Analyzing the Constraints of Cow Manure Biogas Program with

Biodigester: Implications for Sustainable Development in Rural West

Sumatra

Muhammad Hidayat

, Nurhasan Syah

, Erianjoni

, Desy Mardhiah

, Riza Wardefi

and

Lia Amelia

Department of So

ciology, Environmental Sociology Social-Anthropology, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang City,

Indonesia

Postgraduate Environmental Study Program, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang City, Indonesia Universitas Negeri

Padang, Indonesia

Keywords: Biogas, Social Engagement, Sustainable Development, Program Failure, Renewable Energy.

Abstract: This study examines the barriers that hinder the success and desirability of a cow dung biogas program in

Pasaman District, West Sumatra, within the framework of rural sustainable development. Although biogas

technology is promising as a renewable energy source, its implementation can face significant challenges,

including inadequate government support, inadequate training, and inconsistency with local socio-economic

and cultural conditions. Guided by Travis Hirschi's social control theory, this study reveals that low levels of

sustainability, commitment, and community involvement undermine participation and ownership among

farmers. Furthermore, Pierre Bourdieu's concept of social capital highlights the detrimental effects of weak

trust and collaboration in social networks. At the same time, Edward Hall's anthropological communication

theory underscores the impact of ineffective and culturally insensitive communication practices. Using a

qualitative case study approach, this study involved in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with

farmers, agricultural extension workers, and government officials. Findings suggest a systemic lack of social

support, including a lack of advanced techniques and weak interactions within the mesosystem, as described

by Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. This lack of understanding results in farmer isolation and

limited access to resources and guidance needed for effective biogas management. The study concludes that

a holistic strategy is essential to address these socio-technical barriers. Key recommendations include active

community engagement training, enhancing social networks to enhance collaboration and resource sharing,

and ensuring consistent government support through tailored training and adaptive technology using model

predictive control (MPC) . By addressing these issues, biogas programs can become more effective,

sustainable and scalable, and make a significant contribution to the rural energy transition. This study enriches

the discourse on sustainable development by emphasizing the critical role of social dynamics in renewable

energy initiatives. It offers actionable insights and a strategic framework to guide the implementation of

biogas programs in similar rural contexts, paving the way for a more inclusive and sustainable energy future.

1 INTRODUCTION

The government's efforts to advance renewable

energy to address energy demand in rural areas have

encountered many challenges, especially in

implementing the biogas program. Although rural

communities are expected to benefit the most from

this program, many need to understand biogas

technology. Indonesia's continued dependence on

fossil fuels, such as oil and coal, has not only

contributed to environmental degradation and severe

greenhouse gas emissions (Hidayati et al., 2019) but

has also raised concerns about future energy security,

as projected oil reserves only last for 12 years (BP

Migas, 2011).

One of the significant constraints in implementing

biogas programs is the need for greater involvement

of key stakeholders, including agricultural extension

agencies and local governments. This gap has

resulted in poorly designed and unsustainable training

Hidayat, M., Syah, N., Erianjoni, , Mardhiah, D., Wardeﬁ, R. and Amelia, L.

Analyzing the Constraints of Cow Manure Biogas Program with Biodigester: Implications for Sustainable Development in Rural West Sumatra.

DOI: 10.5220/0013415800004654

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science (ICHELS 2024), pages 51-63

ISBN: 978-989-758-752-8

initiatives, leaving communities unprepared to utilize

biogas technology (Aji, 2022) effectively. In addition,

cultural practices and community behavioural

patterns significantly affect program outcomes.

Challenges such as limited access to suitable raw

materials, including livestock manure, and

inadequate management systems further hamper the

efficiency of biogas production (Rahadi et al., 2018).

Biogas offers enormous potential as a sustainable

and environmentally friendly energy source due to its

high methane content (55%-75%) and high calorific

value (4800-6700 kcal/m³) (Aisah & Herdiansyah,

2020). However, proper control of the fermentation

process and consistent maintenance of the biogas

system are essential to realize this potential. If

implemented effectively, biogas technology can

improve the livelihoods of rural populations and

contribute to national policies aimed at reducing

dependence on fossil fuels while expanding the use of

renewable energy.

Biogas technology offers a sustainable solution

for rural development, especially in livestock areas.

