Academic Ethics for Using the ChatGPT AI Platform in Learning in

Higher Education

Hasrul Hasrul

, Hasbullah Malau

, Rusdi Rusdi

and Mery Lyani Kusuma Dewi

Padang State University, Prof. Dr. Hamka Street, Padang City, Indonesia

Keywords: AI, ChatGPT, Academic Ethics.

Abstract: T

he invention of AI (Artificial intelligence) ChatGPT becomes a prominent issue in learning in higher

education because, on the one hand, it rapidly eases and facilitates both students’ and lecturers’ tasks such as

writing papers or theses, answering exams, even writing scientific articles. On the other hand, it has

considerable drawbacks as it becomes a shortcut for college students to complete their tasks without having

to study properly. ChatGPT is potential to decline the quality of graduates; therefore, academic ethics of using

ChatGPT in learning is required. This research aimed to find scientific conclusions about the benefits, negative

impacts and academic ethics of using AI (Artificial intelligence) chatGPT in learning. This is a qualitative

research using a descriptive method where objects or phenomena are described in depth. The source of

primary data of this research were experts in educational technology, information technology, professors of

various scientific fields, and students using ChatGPT. While journals, books, videos, and other relevant

documents were used as the secondary data. Data analysis was conducted through a descriptive analysis

approach, where data were collected, grouped, processed and arranged according to the object or phenomenon

observed. This research found that the use of ChatGPT

bri

ngs great benefits to learning, but at the same time

it is believed to have negative impacts to degrade the quality of graduates. Thus, it is crucial to have academic

ethics in using ChatGPT in the learning and teaching process in universities.

1 INTRODUCTION

Artificial intelligence has developed rapidly in recent

years, causing changes in several disciplines, one of

which is education (Xu, L.; Sanders, L.; Li, K.; Chow,

2021). ChatGPT is an AI-based tool developed by

Open AI that is able to enable text generation based

on user requests. This technology is designed to

understand the nature of language so that it produces

intelligent and relevant responses to user questions

(Halaweh, 2023). Both students and teachers can

benefit from these exciting options, which include

individualized feedback, enhanced accessibility,

interactive discussions, lesson planning, evaluation,

and a variety of novel approaches to challenging

ideas. ChatGPT is viewed as a tool that may fix

writing mistakes and push students to keep improving

their writing skills (Hosseini et al., 2023). Only when

utilized in a pedagogically sound way can

technologies like ChatGPT realize their full potential.

Numerous views assert the significance of a

logical process for embracing and modifying

technological advancements (Fütterer et al., 2023).

By reducing the negative effects of its use, ChatGPT's

educational potential can be fully realized. Utilizing

AI responsibly and effectively in order to navigate a

world where technological adaptation is happening at

an ever-increasing rate (Zhu & Wang, 2023). The use

of ChatGPT provides recommendations for students

to receive teaching that is tailored to their individual

needs. In this case, ChatGPT can provide detailed

answers on how to solve various problems asked by

students (Su & Yang, 2023).

Although ChatGPT has provided much success

in the world of education, in fact ChatGPT brings

threats and negative impacts with its ability to provide

specific answers to questions submitted by users (Lo,

2023). ChatGPT presents a number of risks to the

educational system, including the ability to cheat on

online tests, the production of texts that seem human,

a decline in critical thinking abilities, and trouble

assessing data produced by ChatGPT (Rahman &

Watanobe, 2023). A study by Mogali (2023) in

(Heng, Kimkong, 2021) found that in the initial

evaluation, ChatGPT was inconsistent in responding

with accurate information. The same thing was also

506

Hasrul, H., Malau, H., Rusdi, R. and Dewi, M. L. K.

Academic Ethics for Using the ChatGPT AI Platform in Learning in Higher Education.

DOI: 10.5220/0013413700004654

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science (ICHELS 2024), pages 506-514

ISBN: 978-989-758-752-8

stated by (Chinonso, Theresa, & Aduke, 2023),

According to their statement, it was discovered that

ChatGPT is sensitive to variations in the phrase

entered for the same query. The following are some

drawbacks that could result from using ChatGPT in

higher education: Dependency on technology comes

first. Students may become overly reliant on

technology as a result of using ChatGPT for learning,

losing fundamental abilities like writing and reading.

