Community Adaptation Strategy to Floods in Kademangan Village,

Mojoagung District, Jombang Regency

Dian Ayu Larasati

, Wiwik Sri Utami

, Ketut Prasetyo

, Sukma Perdana Prasetya

Nugroho Hari Purnomo

, Sri Murtini

, Bambang Hariyanto and Adis Aditya Nuzulia Rohmah

Geography Education, Surabaya State University, Surabaya, Indonesia

Keywords: Adaptation Strategy, Floods, Resilience.

Abstract: This study focuses on the adaptation strategies of Kademangan Village in Mojoagung District, Jombang, in

responding to recurring floods. Due to Indonesia’s geographical location at the intersection of three major

tectonic plates (Indo-Australian, Eurasian, and Pacific), and its tropical climate, the country frequently

experiences natural disasters, including floods. Kademangan is highly vulnerable to flooding due to its low

topography, proximity to rivers, and high rainfall. The area has experienced 18 floods yearly, with water

levels ranging from 30 cm to 3 meters. Flooding in the area has caused physical and psychological damage,

including damage to agricultural land, and property, and disruption to residents' health. The local government

struggles to manage waste disposal and flood prevention efforts, which worsens the situation. Local

knowledge helps predict floods but is not enough to prevent them. Resilience, influenced by spirituality,

education, and social ties, plays a significant role in how individuals and communities cope with these

disasters. This study highlights the importance of strengthening resilience through education and policy

interventions to reduce flood-related risks.

1 INTRODUCTION

Based on the world disaster-prone map, Indonesia has

the most intense disasters. The cause is triggered by

geological conditions at the meeting point of three

large plates, namely the Indo-Australian Plate, the

Eurasian Plate, and the Pacific Plate. As a result,

Indonesia is often hit by earth disasters, such as

earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. In

addition, Indonesia's climate conditions also

influence disasters in Indonesia. The existence of two

seasons when compared with geological and

geomorphological conditions, both physically and

chemically, can produce soil with high nutrient

content. However, these conditions can also cause

negative impacts such as hydrometeorological

disasters. Floods are conditions in which an area is

submerged with a large volume so that it can cause

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physical and psychological losses. Usually, flooding

often occurs in areas crossed by many rivers.

According to Yudianto (Hakim et al., 2023:221),

there are three causes of flooding, including land

conversion, extreme weather, and watershed

topography. Generally, floods occur due to high

rainfall, causing the soil and drainage system to be

unable to absorb excess water. In addition, humans

can also cause flooding. Land changes, settlement

development in watershed areas, deforestation, and

dumping waste into rivers are some forms of human

action that can cause flooding (Hakim et al.,

2023:221).

Data shows that in the period 2000-2020, there

were 24,222 natural disasters, both tectonic and

hydrometeorological. The percentage of floods was

23% higher with the number of deaths caused

increasing by 18% compared to the annual average.

Larasati, D. A., Utami, W. S., Prasetyo, K., Prasetya, S. P., Purnomo, N. H., Murtini, S., Hariyanto, B. and Rohmah, A. A. N.

Community Adaptation Strategy to Floods in Kademangan Village, Mojoagung District, Jombang Regency.

DOI: 10.5220/0013414000004654

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science (ICHELS 2024), pages 341-347

ISBN: 978-989-758-752-8

341

Based on the latest data release from BNPB in 2021,

there were 5,402 disasters in Indonesia, with floods

being the disaster with the highest number of cases

with a total of 1,794 incidents. According to the

Aqueduct Global Analyzer analysis, Indonesia is the

6th country in the world with an affected population

of 640,000 people. The data shows that floods are still

the dominant disasters that occur in Indonesia

(Rumere, 2023:2). Kademangan Village is one of the

villages in Jombang Regency that is at high risk of

flooding. Explicitly, the floods that often hit

Kademangan Village are caused by low topography,

high rainfall intensity, and being the upstream area of

the Pancir Gunting River and Catak Banteng River

watersheds. This condition causes the flood that hits

Kademangan Village every year to have an average

height that varies greatly, ranging from 30 cm to 3

meters. Referring to the research of Handayani and

Dinda (2022:132) Kademangan Village has

experienced floods 18 times a year. The longest flood

occurs within 48 hours and can recede within a few

hours. This incident causes quite a lot of physical and

non-physical damage, such as damage to agricultural

land, disruption to public health, loss of property, and

disruption to the psychological condition of residents.

