Analysis of Environmental Degradation Management System in East

Coast Pangandaran Village, West Java

Samadi, Baskara, Icksan Fadhil Kasman, Nur Rahmah Ning Ayu Ramadhon,

Rio Wahyu Budy Satria, Siti Alya Afiyah and Sylva Muthia Setiawan

Department of Geography Education, State University of Jakarta, Jalan Rawamangun Muka, Jakarta Timur, 13220,

Indonesia

Keywords: Environmental Degradation, Management System, East Coast Pangandaran, West Java.

Abstract: This study aims to analyze the potential economic losses, environmental losses, and social losses due to

pollution dynamics on the coast of Pangandaran Village, West Java. Factors assessed included capital

requirements, operational costs, economic impacts (related to income and employment), potential

environmental losses (coastal pollution, coral reef degradation, and coastal sedimentation), and potential

coastal environmental impacts (coastal protection, coastal biota, and tourist area aesthetics). Observations and

measurements were conducted along the coast of Pangandaran Village East Beach during April 2024 with a

target population of the community and hotel managers, restaurant managers, and grocery stall managers. The

data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The results of the study showed that most respondents expressed the

need for additional capital and operational costs to improve the quality of their work. Meanwhile, potential

environmental impacts such as coastal pollution and coral reef damage have become major concerns. Socially,

the majority of respondents were concerned about lifestyle changes and economic changes that could affect the

lives of local people.

1 INTRODUCTION

Waste is one of the things that can threaten the

condition of the aquatic environment not only for

marine biota but also affect the aesthetics of the

coastal environment. According to Law No. 18 of

2008 concerning Waste Management, it is stated that

waste is the residue of daily human activities and / or

natural processes in solid form. Garbage in the waters

if left and piled up continuously will cause pollution

of the marine environment. Marine pollution is the

entry or inclusion of living things, substances,

energy, and/or other components into the marine

environment by human activities so that the quality

drops to a certain level that causes the marine

environment to no longer comply with quality

standards and/or functions.

The problem of marine debris is becoming

more unstoppable by the day. This has caused

tremendous damage to marine life. According to Law

No. 19 of 1999 concerning the Control of Marine

Pollution and / or Destruction, it is explained that

marine destruction is an action that causes direct or

indirect changes to its physical and / or biological

properties that exceed the standard criteria for marine

damage. Pollutants including chemical particles,

industrial waste, agricultural and residential waste,

which enter the sea have various impacts. Discarded

plastic waste floats and settles in the ocean. In

addition to polluting the ocean, marine debris will

eventually be consumed and poison marine animals.

Take plastic waste as an example. Plastic is a

synthetic organic polymer (Yuliadi, et al., 2017). The

light, strong and durable character of plastic makes it

widely used for making various kinds of products,

especially packaging products. The mass of plastic in

the ocean is estimated to accumulate up to one

hundred million metric tons. This condition is very

bad, and it is very difficult to be decomposed by

bacteria. The source of plastic waste in the ocean also

comes from fishing nets that are intentionally

discarded or left on the seabed.

Pangandaran Regency is one of the districts with

an average economic growth of 4.4%, exceeding the

Samadi, , Baskara, , Kasman, I. F., Ramadhon, N. R. N. A., Satria, R. W. B., Aﬁyah, S. A. and Setiawan, S. M.

Analysis of Environmental Degradation Management System in East Coast Pangandaran Village, West Java.

DOI: 10.5220/0013419500004654

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science (ICHELS 2024), pages 64-69

ISBN: 978-989-758-752-8

average district economic growth in West Java

Province, which is 4.06%. This indicates that tourism

in Pangandaran Regency continues to grow and has

the potential to become even more advanced

considering that there is still a lot of potential that has

not been developed. However, the increasing

economic activities in the tourism area in

Pangandaran Regency will have a negative impact on

Pangandaran's coastal ecosystem if it is managed

conventionally and unsustainably.

Pangandaran's East Coast is the most beautiful

part of Pangandaran's tourist attraction. But in the

block beside the Pananjung nature reserve, the once

clean white sand is now littered with trash. The white

sand on Pangandaran's east coast is now filled with

fishing boats. In addition, there is a lot of domestic

and organic waste on the coastal edge. Based on the

data above, there are various types of waste scattered

on Pangandaran's East Coast, ranging from recycled

plastic waste, plant residues, twigs, residual plastic,

paper, coconut shells, noppies and so on.