Second, minimizing social contact. Overuse of

ChatGPT by students as a source of knowledge can

decrease social contact between students and between

students and instructors. Privacy issues come in third.

Chat GPT is a chatbot feature developed by Open

AI, an American research company to develop

artificial intelligence. Chat GPT (Generative Pre-

training Transformer) is an artificial intelligence that

operates through dialogue. It uses straightforward

methods, like questioning a teacher in class, however

Chat GPT allows for quick and automatic answers

(Hutapea & Rantung, 2024). Through the use of Chat

GPT, users can interact, ask questions, and receive

answers quickly. The advantages of Chat GPT

include providing accurate and relevant information

to the preferences of its users. A fast response can

provide all the answers users need, can filter negative

requests, is able to use natural grammar, so that the

answers produced are correct even though they use

different questions. The disadvantages of Chat GPT

are that it has limited understanding, has not been able

to shift creative work, has not been able to distinguish

between facts and opinions, and requires a stable

internet network. That is one of the reasons why

students use Chat GPT in creating scientific works

such as essays, articles, and articles. Utilizing GPT

Chat for article creation has a big impact on how GPT

Chat is used in the educational field (Fatoni,

Ferdinand, Sajidin, & Kurnia, 2024).

However, uncontrolled use of ChatGPT can

endanger student privacy and can allow the collection

of personal data by third parties. (Sallam, nd)

reviewed 60 articles about ChatGPT, one of which

was in the world of education, found that ChatGPT

can cause plagiarism to incorrect responses and

inaccurate citations.

As a result, a policy that governs

ChatGPT use in higher education is required. Based

on the description above, the formulation of the

research problem is as follows:

1. How is the use of the AI ChatGPT platform

beneficial for students? In learning process?

2. What are the possible threats from the use of

AI?

3. How are academic ethics in the use of AI

ChatGPT by students in learning process?

2 METHOD

The type of research planned is qualitative descriptive

research with an emphasis on the grounded theory

model. This type of research was chosen with the aim

that the data obtained in more depth. Through this

approach, the researcher wants to deeply link one data

with another data in analyzing the use of chatGPT in

the learning process by students and its relationship

to the applicable academic ethics standards at Padang

State University. The research informants were

determined by purposive sampling, namely: (1)

Educational Technology Experts (2) Character and

Value Education Experts and (3) Educational

Psychology Experts, (4) Elements of university

leadership, and (5) UNP students. In-depth

interviews, focus group discussions (FGD), and

documentation studies were used to gather data

(Fiantika et al., 2022). To ensure the validity of the

data, in addition to using grounded theory steps,

namely: (1) open coding; (2) axial coding; (3)

selective coding. In this regard, the research process

that will be carried out can described as follows:

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Benefits of Using the ChatGPT

Platform in Learning

In 2018, OpenAI created the deep learning model

known as ChatGPT (Generative Pre-trained

Transformer). Compared to humans, who are limited

in their ability to read extensive literature and discern

relationships between seemingly disparate pieces of

information, ChatGPT, as an AI, has superior

advantages in terms of rapidly comprehending

information in depth and connecting evidence to

reach conclusions. Originally designed as a

generative model, ChatGPT can be used to produce

text that is suitable for the conversational context

(Setiawan, 2023b).

Academic Ethics for Using the ChatGPT AI Platform in Learning in Higher Education

507

Table 1: Research Process.

Activity

Outcomes to be Achieved

Method

Early Stage Analysis dan

memetakan pengetahuan

dan pemahaman

informan tentang AI

chatGPT terutama sekali

terkait

dengan

penggunaan

chatGPT sebagai

tehknolgi yang dapat

berperan dalam

Pembelajaran

The results of the analysis and mapping of AI chatGPT

are obtained, especially in relation to the use of

chatGPT as a technology that can play a role in

learning.

- Indepth interview

- Documentation study

- Content analysis

Positive and Negative

Impact Analysis

Obtained factual impact of the positive impact and

negative impact of the use of chatGPT by students in

the learning process.