This condition is exacerbated by several problems

faced by the Kademangan Village Government, such

as the constraints on socialization of flood control and

waste management, lack of supervision by village

officials in the community in managing waste

properly, and lack of equal distribution of

embankments along the river flow (Anggraini and

Isna, 2021:7). This has resulted in the flood that hit

Kademangan Village not being resolved properly,

and even the affected areas are expanding. However,

the Kademangan Village Government has not yet

provided further policies to address these problems.

As a result, every time a flood occurs, the losses felt

by residents increase. In dealing with floods, the

people of Kademangan Village already have local

knowledge of seeing signs of an impending flood.

Based on the results of observations made by the

author, this knowledge is still less effective in dealing

with the flood disaster that occurred in Kademangan

Village. However, with this knowledge, the

community can adapt to an environment that is prone

to flooding. Differences in spiritual levels, education

and experience, and closeness of social relationships

will affect the level of resilience possessed by each

individual. These conditions will affect how to adapt

after experiencing stressful circumstances. The level

of community knowledge will affect individual

resilience in dealing with disasters (Kurniawati and

Suwito, 2017:136). Meanwhile, the experience will

act as a stimulus that influences the level of

preparedness. Spirituality factors also play an

important role in shaping community resilience.

Individuals who have a good level of spirituality will

assess disasters positively so that they can create a

sense of optimism and confidence to recover quickly

(Apriyanto and Setyawan, 2020:25). In addition,

social support can also increase resilience.

Individuals who have good social support will display

an optimistic and confident attitude in making

decisions so that they can adapt quickly (Sari,

2020:9).

2 METHOD

This type of research is quantitative descriptive.

Descriptive research is research that attempts to

explain objects or subjects systematically so that the

findings obtained are in-depth, broad, and detailed.

The purpose of descriptive research is to describe

facts systematically with the characteristics of

research objects that have precise frequencies

(Zellatifanny and Bambang, 2018:83). The research

location chosen by the author is Kademangan Village

which is located in Mojoagung District, Jombang

Regency. This village is divided into three hamlets,

namely Kademangan Hamlet, Kebondalem Hamlet,

and Pekunden Hamlet. The reason the author chose

this location is because every year the area is a regular

flood disaster with varying water levels in each

hamlet. This difference is caused by the topography

of each hamlet which is different and there are two

large rivers, namely the Pacir Gunting River and the

Catak Banteng River which flank Kademangan

Village. Meanwhile, the research time related to data

collection and processing is planned by the author

from March to June 2024. The population referred to

in this study is the number of families in Kademangan

Village with a total of 1,489 families (Kademangan

Village Government, 2023). The sample was taken

using the accidental sampling technique. According

to Sugiyono (Daeng GS et al., 2022:3), accidental

sampling can be defined as determining a sample

based on coincidence, meaning that anyone who

meets the author and is by the characteristics of the

research is used as a respondent.

Physical data and social data are the two types of

major data sources used in this study. Social data can

be acquired by distributing questionnaires to flood-

affected communities and making observations about

socio-cultural conditions. In the meantime, field

observations are used to gather physical data for the

analysis of Kademangan Village's environmental and

ICHELS 2024 - The International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science

342

settlement circumstances. The author acquired

secondary data sources from pertinent organizations,

including the Jombang Regency BPBD and the

Kademangan Village Government. The data in

question comprises the number of household heads in

the Kademangan Village community, the number of

dwellings affected by the flood disaster, statistics on

the overall disaster losses, and data on flood disaster

occurrences in Kademangan Village during the last

three years.

Hamlet

number of

families

(KK)

(Hamlet)

𝑆𝑛

Population

(hamlet)

Σ Population

(KK)

𝑥𝑆

Number

samples

Kademanga

498 2

Kebondalem

457 2

Pekunden

534 2

Total 1.489 6

Data collection through observation is conducted

to directly observe the object being studied.

Interviews were used to obtain answers regarding the

adaptation strategies implemented by the village

community in response to floods. Data analysis

involves the stages of data editing, data

transformation, data tabulation, and cleaning.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Kademangan Village is one of the areas in Jombang

Regency that is highly vulnerable to flood disasters.

