Optimizing the Function of Public Space in Makassar City:
Opportunities and Challenges
Ahmadin
a
, Rifal
b
, Bustan
c
and Ahmad Subair
d
Faculty of Social Sciences and Law, Universitas Negeri Makassar, A.P. Pettarani Street, Makassar, Indonesia
Keywords: Optimizing, Function, Public Space, Makassar City.
Abstract: Public space is one of the main facilities needed by urban communities, even as an iconic identity of the city.
This paper examines the pattern of public space utilization at several locations in Makassar City in the
sociology of space. Data collection techniques were conducted through observation, interviews, and
documentation. The results showed that the utilization of public spaces in Makassar city has not been
maximized as ideally. Some of the causes include, among others, public spaces such as city parks that are less
well maintained, changing the function of public areas into markets by the crowded street vendors, public
spaces far from the city center, the rise of illegal parking attendants, and other factors. The increasing number
of visitors to public spaces is actually an opportunity for their development. The challenge is whether or not
the vision of urban planners and developers is representative of the needs of urban communities for public
spaces. This is where the importance of an urban development strategy that involves various elements of
society as owners and enjoyers of urban space.
1 INTRODUCTION
Urban communities (Belanche, Casaló, and Rubio
2021) and public spaces (Paris and Vettore 2024) are
inseparable in daily life, especially on Saturdays and
Sundays and other holidays. Even public spaces for
certain categories become the choice of public visits
at night, especially places that provide hangout
facilities with a relaxed atmosphere. This is proof that
public space is a vital need for urban communities,
(Carmona 2019) especially for the purpose of
relieving fatigue or tiredness after working all day or
week. Such is the importance of public space, that
many people are willing to spend their time in these
public areas whether hanging out, discussing,
exercising, or other activities. Some examples of
public spaces that are favored by the community, such
as: city parks, sidewalks, plazas, cafes, recreational
parks, squares, sports fields, and others.
Cities in Indonesia, (Silver 2022) including
Makassar, have long had public spaces with various
forms and functions. The oldest public spaces in cities
a
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7123-5216
b
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2691-9272
c
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4914-1050
d
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6639-9319
are city parks, (Azevedo 2020) playgrounds,
(Alexandrovna et al. 2020) amusement parks,
(Sharma 2022) and sports fields (Dingle and Mallen
2021). Through parks with a cool space design by
shady trees, it is an attraction for many people to
enjoy the atmosphere while relaxing. Parks that
provide places to sit and relax, presenting a
comfortable and beautiful atmosphere so that it is
used as a hangout. In addition, parks are always built
as markers of historical events (Elhami Khorasani and
Garlock 2017) or are spaces designed in such a way
as to commemorate important events in the past.
Thus, the dual function of a park is in addition to
public space as well as a historical place, where for
certain circles the purpose of visiting the place as well
as retracing. For example, Macan Park which
includes a statue that symbolizes the struggle of the
Laskar Harimau Indonesia (Indonesian Tiger
Warriors) and the Mandala Monument public space is
a symbolic trace of the historical events of the seizure
of West Irian (Herlina 2011).
212
Ahmadin, , Rifal, , Bustan, and Subair, A.
Optimizing the Function of Public Space in Makassar City: Opportunities and Challenges.
DOI: 10.5220/0013408800004654
In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science (ICHELS 2024), pages 212-220
ISBN: 978-989-758-752-8
Copyright © 2025 by Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Public space in the form of parks in Makassar
city, seems to still exist until now and even new parks
have emerged with more modern designs and
different objectives. Along with the times and social
changes in society (Sanford 2017), today there are
various new types of alternative public spaces that
can be an alternative choice for the community.
However, the presence of new public spaces that aim
to meet the needs of the community, in reality, still
causes problems, especially in optimizing their
utilization. In fact, there is often mutual blame
between the community and the government
regarding the existence of public spaces (Li et al.
2023). On the one hand, the community often
considers the government to be less concerned about
the construction and development of urban public
spaces. On the other hand, the government says that
the community often lacks awareness of the
ownership of public spaces so that they do not take
good care of them. This is evident in several public
space facilities that have been vandalized by
irresponsible individuals.