This technology utilizes organic waste, especially

animal waste, to provide an alternative energy source

(Ramdhan et al., 2021; Sugiono et al., 2023). A

biogas system can provide economic benefits, energy

independence, and environmental improvements in

rural communities (Kuntang et al., 2018; Dewi

Hastuti, 2009). However, successful implementation

requires community participation, government

support, and proper management (Julianita et al.,

2020; Andhina et al., 2020). Although biogas

technology is relatively simple and easily adaptable

to areas with limited human resources, there are

challenges, such as maintenance issues and the need

for continuous socialization (Fahmi Arifan et al.,

2019; Andhina et al., 2015).

Community involvement in rural biogas programs

through active participation of residents in the

planning and implementation of biogas programs has

been shown to increase the success and desirability of

the program (Julianita & Fatchiya, 2020; Aisah &

Herdiansyah, 2020). A holistic and participatory

approach, such as the SHIP method, is needed to

overcome technical and social obstacles often

occurring in program implementation (Sucipta et al.,

2017). Biogas programs provide dual benefits, such

as alternative energy and waste processing (Ajija et

al., 2020; Oktavia & Firmansyah, 2016). Education

and training for the community regarding the benefits

and technology of biogas can increase understanding

and adoption of this technology in the community

(Anugrah et al., 2023). Collaboration between the

community, government, and non-governmental

organizations is essential to achieve the success of

this program (Yasin & Pratiwi, 2024). Community

involvement also effectively increases interest in

learning in rural areas, showing the broader potential

of community-based approaches (Putri et al., 2023).

This study aims to identify factors contributing to

the constraints faced by the biogas program utilizing

cow dung biodigesters in Pasaman Regency, West

Sumatra, within the framework of sustainable rural

development. The increasing demand for renewable

energy and the potential of biogas recognized as a

viable alternative energy source are the basis for this

study. Although the biogas program in Pasaman has

received government and institutional support, the

program continues to face constraints such as

inadequate training and limited community

involvement.

Ideally, training can be adapted by involving

community members in the development process so

that the training content reflects the specific

challenges they face and the language they use every

day. In addition, more hands-on and interactive

learning methods, such as hands-on documentation

and field visits to operating biogas plants, can

enhance participants' understanding and skills. This

adaptation will help communities understand how to

manage and maintain biogas systems and build a

sense of ownership and responsibility for their

technology.

This study is supported by the assumption that

active community participation and strong social

networks are essential for the success of a biogas

program. This study addresses the following

questions: "To what extent does community

involvement influence the success of a biogas

program, and how do social networks shape the social

support received by farmers?" and "What are the main

factors that facilitate or hinder social support in the

implementation of a biogas program?"

By answering these research questions, this study

aims to explain the social dynamics of the community

and propose actionable strategies to improve social

support mechanisms. This improvement ensures that

the biogas program is a practical, sustainable, and

scalable solution to rural energy needs. This study

highlights the importance of encouraging community

involvement, building strong social networks, and

providing adequate social support in achieving

successful development outcomes. Previous studies

have consistently shown that the termination and

effectiveness of development initiatives are greatly

enhanced through active community involvement

(Aminah et al., 2023; Anugrah, 2023).

ICHELS 2024 - The International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science

2 LIBRARY REVIEWS

2.1 Social Control

The concept of social control by sociologists-

anthropologists such as Emile Durkheim and Robert K.

Merton, Pravis is a mechanism for how order in society

is formed and how deviations and behaviour can be

managed. According to Merton, there are two types of

social control: preventive (preventive) and repressive

(punishing)—Durkheim views social control as a

prophylactic measure to maintain order and morality in

society. Social deviation is seen as a result of weak

social ties and weak community control over

individuals. The sustainability of the biogas

empowerment program in Pasaman must be connected

to the social control in the local community.

(Ristianingsih et al., 2018; Lie et al., 2022; Munahar et

al., 2021; Hendrasarie & RP, 2021).

Based on the context of biogas in Pasaman, the

obstacles and deviations in the program's

sustainability are the weakening of social ties and

community control over individual biogas farmers.

This condition causes a lack of community

participation, which hampered the understanding of

optimal biogas management forts that can be made to

encourage the success of the biogas program in

Pasaman, which requires strengthening social control

at the community level. This can be done through: 1)

Strengthening community institutions related to the

biogas program, 2) Increasing community

participation in the planning, implementation, and

evaluation process of the biogas program, 3)

Strengthening understanding and capacity in the

community for optimal biogas management (Lie et

al., 2022; Purwantono et al., 2022). By strengthening

social control at the community level in the biogas

sector, it is hoped that it can become a preventive

control or prevention through strengthening existing

norms and values in the community, which influence

individual decisions to adopt new technologies such

as sustainable biogas in Pasaman and minimize

obstacles that often arise.