In general, the floods that occur in Kademangan

Village are triggered by several factors, such as the

generally flat topography, the increase in population

that can cause environmental problems, and the

presence of two river streams passing through the

village, which causes a high vulnerability to flooding

between the river streams and the residential areas.

(Kuswardhana dkk., 2023:54 dan Cipta dkk.,

2024:523). The flood that struck was able to disrupt

the lives of the community, resulting in both material

and non-material losses. The losses can include

damage to facilities, the paralysis of the community's

economy, the emergence of various diseases,

disruption of teaching and learning activities, and the

creation of trauma. (Yulinar dan Ratri, 2021:564).

Therefore, adaptation strategies are needed so that

communities can recover after experiencing a

disaster.

According to Robbins, adaptation is defined as the

process of maintaining life in the face of

environmental or social conditions to achieve goals or

meet needs. (Steven dkk., 2023:1829). Adaptation

can also be defined as a dynamic process resulting

from environmental or social changes that require an

individual to alter their lifestyle behavior. Behavioral

change is considered a strategy often used by humans

to sustain life in their environment. Each individual

has a character that enables them to adjust and survive

in a particular environment. Individuals who exhibit

good behavior towards the environment will have a

positive impact on life. Therefore, Sahlins

emphasizes that the process of adaptation is dynamic

because the environment and human populations

continue to change (Almuthorri dan Nugroho,

2019:3).

Based on the results of observations and

interviews, the adaptation strategies implemented by

the Kademangan Village community can be

categorized into four: physical adaptation, social

adaptation, and cultural adaptation. (kultural). Here

are various forms of adaptation carried out by the

Kademangan Village community in facing floods.

3.1 Physical Adaptation

According to Douglas (Steven, 2023:1830), physical

adaptation is the process of changing the structure of

buildings and the environment, which can take the

form of renovations or adjustments. This type of

adaptation is usually adjusted according to the level

of damage as well as changes in the environment and

buildings. The higher the damage caused by the

disaster, the better the community's adaptation. The

main goal of physical adaptation is to maintain the

function of the building even in the event of a disaster.

(Asrofi dkk., 2017:133). The characteristics of

physical adaptation can be seen in residences or

buildings located in flood-prone areas. Physical

adaptation is also an implementation by users who

add elements or modify the physical structure without

eliminating its original function, thereby supporting

disaster adaptation efforts. (Yulinar dan Raktri,

2021:566).

During the rainy season, the Pacir Gunting and

Catak Banteng rivers are unable to handle the water

flow, which contributes to floods in Kademangan

Village. The residents of Kademangan Village are

forced to physically adjust to the yearly flood

disasters. Kademangan Village residents have made

the following adaptations: (1) raising the house

floors; (2) constructing non-permanent

embankments; (3) modifying the house structures to

Community Adaptation Strategy to Floods in Kademangan Village, Mojoagung District, Jombang Regency

343

two stories; (4) building fences out of bamboo or

concrete; (5) installing high electrical outlets to

prevent water inundation; (6) elevating the house

yards; (7) those with low house floors will make

pogo, or wooden boards placed in the house rafters to

save belongings during floods; and (8) growing flood-

reducing plants, such as bamboo, banyan, jackfruit,

and cotton trees.

Figure 1. Raising the house floor is one type of

physical adaptation. Source: Author's Documentation

(2024)

3.2 Social Adaptation

In simple terms, social adaptation is a way of

adjusting to the social environment. Changes that can

impact their lives typically cause humans to adapt to

their surroundings. By changing their personalities to

suit their surroundings, they can make these

adaptations. Septiawan (2022:23). This is because

mutual relationships among organizations or groups

can influence the physical environment, which in turn

supports life. Communities that have kinship ties will

be better equipped to handle disasters (Yulinar dan

Raktri, 2021:567).

This can manifest in the form of

mutual assistance among disaster-affected victims.

That condition can be realized if norms are in place

and high solidarity serves as a reference in creating

kinship relationships. (Ayustiana, 2021:15). In

adapting, the mindset of the community and the

ability to adjust to physical, social, economic, and

cultural environmental conditions. Being one of the

areas highly vulnerable to floods makes the kinship

relations among the community very close. The form

of social adaptation can take the shape of cooperation

and providing emotional support to fellow

community members.