The interesting thing about this study is that it
wants to explore the factors that cause the less than
optimal utilization of public space functions
(Bunawardi, Suzuki, and Hiroki 2016) in Makassar
city. This will serve as the basis for efforts to
maximize its functions, including the basis for its
development strategy. This study begins with a
description of the profile of several public spaces by
type and function as a tool to measure how effectively
they are used. It then identifies the changes in the
function of public spaces, both in terms of causes and
implications. Referring to some of the causes of the
non-optimal utilization of public space, the direction
for the optimization strategy will be determined.
Thus, representative public spaces (Carmona 2021)
that are envisioned as vital facilities in the city
become a reality and can be enjoyed by all levels of
the Makassar city community.
2 METHOD
This type of research is descriptive research that
discusses the pattern of public space utilization in
Makassar city with a sociology of space approach.
The collection method is done through observation
(Chen and Ng 2011), namely direct observation of the
condition of public space facilities and community
activities in several public spaces, especially every
Sunday morning. In addition, interviews were also
conducted with several visitors in the public space, to
obtain data and information about the purpose of
visiting, the types of activities carried out, and what
their responses were to the condition of the public
space. Informants were selected purposively and
snowball (Wildemuth 2016) with reference to the
types of activities carried out and the facilities used.
Document studies were also conducted to obtain data
on the brief history of the establishment and
development of a public space. Data analysis
techniques are carried out through stages: (1) data
reduction, which is to simplify, classify, and sort out
data that is considered unnecessary and then discard
it; (2) Data display, which is a systematic presentation
of data to facilitate understanding; and (3) Conclusion
and verification, which is trying to find the meaning
of each data by looking for relationships, similarities,
and differences as a basis for drawing conclusions
(Ahmadin 2022).
3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The results of research through direct observation of
fiscal conditions and various community activities in
several public spaces in Makassar city are quite
adequate and are strongly supported by high public
enthusiasm in utilizing them for various purposes.
Similarly, the results of interviews with several
visitors show that they really enjoy public space
facilities in various activities (Soyinka, Adenle, and
Abdul-Rahman 2021). It's just that the problem is that
the utilization of public space is not yet optimal as its
ideal function, so it is interesting to analyze some of
the factors that cause it. To obtain a comprehensive
description of the opportunities and challenges of
optimizing the function of public space, this
discussion begins with an overview of the condition
of public space, then describes the forms of utilization
(Carmona et al. 2019) as a measure of its functions,
as well as the phenomenon of changes in the function
of public space. An overview of the profile of public
space, forms of utilization, and changes in its function
is the basis for the preparation of strategies to
optimize its function, as well as a vision for the future
of public space (Haas and Mehaffy 2019) in urban
areas.
3.1 Types and Functions of Public
Spaces
Makassar, as one of the cities in Indonesia that applies
the Smart City concept, certainly has a variety of
public areas or representative public spaces that can
be accessed by all levels of society. In fact, everyone
who will visit this scattered city in eastern Indonesia,
Optimizing the Function of Public Space in Makassar City: Opportunities and Challenges
213
will imagine being able to enjoy public spaces as a
means of entertainment. Some of the public facilities
that should ideally be available include: city parks,
recreational parks, cafes, plazas, sidewalks, squares,
sports fields, and others (Ahmadin 2024). Although
several types of public spaces are available in
Makassar city, this study only selects some of them to
be studied in depth. Because the orientation of this
study is to find a grand strategy for optimizing the
function of public spaces (Menassa, Taylor, and
Nelson 2013), the types of public spaces (Mantey and
Kępkowicz 2018) that will be discussed are those that
are in direct contact with city government policies.
This is based on the assumption that urban
development planners (Filion et al. 2015) have an
important role in the process of optimizing the
function of public space, in addition to the city
community as its users.
One of Makassar's oldest and most iconic public
spaces is Losari Beach. This public area, once
popularly known as the world's longest restaurant, is
located in the western part of Makassar city and
stretches from north to south or vice versa. For at least
three decades, between the 1970s and 1990s, Losari
Beach was the most ideal hangout and relaxation spot
visited by both newcomers to the city and the city's
residents. The existence of the beach with the beauty
of the waves and the breeze, which is famous for its
Pisang Epek food menu, was once popularized by
Elvi Sukaesih (Day and Piper 1995) in the title of her
song “Sumpah Benang Emas” (Golden Thread Oath)
created by Herman Tanjung. This traditionally
characterized public space, then changed its shape
after reclamation and now appears in a modern style
with a change of name to Anjungan Pantai Losari.