2.2 Social Capital

Sociologists-anthropologists explain that social

capital can be divided into several things, such as

trust, values and norms, and networks owned by a

community. Karl Marx saw social capital as a

framework needed to carry out social activities in a

community. Marx explained social capital as a

relationship of mutual trust, shared values and norms,

and a network of cooperation built within a

community (Christy et al., 2019). According to

Putnam, social capital consists of trust, norms, and

networks that can increase the efficiency of society by

facilitating collective action (Bowling Alone, 2023).

Trust, values, standards, and social networks are

essential in supporting the development and

sustainability of community development programs

such as the biogas program in Pasaman.

Social networks and trust play a central role in the

success of biogas programs but can sometimes be

obstacles if not appropriately managed (Purwantono

et al., 2022). In Waru Barat Village, Pamekasan,

research shows that strong social networks between

farmer groups and other stakeholders, such as

government, distributors, and suppliers, are beneficial

in facilitating the distribution and promotion of

biogas (Hadi et al., 2021). However, if these networks

are unstable or disrupted by anxiety or dissatisfaction,

this can lead to operational disruptions and decreased

community interest. In Areng Village, Cibodas, the

positive impact of social networks was seen in

increased community awareness and participation

after effective communication between extension

workers and the community. They managed to

increase the trust ratio through lectures and

brainstorming methods, which ultimately helped

build a high radius of trust (Barhoun & Ed-Djibouti,

2023). This shows that solid social networks and high

trust can be the main drivers in driving the success of

biogas programs, while the creator or lack of trust can

hinder it.

Social capital can play a role in supporting the

success of the biogas program in Pasaman, for

example through (Ari et al., 2022): 1) Increasing

community trust and confidence in the benefits of

biogas, 2) Strengthening values and norms that

support biogas development at the community level,

3) Strengthening cooperation networks between

communities, governments, and other stakeholders in

biogas development (Lie et al., 2022) (Purwantono et

al., 2022). By strengthening social capital in the

community, it is hoped to encourage more optimal

community participation and Contribution to the

biogas program so that obstacles such as limited

community understanding and low biogas

consumption can be minimized.

2.3 Ecological System

Sociologists- Anthropologists explain the concept of

ecological systems, which is that the surrounding

environment, both physical and social environments,

significantly influences the development of

individuals or communities. The system has an

Analyzing the Constraints of Cow Manure Biogas Program with Biodigester: Implications for Sustainable Development in Rural West

Sumatra

environmental system to understand the relationship

between humans and their environment. (Indrajati et

al., 2023). Ecological anthropologist Julian Steward

explains the ecological system associated with the

First Ecological Law: a population, organism, or

community must be studied about its environment to

understand an ecological system. The second

environmental law states that each ecological system

has various factors that influence each other. The

third environmental law explains that human

awareness, reasoning, and intelligence allow them to

adapt to existing ecological systems through

experience and learning (Syafina & Ahmad, 2022).

The ecological system in the biogas program in

Pasaman can affect its success. What is conveyed in the

first environmental law, the ecological system, both the

physical environment and the social environment in

Pasaman, must be well understood, for example, the

potential for livestock waste biomass, community

lifestyle, culture, availability and access to capital, and

existing institutional support. Then, as in the second

ecological law, the interrelated factors in the

environmental system can influence each other and

determine the success of the biogas program in

Pasaman. Furthermore, the third environmental law

also states that with the human ability to adapt, the

biogas development program in Pasaman can be

carried out well through learning and experience

(Ristianingsih et al., 2018). Thus, if the ecological

system in Pasaman supports it, it will be easier for the

community to adapt biogas technology sustainably, as

explained in the third environmental law.

3 METHODS

3.1 Unit Analysis

The analysis of the failure of the biogas program

using cow dung and biodigesters in Pasaman

Regency, West Sumatra, focuses on three essential

elements: the case, the location, and the actors

involved. The case applies biogas technology to

encourage sustainable development in rural areas by

utilizing cow dung as an alternative energy source.

Pasaman Regency was chosen as the research

location because it has unique social, economic, and

cultural characteristics, which significantly affect the

adoption and success of the program. Osei-Marfo et

al. (2020) emphasize that local community

involvement and socio-economic dynamics are

essential determinants of biogas technology uptake.

In addition, key actors—such as farmers, agricultural

extension workers, and local government officials—

are critical in program implementation and

evaluation. Gift (2023) highlights that effective

stakeholder engagement is essential to optimizing

biogas production outcomes.

