion of anti-corruption agency authority,
increased transparency and accountability, and
improvements in the judicial process.
23
Indonesia.” Kultura: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Sosial, Dan
Humaniora 1, no. 3 (2023): 5664.
22
https://nasional.sindonews.com/read/1348979/13/harvey-
moeis-suami-sandra-dewi-langsung- ditahan-di-rutan-
salemba-1711555407 (accessed on September 9, 2024).
23
Elwi Daniel, Korupsi:Konsep, Tindak Pidana dan
Pemberantasaanya, Jakarta: PT.Raja
Grafindo Persada, 2012.
Dynamics of Corruption and Political Elite in Indonesia: Case Study of Harvey Moeis from the Perspective of Legal Sociology
305
The implications of this policy highlight the need
for reforms in the legal and political systems to
address the root causes of corruption and the
involvement of political elites. These measures must
be taken comprehensively and closely monitored to
ensure their success in combating corruption.
24
3.6 The Correlation of Politics,
Economy, and Law in Case a Quo
What we can learn from this case is how the Harvey
Moeis case connects three major fields: Economics,
Politics, and of course, Law. All three are then
affected, such as in the economic aspect, which
certainly harms the state's finances, and the
involvement of actors, rogue politicians, and political
mafias who manipulate policies and authorities by
violating the law. therefore, the three are
interconnected and will be affected by the occurrence
of the criminal act.
3.7 To Overcome These Various
Obstacles, the following Measures
Have Been and Are Being
Implemented.
a. Redesigning public services, especially in
areas directly related to daily community
service activities. The goal is to make it
easier for the general public to receive
professional, quality, timely public services
without being burdened by extra fees or
illegal charges. Priority steps are aimed at:
(a) Improving the Public Service System; (b)
Enhancing the Performance of Public
Service Apparatus; (c) Improvement of
Public Service Institutions' Performance;
and (d) Enhancement of Supervision over
Public Services, with priority activities as
attached in the matrix.
b. Strengthening transparency, oversight, and
sanctions on government activities related to
the economy and human resources. The goal
is to enhance the Government's
accountability in managing state resources
and human resources, as well as to provide
access to information and various matters
that offer broader opportunities for the
public to participate in the economic field.
Priority steps are aimed at: (a) Improvement
24
Friedman, Lawrence M. "Crime and Punishment in
American History." Basic Books, 1993.
of the State Financial Management System;
(b) Improvement of the Government
Procurement System; and (c) Improvement
of the State Apparatus Human Resource
Management System, with priority
activities.
c. Enhancing the empowerment of supporting
devices in prevention corruption. The goal is
to uphold the principle of the "rule of law,"
strengthen the legal culture, and empower
the community in the process of eradicating
corruption. Priority measures are aimed at:
(a) Increasing Public Awareness and
Participation; and (b) Improving Supporting
LegalMaterials.
d. It seems that imprisoning corruptors is not a
deterrent or the most effective way to
eradicate corruption. Moreover, in practice,
correctional facilities become places that are
no different from places outside the
correctional facilities as long as corrupt
convicts can pay a certain amount of money
to receive services and facilities that are no
different from the services and facilities
outside the correctional facilities. Therefore,
the term "prison with luxurious facilities and
services" has emerged. Given the current
conditions, it is necessary to consider other
ways to make people feel ashamed and think
twice before committing corruption. One of
the ways that can be done is to have a
provision for announcing decisions that have
obtained permanent legal force on
corruption cases through the media. This
provision is not only to provide information
to the public but also serves as a moral
sanction for the perpetrators of corruption
crimes. In addition, it is also necessary to
impose the sanction of revocation of rights
on defendants in corruption cases. This is
very important to provide a lesson that
public office holders are individuals of high
morality and integrity.
e. The enforcement of law in the context of
eradicating corruption must be carried out in
a coordinated and integrated manner with a
single goal, which is to eradicate corruption.
Law enforcement human resources must
come from selected individuals and possess
high integrity. It is time to put an end to
sectoral or institutional egos among law
ICHELS 2024 - The International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science
306
enforcement agencies. The state also needs
to consider how to ensure that the welfare
level for law enforcement officers is good,
not lacking, and becomes clean law
enforcement officers. How can it be clean if
the broom used for cleaning is a dirty broom.
4 CONCLUSION
In the case study of Harvey Moeis, it is clear how the
political elite play a significant role in the dynamics
of corruption. Through the perspective of legal
sociology, we can understand how social and legal
factors influence corruption practices. The
importance of appropriate interventions in the legal
and political systems is also emphasized to reduce
corruption and enhance the accountability of political
elites.
This severely affects many aspects, not just the
law, but also the trust and stigma of the community,
which will greatly change towards justice and
government integrity. Not only law enforcers but also
government officials will come under scrutiny, and
rightly so.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thank you to colleagues, partners in the PPKn and
Business Law Department of FIS-H UNM and all
parties involved in writing this article. Hopefully in
the future this article can be developed and contribute
to science, especially in the field of law.
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