The condition of Pangandaran East Beach is

filled with fishing boats and a lot of scattered garbage.

Trash that pollutes Pangandaran beach not only

comes from plastic waste washed up on the beach, but

also from communities and supporting industries that

do not comply with plastic waste handling

regulations. This not only endangers marine biota but

also threatens tourism potential. Beach pollution can

result in a decrease in aesthetic value and discourage

beachgoers. In addition, plastic waste can be

converted into smaller sizes (micro plastics) that fish

can eat. This can lead to humans consuming fish that

have eaten micro plastics. If this situation continues,

it will threaten the sustainability of marine biota,

public health, and hamper the development of tourism

in Pangandaran Regency.

2 RESEARCH METHOD

The research was conducted on the East Coast of

Pangandaran Village from April to August 2024. The

study population was the community and service

managers around the East Beach.

The research sample was 10 family heads, 10

hotel service providers around the beach, 5 restaurant

owners around the beach, and 5 grocery stall owners

around the beach. Data were collected using

observation techniques as well as other primary data

sources using questionnaires. Data were analyzed

using qualitative methods.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Pangandaran Regency is a regency located in West

Java Province, Indonesia. Pangandaran Regency has

an area of approximately 1,011.04 km. Pangandaran

Regency is bordered by Ciamis Regency to the north,

Cilacap Regency (Central Java Province) to the east,

the Indian Ocean to the south, and Tasikmalaya

Regency to the west. Pangandaran Regency is located

at the southeastern tip of West Java Province,

bordering Central Java Province to the east. This

regency is the result of the expansion of Ciamis

Regency and has its capital in Parigi.

Pangandaran Village is one of the villages in

Pangandaran Regency that borders Pananjung Village

and Babakan Village. The physical condition of

Pangandaran East Beach has waves that are not as big

as the waves on Pananjung West Beach. This zone

can also be called a fishing zone because next to the

Nature Reserve there are many fishing boats that lean

there and there are also fishermen who sell their

catches directly near the inn.

The East Coast has abrasion barriers such as

piles of rocks on the beach. According to the

fishermen there, the garbage comes from the river that

empties into the sea. When the garbage is in the sea,

it is also tossed by the waves so that it can reach the

coast. The garbage that is brought from the

surrounding rivers is in the form of bamboo sticks,

plastic waste and other garbage.

The research was conducted on the East Coast of

Pangandaran Village from April to August 2024. The

study population was the community and service

managers around the East Beach. The research sample

was 10 family heads, 10 hotel service providers around

the beach, 5 restaurant owners around the beach, and 5

grocery stall owners around the beach. Data were

collected using observation techniques as well as other

primary data sources using questionnaires. Data were

analyzed using qualitative methods.

3.1 Potential of Economic Losses

3.1.1 Need for Capital

Based on data obtained in the field, according to

respondents, 6 people or 60% of respondents stated

that they need capital to support and develop the work

they are currently doing, most of these respondents

said that if they were given capital they would add

facilities and add equipment that would facilitate their

work. A total of 4 people or 40% of respondents stated

that they did not need capital for the work they were

currently doing. They argue that it is better for the

Analysis of Environmental Degradation Management System in East Coast Pangandaran Village, West Java

capital to be diverted into skills training or

empowerment that may be carried out by the

government or investors who want to provide capital.

Capital is needed to develop and add to the facilities

owned (Lubis, 2014). This is in accordance with this

study which explains that most respondents by 60%

said they needed capital to add facilities that would

facilitate the work they did.

3.1.2 Operational and Maintenance Costs

Based on data obtained from the field, according to

respondents, 90% of respondents stated that they need

operational costs in the work they do every day.

According to statements from respondents, most of

them said that the operational costs were used for

transportation such as buying gasoline and food, in

addition, some respondents said that operational costs

would only be incurred if the available facilities

needed maintenance or repair, and some others said

that the operational costs incurred were only to pay

cleaning fees paid to related parties.

10% of respondents stated that they did not need

capital for the work they were currently doing, this was

because the work they were doing did not require

operational costs. According to these (Hidayat, 2011),

states that operational costs are needed for various

community needs around the Kuala langsa port beach.