- Indepth interview

- FGD

- Documentation study

- Literature study

Academic Ethics

Analysis

Obtaining factual data on academy ethical guidelines in

the use of chatGPT

- Indepth interview

- FGD

- Documentation study

- Literature study

Analysis of

ChatGPT Usage

Obtained a conceptualization of the use of chatGPT in

accordance with the academic ethics of learning in

higher education (UNP)

- Indepth interview

- FGD

- Documentation study

- Literature study

Figure 1: Benefits of Using ChatGPT.

The Chat GPT dataset is a natural language powered

by OpenAI using pre-training and fine-tuning

techniques on a large dataset. The dataset used to train

Chat GPT is a collection of texts from various sources

on the internet, such as news articles, books, blogs,

and other websites (Setiawan, 2023a). Chat GPT has

become one of the technologies used as a weapon by

several groups, one of which is students because it

can help them to do assignments or get information

easily (Hasim, 2023). The following is a description

of the statement of attitude regarding the use of

ChatGPT in the world of education:

According to the study's findings, academics and

intellectuals in Indonesia and overseas-more

especially, those in Malaysia, a neighboring country-

consider the use of AI ChatGPT in education to be

beneficial. According to the study's findings,

academics and intellectuals in Indonesia and overseas

view the use of AI ChatGPT in education favorably

Based on seven informants who provided statements

regarding the positive impact of using ChatGPT, six

of them stated that the benefits of ChatGPT were able

to answer questions with a high level of accuracy.

Meanwhile, three of the other seven informants stated

that chatGPT had been able to provide information for

its users. Based on the chart above, a number of

benefits have been found that can be obtained from

using ChatGPT. This is consistent with the findings of

studies conducted by (Oranga, 2023) which explains

that AI technology makes it simple for people to find

different

kinds of information. Artificial intelligence

Informant

Benefit of ChatGPT

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Academic Ethics for Using the ChatGPT AI Platform in Learning in Higher Education

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Figure 2: Negative Impact of ChatGPT.

will respond to your inquiries based on the relevant

queries. The existence of ChatGPT technology

creates chances to use this AI chatbot in Indonesian

education, particularly in fostering the competencies

(skills) that students will require in the twenty-first

century. Critical thinking, teamwork,

communication, and creativity are the six

characteristics that students in the Era Education 4.0

must possess. Two more supporting competencies are

character education and citizenship (Suhawarman,

2023).

ChatGPT has the potential to significantly

improve academics and librarianship in novel ways.

However, in order to collaborate using this

technology to enhance the caliber of work in order to

generate new scientific information and instruct

future experts, it is crucial to think about how to use

it responsibly and ethically.

Chat GPT can also provide a more flexible

experience, such as providing solutions or

recommendations to users for daily tasks. With this

feature, students can ask for advice or

recommendations for answers to their college

assignments, another ability is the ability to learn

different language patterns and styles from various

sources of information. Chat GPT can provide a

variety of responses and imitate many different

language styles. With this feature, Chat GPT can be

used as a reference source for completing student

assignments (Fuchs, 2023). Based on all aspects that

play a role in achieving learning objectives, ChatGPT

can be relied on as a new learning technology, Abna

gave an example, courses in the form of concepts

such as the basics of communication. When studying

something conceptual, chatGPT can be a reference

for students. However, in the next process when it

comes to the stage of high-level thinking, it requires

elaboration assisted by lecturers or teachers. From the

practical side of the learning process, chatGPT also

has indirect benefits, namely it can be a reference for

students. The benefits of ChatGPT allow students to

collect data, analyze, simulate, experiment so as to

produce more innovative results (Zhai, 2023).

3.2 Negative Impacts of Using

ChatGPT in Learning in Higher

Education

Teachers are debating ChatGPT's remarkable

capacity to carry out challenging educational

activities (Baidoo-Anu And Owusu Ansah 2023).

Here, researchers report on their investigation of the

potential drawbacks of using chatGPT during the

higher education learning process.

Based on the description of the statement above,

it was found that from six informants it was found that

the highest negative impact of using chatGPT was

that it resulted in academic dishonesty and the main

cause of misinformation. The use of ChatGPT and AI

can save time in making assignments, papers and

papers, but the use of ChatGPT is very prone to

plagiarism and students become uncreative and lazy

to think. In the end, students will become accustomed

to committing academic dishonesty by continuously

plagiarizing in order to achieve ease in completing the

tasks given (Sullivan, Kelly, & McLaughlan, 2023).