Despite having many advantages, the application

of biogas technology in Indonesia, especially in

Pasaman Regency, West Sumatra, still needs to

overcome various challenges. This research was

conducted in Jorong IV Mahakarya, Luhak nan Duo

District, West Pasaman. The reason for conducting this

research in this area is based on data from the Ministry

of Energy and Mineral Resources; the achievement of

the distribution of biogas reactors in Indonesia,

including Pasaman, only reached around 30% of the

target set in 2018, indicating serious problems in the

implementation of the program (Tempo, 2019). Biogas

has yet to be utilized optimally, and efforts are needed

to develop technology and public understanding

(Munahar et al., 2021; Lie et al., 2022; Ristianingsih et

al., 2018). The human error factor shows that 96% of

the cases are caused by a lack of understanding and

support from users of the biogas system (Puji, 2016).

This shows the failure of public acceptance because it

does not consider socio-economic constraints during

the design and implementation of the program (Jan

2021).

3.2 Resources

This study combines multiple sources of information

to comprehensively analyze the failure of the biogas

program in Pasaman District. Primary data were

collected from key informants, including farmers

participating in the program, agricultural extension

workers, and local government representatives, who

provided first-hand insights into the challenges and

experiences associated with biogas technology

adoption. Additional perspectives from renewable

energy experts and academics were drawn to provide

a broader contextual understanding. Secondary data

sources included program reports, previous research

manuscripts, and documents from government

agencies and non-governmental organizations, which

were rich in analysis. Additionally, news articles and

related publications were reviewed to capture socio-

economic factors that influenced the success or

failure of the program.

3.3 Data Collection

The data collection used a combination of methods to

ensure a thorough understanding of the phenomenon

under study. These methods included desk

observations, field observations, in-depth interviews,

ICHELS 2024 - The International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science

and focus group discussions (FGDs). Initially, a desk

review was conducted to examine relevant documents

such as program reports, scientific literature, and

secondary data to establish the background and

context of the biogas program. Field observations

were conducted next, allowing researchers to directly

assess farmers' conditions and challenges in

managing biogas facilities. In-depth interviews with

key respondents—farmers, extension workers, and

local government officials—provided insights into

factors influencing program outcomes. Finally, FGDs

brought together various stakeholders to identify key

challenges and explore potential solutions to improve

the desired program.

3.4 Data Analysis

Data analysis was guided by Travis Hirschi's social

theory, which served as an analytical framework. The

process began with data reduction, where information

from interviews, observations, and FGDs was

organized and discussed into emerging themes. These

were then explained using Hirschi's four social

elements: attachment, commitment, involvement, and

belief. This approach allowed the researcher to

examine how farmers' social connectedness to the

biogas program influenced their participation and

overall success. The analysis provided more profound

insights into the social dynamics underlying the

adoption of sustainable biogas technologies by

linking the findings to Hirschi's framework.

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Biogas Management: Then and

Now

The cow dung-based biogas program in West

Pasaman Regency, especially in Luhak Nan Duo

District, began with great enthusiasm as part of the

government's initiative to promote renewable energy.

In 2014, the West Sumatra Agricultural Technology

Assessment Center (BPTP) held a biogas production

training in Jorong Mahakarya. This initiative

involved local farmer groups and utilized available

resources such as cow dung to produce methane gas

for cooking and lighting.

However, the technology used in this program is

relatively simple, utilizing materials such as

polyethene (PE) plastic for gas storage. Although

cost-effective, this approach has many drawbacks,

including low efficiency and limited durability. One

informant, Mr Suparman, noted that the biogas

produced is insufficient even to boil air for a

reasonable period. Furthermore, the maintenance

complexity and frequent plastic leakage add to

operational constraints, making this system

unsustainable in the long term.

At the beginning of the program, farmer groups of

about 20 people each were given 40 cows to produce

manure for biogas production. Despite this support,

the program quickly lost momentum due to a lack of

post-training supervision and ongoing mentoring

from BPTP. Farmers struggled to manage the biogas

system independently without guidance from

extension workers.

Another significant obstacle is the pragmatic

response of communities to the program. When

biogas systems fail to meet expectations, particularly

regarding energy efficiency and maintenance costs,

many farmers turn to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),

which is more practical and cost-effective.

Government subsidies for LPG and stoves further

reinforce this conservation, hampering the

sustainable use of biogas.

Today, the remains of the biogas program in West

Pasaman are barely visible. Many former biogas

facilities, such as cow dung storage, have been

converted to function—for example, as a pond for

catfish farming. This transformation underscores the

difficulty that simple technologies like biogas face

when competing with conventional energy solutions

when sustainable support is lacking.