This modern design public space focuses on the view
as a photo spot and even symbolically this space
represents the existence of 4 main ethnicities namely:
Makassar, Bugis, Mandar, and Toraja.
Another famous public space in Makassar is
Taman Macan (Macan Park), located on Sultan
Hasanuddin Street. The park, which is located behind
the Makassar Mayor's Office (Prihatin et al. 2021),
was established in 1985 and inaugurated by the
Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal and
Security Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia
(Menkopolhukam), Surono Reksodimedjo. In this
park, a monument was erected that symbolizes the
struggle of Makassar youth against the Dutch
colonialists (Budiharso, Bakri, and Sujito 2023). This
historical monument in the form of a Tiger statue, is
a representation of the heroic story of Laskar
Harimau Indonesia. The reason why this public area
is popularly known as Macan Park is because the
people of Makassar prefer to call the tiger statue
Patung Macan.
Other public spaces in the form of parks in
Makassar city, such as: Fort Rotterdam Park, located
on Ujung Pandang Street. This beautiful park is a
choice of hangout place for young people while
enjoying various juice drinks because there are
seating facilities available. Even this park, which is
fairly unique in appearance, is an interesting photo
spot. A place that is no less interesting is Pattimura
Park which is located not far from or next to Tiger
Park. This not so large park is interesting because of
its beautiful condition. In a slightly southern location
again there is Maccini Sombala Park, which is located
on Nuri Baru Street. Unlike the condition and
appearance of other parks, Maccini Sombala Park has
the concept of garden tourism.
Two unique parks can also be found in the city of
Makassar, namely Indosat Park located on Slamet
Riyadi Street (Immanuel 2020). This park is suitable
for book lovers, where visitors can use the facilities
to read books while enjoying the beauty of the park.
In addition, many visitors also use Indosat Park as a
place for discussions with their friends. In the eastern
part of Makassar, there is also a public area (Arfanda
et al. 2023) called Refleksi Park, located on
Hertasning Street or around Tamalate and Toddopuli.
Refleksi Park is named because it provides facilities
in the form of a path that is deliberately made rocky,
so that it can be used as a special therapy for the feet.
In addition, in this place you can also enjoy the
mainstay yellow rice menu and can watch or play
soccer.
One more type of public space in the form of a
park that is currently visited by many people is Pakui
Sayang Park, located on A.P. Pettarani Street. This
park functions as a sports facility (gymnastics,
jogging track, tennes), entertainment facility (live
music and various events), a relaxing place supported
by seating and shady trees (Ahmadin 2023). The 1-
hectare public area located in the Public Works Office
(PU) complex was inaugurated by the governor of
South Sulawesi, Syahrul Yasin Limpo (Raihan,
Yakub, and Kambo 2023) on February 3, 2017. Not
far from this park, there is also a public space in the
form of a highway which is closed to motorized
vehicles every Sunday. The area located on
Boulevard Street is called Car Free Day (Zakaria and
Pasra 2020), which opens at 06.00 until 10.00.
Visitors can enjoy this public area as a means of:
leisurely walking (Green 2009), cycling, jogging
(Kostrzewska 2017), and also shopping (Oppewal
and Timmermans 1999).
ICHELS 2024 - The International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science
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Especially for people who like Car Free Day type
of public space, it can also be enjoyed on Jalan
Jenderal Sudirman in the form of leisurely walking,
jogging, gymnastics, and cycling activities. In this
Car Free Day area, visitors can also enjoy the
historical scenery of the Mandala Monument
(Prihatin et al. 2021). In addition, the Car Free Day
area can also be found in the Center Point of
Indonesia (CPI) (Suhardi 2021) area, where this
public space is very crowded, especially during
holidays, namely Saturday and Sunday. Even on other
days, CPI is also crowded, especially in the afternoon
before sunset. Not far from this area can also be found
public spaces such as: Lego-Lego (Yatmar et al.
2024), as well as religious attractions, namely Masjid
99 Kubah (the 99 Dome Mosque) (Rahmat, Suarni,
and KHalid 2024) and the floating mosque on Losari
beach, the Amirul Mukminin Mosque (Langkoke
2022).