ChatGPT can only respond to user inquiries, in

contrast to humans who are able to look up reliable

information from a variety of sources. Therefore,

human supervision and interaction are still required

even if this feature can deliver solutions based on user

demands. Furthermore, there is a chance that false

information will be provided. Training data is the

foundation of ChatGPT, and if the training data is

biased or not representative, the model's output

results may likewise be skewed. Users may not

always grasp the output of the ChatGPT model, and

if they base their decisions incorrectly, this could

result in more serious mistakes and issues. This will

undoubtedly have an impact on the responses, which

might include inaccurate information (M. Mijwil et

al., 2023).

Informant

Negative Impact of ChatGPT

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According to a poll, 53% of American students

use ChatGPT to compose papers, while nearly 89%

utilize it to finish tasks. Furthermore, 22% of students

utilize Chat GPT to write scientific papers, and 48%

of students use it for tests (McGee, 2023). Due to this

phenomena, ChatGPT has been outlawed by a

number of foreign colleges and schools, which view

it as a "threat" and a "educational plague." As quoted

in the article (Setiawan, A., & Luthfiyani, 2023),

according to Rosenzweig, in Los Angeles, the

Unified School District and the New York City

Department of Education banned ChatGPT use in

their schools in December 2022, citing the fact that

ChatGPT negatively affects students' development of

critical thinking and problem-solving skills, which

are essential for their future academic success.

Some experts have raised concerns about the

negative impacts of using ChatGPT and other AI

technologies in academia. Here are some of the views

that are often expressed:

1. Reduction in Critical Thinking Skills

According to Ethan Mollick, a professor at

the Wharton School at the University of

Pennsylvania, AI like ChatGPT risks

making students too dependent on the tool to

complete their academic assignments, which

could ultimately reduce critical and

analytical thinking skills. Mollick

emphasized that students should continue to

develop their own thinking without relying

entirely on AI.

2. Increased Risk of Plagiarism

Sarah Elaine Eaton, an academic ethics

expert at the University of Calgary, argues

that the use of AI can increase the risk of

plagiarism, both intentional and

unintentional. ChatGPT can produce text

that looks like the original writing, and if

students do not provide proper attribution,

this can violate academic ethics and tarnish

the reputation of educational institutions.

3. Decreased Ability to Write and Express

Ideas

Mark Warschauer, a professor at the

University of California, Irvine, suggests

that relying on ChatGPT could undermine

students’ writing skills. He says students

may be missing out on developing their

skills in constructing arguments and

communicating ideas well if they are

accustomed to leaving the process to AI.

4. Risk of Spreading Inaccurate Information

Gary Marcus, an AI researcher and author,

stated that ChatGPT has limitations in

filtering accurate information. In an

academic context, this can be dangerous

because students may use incorrect or

unverified information from ChatGPT,

which can affect the quality and academic

accuracy of their assignments or research.

5. Limiting the Development of Research

Capabilities

Sam Wineburg, a digital literacy expert from

Stanford University, said that the use of AI

can reduce the urge to do thorough research.

Students who frequently use ChatGPT may

tend to look for instant answers rather than

trying to understand the process of research

and deep exploration of information, which

is important in the academic world.

These expert views underline the importance of

caution in using ChatGPT in the academic world so

that its negative impacts can be minimized.

3.3 Ethics of Using ChatGPT in

Learning at Universities

The use of ChatGPT in educational settings in an

ethical and responsible manner is a complicated,

multifaceted topic that calls for various strategies in

each transdisciplinary field (Mhlanga, 2023). Chat

GPT actually provides convenience for students in

compiling this paper, it needs to be considered and

continue to use ethics in writing the appropriate

paper. Prof. Nurul Huda said that it cannot be said that

there will be no misuse of AI chatGPT by students or

students in fulfilling the demands of their college

assignments, such as imitation of academic reports

and others. Therefore, there must be guidelines for the

use of AI that must be determined and adhered to.

Mechanisms and systems to prevent and monitor the

implementation of imitation require good planning.