4.2 Lessons Learned and

Recommendations

The failure of the biogas program highlights the need

for a comprehensive and sustainable approach to

ensure success. Reliable technology, intensive

training, and consistent support from the government

and stakeholders are essential to harness the potential

of renewable energy sources such as biogas.

One of the key issues identified in this study is the

need for a sustainability monitoring and evaluation

system. After the initial training provided by BPTP,

there needed to be a mechanism to initiate progress or

provide follow-up assistance to sustain the program.

This gap between training and field implementation

leaves farmers needing more technical resources or

support to address operational challenges.

The failure of this program can also be attributed

to the lack of an adaptive approach that is in line with

local needs. The development of biogas technology

tailored to the community's social and economic

conditions needs to be improved. For future

programs, the desire requires active involvement of

Analyzing the Constraints of Cow Manure Biogas Program with Biodigester: Implications for Sustainable Development in Rural West

Sumatra

the government, extension workers, and local

communities in ongoing collaboration. Periodic

evaluations must be carried out to refine the

technology and adjust the implementation of

strategies based on field conditions.

Figure 1: Current condition of biogas processing plant in

Pasaman, 2024.

4.3 Biogas Program Failure

Analysis of the failure of a biogas program Analysis of

the failure of a biogas program utilizing cow dung and

biodigesters in Kabupaten, West Sumatra, reveals

critical challenges in maintaining farmer participation.

Statistical data from interviews with farmers and

agricultural extension workers show that only about

30% of farmers initially involved in the program

continued using the biogas system after two years of

implementation. Participation levels were categorized

as medium-high (40%), medium-high, and low (30%),

highlighting the gap in sustained engagement.

Insights from the interviews shed light on the

factors behind this decline. One farmer stated,

"Initially I was very enthusiastic, but after a few

months, I felt there was no support from the

government, and it became difficult to maintain the

system." This sentiment highlights the significant

challenges farmers face, including inadequate

technical assistance, lack of institutional support, and

difficulties in maintaining biogas systems

independently.

Limited financial support from the government

for initial investment in biogas infrastructure is a

significant challenge. Many farmers can only afford

the relatively high cost of building a biogas system

with subsidies or affordable loans for infrastructure

improvements. Technical support is also needed,

especially in training and education on effectively

designing, operating and maintaining biogas systems.

Many communities need more knowledge or skills to

make the most of this technology with adequate

training programs.

This finding underscores critical gaps in

sustainable social and institutional support,

significantly contributing to program failure. The

absence of strong collaborative relationships between

farmers and agricultural extension workers further

exacerbates this problem. These results underscore

the need to foster partnerships, provide consistent

technical assistance, and offer ongoing support to

increase the desirability and success of renewable

energy programs in rural communities.

Figure 2: Condition of community interaction map in the

biogas program in Pasaman, 2024.

4.4 Community Involvement in Cow

Manure Biogas Program

Community engagement in the cow dung biogas

program in Pasaman District, West Sumatra, faced

significant challenges that ultimately led to its failure.

The study identified low community awareness of the

benefits of biogas technology and technological

limitations, such as inadequate equipment, as

significant barriers to active farmer participation.

Furthermore, while training sessions were conducted,

many farmers needed to apply the knowledge gained,

and government support, including further training and

incentives, needed to be improved. These combined

factors could help achieve the program's goal of

advancing sustainable development in rural areas.

The pattern of community involvement in the

biogas program shows a trend that has implications

for its loss and effectiveness. Although communities

initially showed high enthusiasm for the initiative,

participation rates have declined sharply. This decline

can be attributed to a lack of comprehensive

understanding of biogas technology and the absence

of sustained government support after initial training.

Farmers also face operational challenges from limited

ICHELS 2024 - The International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science

access to appropriate equipment and infrastructure,

undermining the program's ineffectiveness.

4.5 Social Support and Sustainability

Programs

Social support for the cow dung biogas program was

another important factor influencing its success in

Pasaman District. Data collected through in-depth

interviews with farmers and agricultural extension

workers revealed a widespread perception of a lack of

support after the initial training phase. For example,

one farmer said, "After the training, we didn't know

where to go for further assistance." This gap between

expectations and reality created significant

mismatches in program implementation, with 70% of

farmers expressing dissatisfaction with the level of

support provided.

A flowchart can map out an ideal support process

to better illustrate these gaps, from training and talk-

through to follow-up support. The diagram can

identify specific points where system support fails,

visually showing the steps needed to increase farmer

engagement and ensure program continuity.