Based on the research, the forms of social

adaptation carried out by the people of Kademangan

Village are (1) cooperation in cleaning up materials

and debris brought by floods, (2) in the event of a

major flood, the community collaborates to establish

emergency posts for evacuation and communal

kitchens, (3) assisting in evacuating vulnerable

groups to disasters, such as the elderly, pregnant

women, people with disabilities, and children

(Handayani and Dinda, 2022:132), (4) when signs of

an impending flood appear, residents usually take

turns patrolling to monitor water levels, (5) residents

with two-story houses are usually used as temporary

evacuation places by the community.

Figure 2. Posts Used by the Community to Monitor

River Conditions. Source: Author's Documentation

(2024)

3.3 Cultural Adaptation

Cultural adaptation is a human activity to sustain life

from disturbances based on certain customs (beliefs).

Forms of cultural adaptation can include

understanding, knowledge, and habits that must be

adhered to and preserved by society. Local wisdom is

knowledge, traditions, and practices that are

preserved through generations. Local wisdom can

take the form of knowledge in managing natural

resources, maintaining environmental balance, and

preserving customs and traditions that have been

practiced in society. From the perspective of

disasters, local wisdom can be defined as how local

communities understand their environment to face

challenges and disturbances. Usually, local wisdom

emerges from the results of human thought adapting

to the environment, thus becoming a reference in

behavior and being implemented from generation to

generation. Therefore, local wisdom is traditional and

unique. (Setiobudi dan Husna, 2023:1815).

Since ancient times, the people of Kademangan

Village have had local knowledge in recognizing

signs of impending floods. Ilmu titen is a local

knowledge used by the people of Kademangan

Village to recognize the signs of impending flood

disasters (Handayani and Dinda, 2022:132). The ilmu

titen adhered to by the people of Kademangan Village

is formed based on environmental and natural

indicators present in Kademangan Village. Here are

some parts of the ilmu titen still adhered to by the

ICHELS 2024 - The International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science

344

people of Kademangan Village (Handayani and

Dinda, 2022:134-135):

3.3.1 Niteni Mendung (determining the

Cloudy Sky)

Niteni mendung (determining the Cloudy Sky) is a

local knowledge of the community in identifying

signs of flooding based on cloudy skies. Usually,

cumulonimbus clouds can trigger rain with high water

discharge intensity. Based on the interview results

with Sunarsih (April 9, 2024), to know the signs of an

impending flood, the people of Kademangan Village

will look for dark clouds. If the western side, which

is the Wonosalam area, experiences dark clouds, it

can be assured that a flood will occur.

3.3.2 Niteni Arah Lepen (Observe The

Direction Of The River Flow)

Besides determining the Cloudy Sky, to know the

signs of an impending flood, the people of

Kademangan Village also observe the direction of the

river flow. (niteni arah lepen). If the river flows from

west to east, the water discharge will increase. So it

can cause a major flood that can submerge the entire

Kademangan Village area. However, on the contrary,

if the river flows from east to west, the water

discharge is usually not too large. Although there is

still a potential for flooding, the inundated area is not

too extensive. Only the areas around the riverbanks

were affected by the flood.

3.3.3 Niteni Panggon (Marking the Place)

Niteni panggon is a local knowledge of the

community in identifying signs of flooding based on

the conditions of the upstream area. This local

knowledge is still related to the local knowledge of

niteni awan mendung. According to the local

community, to be able to know the signs of a flood,

people will look at the direction of the moving clouds.

Usually, the Wonosalam area serves as a benchmark

for detecting signs of flooding. This is because the

Wonosalam region has the characteristic of being a

highland area. If heavy rain occurs, it can affect the

downstream areas which will receive more run off

water from upstream.

3.3.4 Niteni Wulan (Marking the Month)

According to the residents of Kademangan Village,

floods typically happen during specific months. One

of the local methods for predicting when a flood will

occur is niteni wulan, which involves interpreting

natural signs. The purpose of the niteni wulan

knowledge is to prepare the community to be able to

face floods. The results of the interview conducted by

Handayani and Dinda (2022:135) state that the people

of Kademangan Village will mark December as the

time when floods occur because it is the month when

heavy rainfall happens. With this knowledge, usually

before entering the month of December, the

community will prepare themselves by making pogoh

or wooden boards placed on the ceilings of their

houses or securing their belongings and valuables. In

the belief of the Kademangan Village community,

floods usually occur in certain months. Niteni wulan

is one of the local wisdoms in reading natural signs to

determine the time of a flood. The purpose of the

niteni wulan knowledge is to prepare the community

to be able to face floods. The results of the interview

conducted by Handayani and Dinda (2022:135) state

that the people of Kademangan Village will mark

December as the time when floods occur because it is

the month when heavy rainfall happens. With this

knowledge, usually before entering the month of

December, the community will prepare themselves by

making pogoh or wooden boards placed on the

ceilings of their houses or securing their belongings

and valuables.