These costs include transportation costs, or for

preservation techniques (Hidayat, 2011). This is in

accordance with this study which explains that 90%

of respondents have operational costs with their

respective needs. These needs include transportation

costs or cleaning money.

3.2 Potential of Environmental Harm

3.2.1 Pollution

Based on data obtained in the field, 8 people or 80%

of respondents stated that pollution of Pangandaran

East Beach comes from the Citanduy River. The

pollution of Pangandaran East Beach is caused by

garbage from the river that is carried by the waves.

One of the causes of pollution is Pecu Factory waste

from the coconut milk factory. The pollution of East

Beach is exacerbated in the event of flooding because

waste from the river in the form of large logs,

mattresses, bamboo, plastic waste, etc. are carried by

the waves to Pangandaran East Beach.

10% of respondents stated that the pollution of

East Beach comes from the sea. Meanwhile, as many

as 10% of respondents stated that East Beach pollution

comes from household waste from the surrounding

community. Indiscriminate waste disposal will have a

direct impact on the cleanliness and health of the

surrounding environment. during the rainy season,

garbage will enter the water body so that the river

water discharge increases, this condition results in the

drifting of the garbage, the drifting garbage will be

carried towards the river mouth and finally to the sea

(Alfan, et al., 2021; Elyazar, et al., 2021). This is in

accordance with research that explains that garbage

and waste from rivers are the biggest contributing

factors to pollution in the sea.

3.2.2 Coral Damage

Based on data obtained in the field, as many as 40% of

respondents stated that coral reefs on the east coast still

exist, but their condition is damaged. in the past,

many were used as crafts, but now it is prohibited.

Usually damaged coral reefs are on the coast, but

those in the middle of the sea are still quite safe.

Damage to coral reefs on the East Coast was caused

by the bombing of Viking ships.

40% of respondents stated that the coral reefs on

the East Coast were still good. Coral reefs on the East

Coast that are still classified as in good condition are

near the middle of the sea and near the nature reserve.

The condition of coral reefs near the nature

reserve is still well maintained because it is one of the

snorkeling spots. 10% of respondents stated that it

was still good, but some were in a damaged condition.

Meanwhile, as many as 10% of respondents stated

that they did not know. Pangandaran Regency has a

variety of coral reefs, such as Goniastrea retiformis,

G. favulus, G. aspera, G. pectinata, Platygyra pini,

P. lamellina, Montastrea cur. lamellina, Montastrea

curta, M. annuligera, M. magnolia stellata,

Leptastrea transversa, Cyphastrea serailia, C

Chaldium, Echinopora lamellose, E. gemmacea, and

E. Hirsutissima (Yuliadi, et al., 2017). However, the

existence of these coral reefs has been damaged due

to the activities of fishermen, tourists, and nature.

This will certainly have an impact on the economy of

the Pangandaran Regency community. This is in

accordance with research that in Pangandaran there

are coral reefs, but their condition has been damaged

mainly due to human activities.

3.2.3 Sediment Traps

Based on the data obtained in the field, 40% of

respondents stated that there are sediment traps on the

East Coast but only a few and their conditions need to

be improved to be equalized with roads and garbage

will not get stuck. 50% of respondents stated that there

were no sediment traps on the East Coast. Meanwhile,

ICHELS 2024 - The International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science

10% of respondents stated that they did not know about

sediment traps. Pangandaran East Beach does not have

sediment traps because Pangandaran East Beach is

located in the southern sea of Java Island, which has

characteristics of abrasion rates greater than

sedimentation rates [6], which states that the south

coast experiences more abrasion and has deeper water

characteristics because it borders the Indonesian Ocean

which has larger currents and waves than the Java Sea

(Lestari, et al., 2023).