Emphasizing effectiveness and collaboration among

all stakeholders will be critical to addressing these

challenges and achieving long-term success in future

initiatives.

Figure 3: Map of key conditions of the Biogas Program

Social Network in Pasaman, 2024.

4.6 Social Network Dynamics Program

and Failure

Analysis of social network dynamics related to the

failure of a cow dung biogas program in Pasaman

District, West Sumatra, reveals a recurring problem

of weak interaction between stakeholders. Despite

government efforts to provide training and support

and the proactive role of NGOs in extension services,

many farmers reported feeling excluded and needed

more information on how to implement biogas

technology effectively.

Ineffective communication practices in biogas

programs are often caused by a need to understand

local communities' social and cultural context,

leading to misunderstandings and technology

resistance. For example, in some cases in this region,

outreach conducted by external parties uses complex

technical language without considering the

educational background of the community, which is

generally elementary school graduates, so that the

information conveyed cannot be adequately

understood. In addition, a one-way communication

approach—where data is only transferred without any

dialogue or feedback from the community—can

create the impression that their needs and concerns

are not being addressed.

This pattern highlights significant communication

and collaboration, where farmers need more ongoing

support after the initial training. As a result, the

biogas management system is disrupted, resulting in

unsatisfactory program results.

These findings emphasize the need to strengthen

several efforts to enable synergistic interactions

among all stakeholders. Increasing collaboration and

communication channels is essential to encourage the

development of sustainable renewable energy

solutions in rural communities.

4.7 Social Support and Farmer

Engagement

Data on social support for the biogas program in

Pasaman District were collected through in-depth

interviews with farmers and agricultural extension

workers. This gap between expectations and actual

support created significant unity, with 70% of farmers

expressing dissatisfaction with the assistance they

received.

To better illustrate these gaps, a flowchart could

map out the ideal support process—from training to

follow-up—while identifying critical points where

support fails to continue. Such a diagram would

highlight the steps needed to increase farmer

engagement, ensure program lapses, and underscore

the importance of effective communication and

collaboration among all stakeholders.

4.8 Social Support in Biogas Program

Research on the failure of a cow dung biogas program

in Pasaman District, West Sumatra, highlighted the

Analyzing the Constraints of Cow Manure Biogas Program with Biodigester: Implications for Sustainable Development in Rural West

Sumatra

need for more interaction and collaboration between

farmers, government, and extension agencies. Many

farmers reported a need for follow-up training and

technical guidance after the initial sessions, leaving

them needing clarification on managing the biogas

system. Furthermore, ineffective communication

between farmers and extension officers resulted in a

limited understanding of the benefits of biogas and its

operational requirements, leaving farmers feeling

protected and unprotected in addressing the

challenges they faced. This lack of strong social

support contributed significantly to the program's

failure, limiting its potential to serve as a sustainable

alternative energy solution in rural areas.

Figure 4: Main map conditions of Social Network

Dynamics and Biogas Program Failure, 2024.

4.9 Social Support Patterns and

Program Participation

Analysis of social support patterns revealed a

negative trend. Community engagement in the biogas

program could have been higher despite initial

government training and support from extension

agencies. Many farmers expressed dissatisfaction

with the level of support, describing it as

unsustainable and unable to address the technical and

operational challenges they faced. This

dissatisfaction was further exacerbated by ineffective

communication between farmers and extension

officers, resulting in a limited understanding of the

benefits and functionality of the program. As a result,

many farmers opted for more accessible energy

solutions, such as LPG, which they perceived as more

straightforward and cost-effective than biogas. The

cycle of weak social support and low participation

hampers the program's success as a sustainable

energy initiative.

Analysis of community involvement in the cow

dung biogas program in Pasaman Regency reveals the

importance of low participation to program outcomes.

Referring to Travis Hirschi's social control theory,

community involvement is a "social bond" that

encourages individuals to commit to a collective

initiative (Hirschi, 1969). According to this theory,

four social elements—attachment, commitment,

involvement, and belief—are critical in encouraging

participation. However, this study found that many

farmers lack a sense of ownership of the biogas

program, reducing their motivation to engage

actively. Without such bonds or a shared

understanding of responsibility, the program's

potential for success is severely compromised.

In addition, Pierre Bourdieu's concept of social

capital offers insight into the importance of

relationships and trust within a community for

collective action (Bourdieu, 1986). Social capital

stresses that trust, networks, and leverage are critical

to ensuring the sustainability of development

programs. The findings highlight that weak social

capital among farmers hinders collaboration and

collective responsibility. Therefore, active

participation—such as involving community

members in program planning and implementation—

can foster ownership and accountability, increasing

the likelihood of program success.