Although in adapting physically, socially, and

culturally, they are quite good, most of the

Kademangan Village community is less proficient in

economic activities. In Dusun Kademangan and

Kebondalem, the community prefers to take a break

from work to clean the environment from materials

and debris carried by the flood. Usually, the material

carried by floods can have a thickness of 5-10 cm. If

the sediment is not cleaned up immediately, it will

damage residents' furniture and make the walls of the

house damp. (Faruk, wawancara, 20 April 2024). The

people of Dusun Kademangan and Kebondalem

perceive floods as a threat that disrupts their lives.

However, this is different from the people of Dusun

Pekunden who can immediately get to work after the

flood recedes. The presence of a positive

interpretation of disasters indicates good spiritual

coping abilities. A society with such capabilities will

have an optimistic attitude in facing disasters, making

it less likely to be easily overwhelmed and more

inclined to improve the situation. This was stated by

one of the residents of Dusun Pekunden in an

interview with the author.

"Usually, if the water comes at midnight, it will

recede by morning. So, I can still go to work." (Vindy,

interview, June 17, 2024).

"I always interpret floods positively, ma'am." Just

consider it as cleaning the house at the same time.

(Adi Winarto, interview, 17 April 2024).

Community Adaptation Strategy to Floods in Kademangan Village, Mojoagung District, Jombang Regency

345

4 CONCLUSIONS

This study shows that Kademangan Village,

Mojoagung District, Jombang Regency, is an area

that is vulnerable to flooding due to various factors

such as flat topography, population growth, and the

presence of two rivers that often overflow during

heavy rain. The impact of this flood is very large,

disrupting people's lives, both physically and socially,

with losses that include damage to facilities,

economic disruption, health problems, and

psychological.

In dealing with floods, the people of Kademangan

Village have developed three forms of adaptation,

namely physical, social, and cultural (cultural)

adaptation:

Physical Adaptation: Efforts to adjust building

structures and the environment, such as raising house

floors, making temporary embankments, and planting

trees that can reduce the risk of flooding.

Social Adaptation: Adjustment to the social

environment, such as working together to clean up

post-flood areas, setting up emergency posts, and

monitoring river water levels in turn.

Cultural Adaptation: Utilizing local wisdom, such as

titen science, which includes marking cloudy clouds,

river flow directions, and paying attention to certain

months that often flood.

Although the people of Kademangan Village have

adapted physically, socially, and culturally quite well,

economic adaptation is still not optimal. Most people

in Kademangan and Kebondalem Hamlets had to stop

working during the process of cleaning up flood

debris. In contrast, the people of Pekunden Hamlet

have better spiritual coping abilities and view flood

disasters more positively, which helps them continue

their activities immediately after the flood recedes.

Suggestions that can be made for the local

government include improving Anti-Flood

Infrastructure: The local government can improve

flood control infrastructure such as building

permanent embankments and dredging rivers

regularly. This is to help reduce the frequency of

flooding that hits Kademangan Village. An economic

empowerment program is needed for flood-affected

communities. For example, providing training for the

community in businesses that do not depend on

weather conditions, such as home industries, can help

increase community income after a disaster.

Recommendations for local governments to hold

special training programs or workshops that can

increase flood preparedness and awareness among

residents.

The central government makes concrete policies that

can be implemented by local or regional governments

to address flood risks more effectively and quickly.

should immediately integrate modern technology,

such as flood prediction applications or early warning

systems, to complement local knowledge.

Communities are trained to master strategies to

improve waste management to reduce flood risks,

such as community clean-up initiatives or recycling

programs.

for further research, it is better to use a wider and

more sustainable area coverage, such as a long-term

study on the effectiveness of current adaptation

strategies or the socio-economic impacts of recurring

floods.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thank you to The Head Of The Faculty of Social and

Political Sciences State University of Surabaya.

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Community Adaptation Strategy to Floods in Kademangan Village, Mojoagung District, Jombang Regency

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