3.3 Potential of Social Harm

3.3.1 Change in Culture of Life

Based on the data obtained in the field, 30% of

respondents stated that they agreed to changes in the

culture of life such as changing the tourist village in

Pangandaran Village into an Industrial City. In the

data above, respondents who agreed reasoned that

changing the tourist village into an industrial city

could be an economic expansion because the average

young

generation in Pangandaran Village

migrates out

of town to find

work. Based on the data obtained

in the

field, 60% of respondents stated that they did not

agree with the change in the culture of life to turn

Pangandaran Village into an Industrial City because

there were respondents who were not too interested in

becoming laborers, there were also respondents who

thought that if Pangandaran Village was established

as an Industrial City, pollution in the sea would

increase continuously because the waste produced by

the industry would definitely be flowed into the sea,

and there were respondents who thought they agreed

if Pangandaran Regency was made an Industrial City

but not Pangandaran Village which was made an

Industrial City because if Pangandaran Village was

made an Industrial City it would damage the

environment.

Based on data in the field, as many as 10% of

respondents stated that it is good if Pangandaran

Village is used as an industrial city when viewed from

an economic point of view, but when viewed from an

environmental point of view they disagree because it

can damage the environment. This is in line with the

respondents' opinion that most of them do not agree

with the change in living culture that turns

Pangandaran Village into an Industrial City which

will certainly damage the environment and pollute the

sea because the flowing waste will end up in the sea.

3.3.2 Social Jealousy

Based on data obtained in the field, as many as 70% of

respondents said they experienced social jealousy

because there were differences in treatment between

fishermen on the East Coast who were too criticized

while on the West Coast they were not, then in the

past there had also been conflicts due to social

jealousy but now they are not. Based on data obtained

from the field, as many as 3 people or 30% of

respondents stated that they did not experience social

jealousy because of the symbiotic mutualism between

hotel guests and fishermen, many hotel guests buy

seafood directly from fishermen.

According to research conducted by Antony [8], it

is possible for fishermen to experience social jealousy

due to differences in fishing catches, differences in

fishing gear to differences in buying and selling prices.

This is also in accordance with the research where

among fishermen around the coast there is also still

social jealousy.

3.4 Potential Economic Impact

Analysis

3.4.1 Impact Analysis of Increased

Community Income

Based on data obtained from the field, 40% of

respondents stated that capital can increase income,

according to them capital can increase income but

there are factors that influence it such as the number

of fish catches for fishermen and tourists/local people

for traders. A total of 6 people or 60% of respondents

stated that capital had no effect on increasing income,

according to them capital had no significant effect on

increasing income because the most influential factor

in increasing income was the quality of human

resources of the Pangandaran community. In addition,

there is a government policy that burdens people who

work as pedicab drivers in the pangandaran area, the

policy is an increase in parking fees of Rp.1,000,000

/ month, so that additional capital to pedicab drivers

has no effect on increasing their income because this

additional capital will only be allocated to the parking

policy. In the tourism sector, this additional capital

also has less significant impact on increasing income

because income in the tourism sector is more

dependent on the tourist factor, usually tourism sector

income increases on long holidays such as Eid

holidays or New Year holidays because many tourists

come to vacation in Pangandaran Village.

According to research conducted by Kain (Kain,

2023), working capital has a positive and significant

effect on income in the trade sector, this is in

accordance with this study in which respondents who

are traders say that capital has an effect on increasing

Analysis of Environmental Degradation Management System in East Coast Pangandaran Village, West Java

income. The capital has a negative and significant

effect on fishermen's income and catches have a

positive and significant effect on fishermen's income,

this is in accordance with this study in which

respondents with fishermen's livelihoods said that the

factor of increasing fishermen's income depends on

fish catches, while capital has no significant effect on

increasing fishermen's income.

3.4.2 Analysis of Job Improvement in the

Informal Sector

Based on data obtained from the field, as many as

30% of respondents stated that they did not know that

operational costs had an effect on improving

employment. 20% of respondents stated that they

agreed that operational costs had an effect on

improving employment, they said. 50% of

respondents stated that they disagreed that

operational costs had an effect on improving

employment.

3.5 Potential Environmental Impacts

3.5.1 Protection of Beaches and Coastal

Biota

Based on data obtained from the field, according to

respondents, 60% of respondents said that the

protection of beaches and coastal biota was still quite

good. According to statements from respondents, the

east coast of Pangandaran is still maintained because

people still care about doing attitudes such as

catching fish in traditional ways so that coastal biota

can be well protected. In addition, the east coast is

still protected because it is more natural than the west

coast of Pangandaran.