Therefore, the perspective-consequence, weak

community interaction structures contribute

significantly to the success of the biogas program.

Inadequate communication and transparency between

the government and community members creates a

lack of understanding of the benefits and operational

mechanisms of the program. Referring to the

Anthropological Communication Theory by Edward

Hall (1976), this misalignment can be attributed to

differences in communication styles and cultural

expectations. Hall emphasized the importance of high

communication in rural settings, where implicit trust

and culturally appropriate interaction methods are

essential.

This lack of effective communication has fostered

a sense of mistrust among farmers, many of whom

feel the program was imposed on them rather than

designed to meet their needs. This mistrust is

compounded by a lack of follow-up, which leaves

farmers feeling disconnected. To address these

challenges, it is critical to establish culturally

sensitive communication channels and engage

communities at every stage of the program. Such

ICHELS 2024 - The International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science

steps will increase transparency, build trust, and

foster collective responsibility for future initiatives.

The failure of the biogas program in Pasaman

Regency can also be explained through the lens of

weak ties theory (Granovetter, 1973), highlighting

social networks' role in facilitating resource exchange

and collaboration. Weak ties—connections with

individuals outside one's immediate social circle—

are often crucial in bridging and disseminating

information. However, this study observed that weak

social networks among farmers limited collaboration

and hindered the exchange of knowledge and

resources essential for implementing biogas

technology effectively.

In contrast, strong social networks can act as a

support structure, allowing farmers to share

experiences, knowledge, and best practices. Farmers

feel sheltered and unsupported without these

networks, contributing to program failure. This aligns

with Durkheim's concepts of mechanical and organic

solidarity, which underscore the importance of

connectedness in achieving collective goals

(Durkheim, 1893). Stakeholders should develop

strategies to strengthen social networks, such as

forming working groups or learning communities, to

enhance collaboration and ensure the desirability of

the biogas program.

The conclusion emphasizes the importance of

social pressure, encouraging participation, and

ensuring program sustainability. According to Cohen

and Wills (1985), social support is an essential buffer

against stress, especially in challenging tasks such as

adopting new technologies. Lack of adequate support

from extension workers and unclear information

about the benefits of biogas made farmers feel

protected and motivated to maintain their efforts. This

highlights the critical role of social support as a

binding force in communities that encourages active

participation. Without such support, programs such as

biogas are at significant risk of failure.

Furthermore, Bronfenbrenner's ecological

systems theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1979) provides a

framework for understanding the interactions

between individual behaviour and the broader social

system. The failure of social cessation in biogas

programs reflects a breakdown in the "mesosystem,"

where interactions between farmers and extension

workers are weak or nonexistent. To address this gap,

stakeholders must build sustainable social support

systems that connect farmers with resources, training,

and technical assistance throughout the program's life

cycle.

Analysis of the failure of the biogas program in

Pasaman Regency shows that, although it has been

started since the 1970s, its implementation at the

village level still faces various obstacles. Data from

interviews with farmers and agricultural extension

officers show that only 30% of farmers remain active

users of the biogas system two years after the program

began.

Extension workers not only serve as a liaison

between the government and the community but also

have the potential to be effective agents of change by

providing technical information, training, and

ongoing support to farmers. We can design more

comprehensive and relevant training programs by

understanding extension workers' challenges, such as

limited knowledge of biogas technology or lack of

resources to conduct effective extension. In addition,

involving extension workers in the decision-making

process and planning of the biogas program can

increase their sense of ownership of the initiative,

thus encouraging them to be more proactive in

educating the community (Dewi et al., 2023).

Factors contributing to this failure include 1)

Limited Government Support, Minimal follow-up

assistance and inadequate resource allocation, and 2)

Ineffective Training: Training sessions failed to equip

farmers with the skills necessary for biogas

management, which is in line with Rogers' Diffusion

of Innovation Theory (2003), which highlights the

importance of practical knowledge transfer for

technology adoption. 3) Technology

Inappropriateness: Biogas technology was not

adapted to the local socio-economic and cultural

context.

This study uses a qualitative approach with a case

study methodology to explore the experiences and

perspectives of stakeholders, including farmers and

government officials. In addition, this study also

examines the socio-economic and cultural contexts

that influence the implementation of biogas

technology in Pasaman Regency. The findings of this

study highlight the need for improved support

systems, communication, and tailored solutions that

address local needs to drive the success of biogas

programs in rural areas.