Nurul said that in general, Universities in Malaysia

have taken a wise stance on the use of AI, and have

socialized the use of AI to their citizens.

Prof. Abna Hidayati, an educational technology

expert from Padang State University, emphasized the

importance of having academic ethics regulations so

that the use of ChatGPT remains positively beneficial

and can avoid its negative impacts. More simply,

Abna gave an example of academic ethics that must

be created by universities, namely that students are

allowed to use ChatGPT by providing a discussion

space. It becomes important when AI chatGPT has

become a daily part of the learning process, to ensure

that students understand the lecture material, for

Academic Ethics for Using the ChatGPT AI Platform in Learning in Higher Education

511

example, by offering tests that evaluate how well

people recall things like specific dates, topics, or

historical occurrences, assessing the quality of the

references used, and boosting group projects and

conversation. Prof. Abna came to what he thought

was very urgent, namely, universities need to

immediately create clear and measurable ethical rules

for using chatGPT. Lecturers are also required to

understand and get used to using AI chatGPT so that

they can detect students who are being dishonest by

using chatGPT in doing their college assignments.

Chair of the University of Indonesia's Board of

Professors, Prof. Tuti Krisnowo, revealed that several

universities have also taken policies related to

regulating the use of AI. For example, lecturers at

George Washington University have stopped giving

written homework and they have returned to the

traditional mechanism. All is done by writing papers

and exams in class with pen and paper. Thousands of

lecturers at Harvard University, University offroad

Island have even proposed the implementation of the

GPT Zero policy, a program that can quickly detect

text generated by artificial intelligence. Turnitin was

initially also unable to detect GPT. However, at this

time there is the latest Turnitin AI which is claimed

to be able to detect GPT.

According to Dr. Fuad Abdul Ghani, in

responding to GPT chat wisely, a discussion is

needed regarding the ethics of using GPT chat,

establishing clear and correct guidelines in using

GPT, using tools that produce realistic text through

plagiarism detection. Here there is turnitin with a new

feature that is able to detect that the work is real and

not a copy paste from GPT chat, to test students'

ability to master the material, a presentation process

is carried out, providing space for students to link

several fields such as social, economic and others

even though this is additional work for the Lecturer.

Students may find ChatGPT to be a helpful resource

in overcoming these obstacles. ChatGPT can be used

to communicate, ask questions, or have discussions

with students, as well as to help them understand the

material, answer inquiries, or offer guidance on how

to solve academic challenges because of its capacity

to produce realistic and complicated language.

Nevertheless, there are barriers and moral dilemmas

associated with students using ChatGPT. For

instance, worries about learning automation, the

veracity of the text produced, and user data privacy

and security. Consequently, a thorough

comprehension of Chat GPT's application in an

academic setting, as well as its possible advantages

and consequences for students.

In terms of the use of ChatGPT in the educational

realm, it is necessary to prepare a regulations and

policies based on ethics and morals. Here are some

examples of academic ethics formulations in the use

of ChatGPT in a university environment. This

formulation can be a guide in ensuring that the use of

ChatGPT is carried out ethically and supports the

development of knowledge and academic integrity in

higher education.

1. Use as an Aid, Not a Substitute for

Understanding

ChatGPT should be used as a tool to help

understand concepts or develop ideas, not as

a substitute for independent study or

personal understanding. Students must

remain responsible for understanding and

developing the material themselves.

2. Avoid Plagiarism

Every time students use text or ideas

produced by ChatGPT, they must cite it as a

source. The use of information produced by

ChatGPT without attribution is considered

plagiarism and violates academic integrity.

3. Implementation in the Task and Assessment

Framework

Students must always comply with the rules

and instructions of lecturers or universities

regarding the use of AI tools. If an

assignment requires original work without

the help of AI tools, students should avoid

using ChatGPT.

4. Development of Critical Thinking

Students are expected to use ChatGPT

critically, evaluate the information provided,

and not accept every result without review.

Students must verify the accuracy of the

information and judge its relevance based on

the academic context.

5. Restrictions on Use for Sensitive or Covert

Research

ChatGPT should not be used to generate or

access sensitive, confidential, or personal

information related to research without

permission. Students must ensure that the

use of AI tools remains in accordance with

academic privacy and security rules.