Then, as many as 30% said that the protection

of biota and the east coast of Pangandaran was still

somewhat lacking because the government was

negligent and less careful in determining the

recipients of assistance in cultivation efforts, fish

development, and marine natural resources so that

many irresponsible actors used the opportunity to

enrich themselves. Basically nature has provided an

effective natural coastal protection mechanism,

namely sand beaches whose sand beds function as

effective wave energy destroyers and sand dunes

which are sand reserves that also function as seawalls

(Kain, 2023).

3.5.2 Improve Area Aesthetics

Based on data obtained from the field, according to

respondents, four respondents or 40% said that the

east coast can still increase the aesthetic value of the

area. The existence of sediment traps can certainly

support the aesthetics of the beach. In addition,

sediment traps found on the beach can also support the

improvement of beach aesthetics. Then, as many as

20% said that the east coast could not increase the

aesthetic value of the area. With the sediment trap, the

community considered that it would make a lot of

garbage accumulate and be buried there. Finally, four

respondents said that they did not understand or even

know about the increase in the aesthetic value of the

east coast of Pangandaran. They do not understand

the effect of this sediment trap to increase the aesthetic

value of the pangandaran beach area. Sedimentation

itself, which is meant to affect the aesthetics of the

beach, is the deposition of rock material that is

transported by water or wind power and deposited

when the strength of the water weakens or stops

(Elyazar, et al., 2021).

3.6 Potential Social Impact

3.6.1 Absorption of Labor

Based on data obtained in the field, according to

respondents, as many as 100% of respondents stated

that the absorption of labor or most of the people on

the east coast of Pangandaran work as fishermen and

traders. According to the respondents' statements, as

many as 7 out of 10 people said that they did not agree

if the east coast of Pangandaran would be made an

industrial area and they would continue to work

according to their current jobs, most of whom are

fishermen and traders. The reason for the statement

above is that they consider the east coast area not

suitable if it is made an industrial area because it can

damage the sea area around the east coast and may

change the culture here. While 3 out of 10 other

respondents agree if the east coast of Pangandaran is

made an industrial area because it can open up new

jobs so that the younger generation in Pangandaran

gets better jobs.

According to research conducted by Marceilla

Hidayat (Hidayat, 2011), the absorption of labor in the

Meranti Islands area is mostly fishermen and fisheries

cultivation. This is in accordance with this study

which explains that on the east coast of Pangandaran,

the average person has a job as a fisherman.

3.6.2 Marine Tourism Destinations

Based on data obtained in the field, according to

respondents, 100% of respondents stated that the east

coast of Pangandaran is still a marine tourism

ICHELS 2024 - The International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science

destination, this is because there are water rides that

attract tourists to come to the east coast. Although one

respondent said that the east coast is the second choice

for marine tourism destinations after the west coast.

According to research conducted by Marceilla

Hidayat (Hidayat, 2011), Pangandaran beach tourism

still has the potential to become a leading tourist

destination in West Java. This is in accordance with

this study which explains that the east coast of

Pangandaran is still a marine tourism destination.

4 CONCLUSION

The results of the study show that first, in general in

the economic sector, people still need capital to

facilitate their work and require daily operational and

maintenance costs. Although capital is increased, the

majority of respondents think that capital does not

affect income increases but rather many other factors

such as human resources, government policies, and

tourists. In addition, the majority of respondents also

said that operational costs do not affect job

improvements.

Second, from the environmental field, the east

coast of Pangandaran is still polluted by garbage and

waste. This pollution has caused many coral reefs to

die. In addition, many people are still unaware of

sediment traps because the coast tends to abrasion.

Although the east coast is polluted, in fact many

people consider the conditions to be still good and can

increase the aesthetic value of the area.

Lastly, from the social field, the majority of

respondents rejected Pangandaran village as an

industrial village because Pangandaran village is a

tourist village. In terms of social jealousy,

respondents admitted to being jealous of fishermen in

the west and east of Pangandaran. So that in terms of

the potential social impact on the community, almost

the majority said they did not agree because if

Pangandaran city was made an industrial city, it could

damage the environment and the east coast of

Pangandaran is still worthy of being a marine tourism

destination.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks to the Chancellor of Jakarta State University

and the Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences and

Law and the Dean's staff who helped fund the

research in the field data collection aspect.

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Analysis of Environmental Degradation Management System in East Coast Pangandaran Village, West Java