Analysis of the cow dung biogas program in

Pasaman District revealed several key findings that

underscore its failure to achieve sustainable

outcomes. Low community engagement emerged as

a significant problem, with farmers demonstrating

minimal ownership, commitment, and participation

in the planning process. This lack of engagement

hampers collective accountability and reduces the

program's effectiveness. Weak social networks

compound the problem, as farmers experience

isolation and require more platforms to collaborate

Analyzing the Constraints of Cow Manure Biogas Program with Biodigester: Implications for Sustainable Development in Rural West

Sumatra

and share knowledge, limiting their ability to address

challenges collectively.

One effective way to address isolation is through

regular workshops involving successful and novice

farmers, where they can share first-hand experiences

of challenges and solutions in biogas use. In addition,

creating discussion groups or community forums

where farmers can exchange information and

strategies through face-to-face meetings or online

platforms can increase a sense of community and

support. Organizing field activities, such as visits to

successful biogas plants, will also provide inspiration

and practical learning for other farmers.

Figure 5.

Communication also played a significant role,

with cultural inconsistencies and inadequate follow-

up from extension workers creating mistrust and

disengagement among participants. Finally,

technological inconsistencies were evident, as

training programs were ineffective, and biogas

technology needed to be adapted to the local socio-

economic and cultural context, leading to low

adoption rates.

5 CONCLUSION

Analysis of the cow dung biogas program in Pasaman

Regency revealed several significant social,

technical, and systemic challenges that hampered the

success and desirability of the program in the long

term. Although biogas has considerable potential as a

renewable energy source, obstacles such as lack of

government support, inadequate training, and

incompatibility with the local socio-economic and

cultural context emerged as significant factors that led

to the program's failure.

These findings suggest that program failures are

rooted in systemic design weaknesses that ignore

essential social and cultural dimensions. Lack of

strong social networks and ineffective social support

mechanisms further undermine the challenge, while

failure to adapt technology to local needs undermines

unintended programs. Communication and trust-

building are also critical, as the absence of culturally

sensitive strategies alienates participants and hinders

their engagement.

To address these issues, several applications

should be considered for future renewable energy

initiatives. Program design should prioritize active

community involvement. Stakeholders are involved

throughout the planning and implementation stages to

control ownership and responsibilities. Strengthening

social networks by forming farmer cooperatives or

working groups can enhance collaboration and

resource sharing. Governments and policymakers

should provide ongoing technical and financial

support and culturally tailored communication

strategies to build trust and improve program

engagement. In addition, technologies should be

tailored to local socio-economic conditions, with

regular evaluation and refinement based on

community input. By addressing these socio-

technical barriers, future biogas programs can be

more effective, sustainable, and participatory,

contributing to broader rural development goals.

A structured action plan and transparent

implementation model can provide a starting point for

practitioners to address the challenges. This action

plan can begin with a needs assessment at the

community level to understand the challenges and

potential, followed by forming a working group

involving farmers, extension workers, and local

stakeholders. The next stage includes intensive

training and outreach on biogas technology, including

caring for and maintaining the system. Implemented

by gradually constructing biogas installations,

starting with small units that can be multiplied based

on results and feedback. The final stage is regular

ICHELS 2024 - The International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science

monitoring and evaluation to assess the performance

of the system and its impact on community welfare,

as well as make necessary adjustments.

This step has been implemented in several

countries, such as research in South Africa, which

shows that biogas technology must be adapted to the

local context and cannot use a uniform approach for

all regions (Uhunamure et al., 2021). On the other

hand, the strategy of opening up the use of biogas in

the area triggers the importance of raw material

availability, government policies, and community

interest as key factors (Budi et al., 2015). The

experience of the biogas program in India also

highlights the importance of a deep understanding of

rural resource flows and local political economy for

successful technology diffusion (Lichtman, 1987).

A broad and integrated approach is essential to

ensure the success of biogas programs. Key

recommendations include increasing active

community involvement by involving stakeholders in

all program design and implementation stages,

strengthening social networks to enable resource

sharing and collaboration, and maintaining ongoing

government support through regular monitoring,

technical training, and technology adaptation to local

needs. These strategies are essential to increasing

ownership, participation, and sustainability of

renewable energy initiatives in rural areas.

This study enriches the discourse on sustainable

development by emphasizing the critical role of such

emphasis in determining the outcomes of biogas

programs. By providing actionable insights and a

strategic framework, this study offers valuable

guidance for future initiatives in similar rural

contexts, with broader applicability to achieving

sustainable energy solutions.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We want to thank the writing team, the conference

committee, the Faculty of Social Sciences UNP and

the UNP campus for their support in the publication

of this article.

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