6. Acknowledgement of ChatGPT Limitations

Students need to understand that ChatGPT is

not a perfect source and may produce

inaccurate information. Therefore, the

information given must always be checked

and confirmed for accuracy from trusted

academic sources.

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The use of ChatGPT as a learning aid in higher

education has great potential to enrich the learning

experience and improve student understanding.

However, the importance of ethics in its use cannot

be ignored. Here are some reasons why ethics must

be upheld in the use of ChatGPT in academic

environments:

1. Encourage the Originality of Academic

Work

ChatGPT can be a source of inspiration and

reference, but students must ensure that their

work remains original. Relying on ChatGPT

to produce work without personal

understanding and interpretation can cloud

the academic value and integrity of the

work.

2. Minimize Over-Dependence

ChatGPT is an effective tool, but its use

must be wise so as not to reduce students'

critical thinking skills and analytical

abilities. Students still need to try to

understand the material and complete

assignments independently, using ChatGPT

only as an addition, not the main source.

3. Avoiding Plagiarism Violations

Using text generated by ChatGPT without

proper acknowledgement can be considered

plagiarism. Therefore, it is important for

students to always cite sources if they use

ideas or information provided by ChatGPT,

maintaining academic ethics and the

credibility of their writing.

4. Developing Academic Responsibility

By implementing ethics of use, students

learn to be responsible for how they use

technology in learning. This will shape good

habits in seeking information, processing

data, and producing work that truly reflects

their own understanding.

By implementing ethics in the use of ChatGPT,

students can utilize this technology positively and

responsibly, supporting academic development with

integrity and meaning in higher education.

Therefore, using ChatGPT can speed up and

enhance learning through comprehension of the

benefits and hazards as well as the prudent

application of AI. Students are able to make good use

of modern technology while avoiding any possible

hazards. One way to ensure proper use is to

understand the limitations of ChatGPT's capabilities.

Despite having excellent capabilities in producing

text, ChatGPT cannot replace human interaction in

decision making. complex. Therefore, users should

use ChatGPT only as an aid and continue to rely on

human judgment for decisions. important. In

addition, users must also pay attention to the data

sources used by ChatGPT. ChatGPT learns human

language through data provided by humans.

Therefore, the data sources used by ChatGPT can

affect the results produced. It is important for users to

ensure that the data sources used are credible and

accountable.

4 CONCLUSION

Apart from the benefits or positive impacts, there are

also weaknesses which are the negative impacts of

using GPT in the world of education, including

causing violation of academic rules and ethics,

plagiarism issues and decreased reasoning power,

critical and creative attitudes. In the world of

education, especially for students in Higher

Education, the use of GPT chat will have a fatal

impact if not managed properly. This is proven by the

existence of GPT chat, students can get faster and

more accurate work results without considering the

creative ideas or ideas that exist in them. In addition,

this also allows for plagiarism of other people's work

because students copy-paste data that has been

inputted into AI. If this is not addressed immediately,

it will affect the profile of academic graduates who

are incompetent and unprofessional. In addition, the

use of AI technology can also cause cyber crime. The

emergence of applications such as deepfake, voice

cloning does provide benefits on the one hand but on

the other hand it can actually be misused by certain

individuals so that cyber crime arises in the form of

fraud cases from the results of modifying the victim's

face or voice forgery which can harm many parties.

The use of GPT chat is something that cannot be

avoided because it is in accordance with the

development of the times and technological advances

that are increasingly sophisticated every decade. The

use of GPT chat can advance the next generation if

used in the right way and rules but can also destroy

the next generation if not used properly. In terms of

educational progress that prioritizes technology in

every learning process, ethics are needed in the use of

AI technology, including providing limitations in the

use of AI for students through presentation sessions

in class to improve students' reasoning and creativity

in understanding the material through delivery in

front of the class, opening discussions on each

material by linking it to issues or problems that are

relevant to the topic of study. Not only that, this

discussion can also be done in groups so that students

Academic Ethics for Using the ChatGPT AI Platform in Learning in Higher Education

513

can develop their own ideas and thoughts so that

creative thinking arises from the results together.

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