The existence of functional public spaces can also
be a forum for maintaining social cohesion (Schiefer
and Van der Noll 2017) and emotional relationships
among family, friends, business relations, coworkers,
and others. Public spaces that provide facilities with
a relaxed atmosphere, become a separate force in
luring many people to use them for various purposes
other than leisure and sports. On the other hand,
public spaces promise economic prosperity (Alesina,
Harnoss, and Rapoport 2016) in the form of the
availability of facilities for selling to get financial
benefits to fulfill life's needs. Thus, public space in
the view of street vendors, is an important land to
make a living by selling. In their view, the presence
of public space remains important for urban
communities, but in a vision of utilization with an
economic dimension that is different from the general
public.
3.2 Changes in the Meaning of Space
The meaning of public space is always measured by
its function and utilization (Pasaogullari and Doratli
2004) by the community, so that if its function is
reduced, its meaning will also decrease. The
meaningfulness of a public space is at least seen from
two important elements related to the experience
created from the interaction process in the use by the
community, namely passive engagement and active
engagement. On that basis, the public space should be
a representative space (De Wilde 2012) that supports
the creation of interactive social communication
(Hwang and Hughes 2000). Representative
characteristics of public space include responsive,
decocrative, and meaningful (Carr et al. 1992). If we
refer to the basic assumptions about the existence of
space in the sociological paradigm, then space must
be seen as an entity that is not passive and always
changing along with the dynamics of meaning given
by the user community or the audience. Referring to
this perspective, changes in the meaning and function
of public spaces in Makassar city will be discussed.
Based on the results of interviews with several
visitors to public spaces in Makassar city, the purpose
of their visit can be divided into several categories
based on their reasons or recognition: (1) regular
visitors, namely users of public spaces who attend
every Saturday or Sunday and carry out their
activities. They are gymnastics and jogging
enthusiasts, both those who are members of a
community and those who are independent as well as
those who enjoy a relaxed atmosphere while hanging
out; (2) incidental or non-regular visitors, namely
those who use public spaces as a spare time filler and
not the main purpose. They are photo/video
enthusiasts (including content creators) who focus on
the function of public spaces as photo spots alone; (3)
mobilized visitors, namely visitors who come because
they want to attend an event or competition that offers
prizes; and (4) trial visitors, namely those who take
advantage of the function of public spaces just for
sightseeing without the main purpose, for example
invited by friends or curious because they want to
prove themselves after getting information about a
public space.
The condition of these public spaces, both
physical and atmospheric, can change at any time, so
that their meaning and function also change. In
addition, the decline in the quality of the function of
a public space is also caused by the availability of new
public spaces that offer similar or perhaps more
varied functions, so that the choice of many people
switches to spaces with a new appearance. In fact,
these new public spaces are often located close to the
center of dense settlements in Makassar city, making
them easier and faster to access. New public spaces in
Makassar city are also supported by a strategic
location, which is not far from other public facilities,
such as near shopping centers or densely populated
housing complexes.
Changes in the meaning of space (Carmona 2015)
are also caused by factors in the way of perceiving a
space, for example, only considering it as a place to
take pictures and making the location background a
complementary element of its aesthetics. In this
condition, the meaning of space slowly decreases
(Lee 2021) because the repeated action of visiting
similar photo or video objects will cause boredom. On
the other hand, for visitors who focus on the
Optimizing the Function of Public Space in Makassar City: Opportunities and Challenges
215
condition/situation of the object with the target of
attention on the activities that take place in that place
tend to survive and always interpret public space with
a variety of values attached to it (Lofland 2017).
An example of the results of research on changes
in the meaning and function of public space (Reyes
2016) in Makassar city is the Car Free Day area
located on Boulevard Street (Arfanda et al. 2023).
This public area was inaugurated by the Deputy
Governor of South Sulawesi Province, Agus Arifin
Nu'mang on April 25, 2017. The purpose of its
establishment is to facilitate the needs of the city
community such as sports and a relaxed atmosphere
in the morning. In its development, the Car Free Day
area shows more and more interest from visitors, but
ironically, the condition seems to turn into a market
as a traditional shopping center (Ujang 2014). The
number of sellers/traders has increased without any
control from the government, causing the conditions
to be chaotic and look crowded like a night market.
Finally, the function of public space is diminishing,
especially as a means of exercise and a place to enjoy
relaxing conditions (Li et al. 2021).
3.3 Optimization Strategy for Public
Space Utilization
In terms of opportunities, the optimization of the
utilization of public space functions (Eriawan and
Setiawati 2017) in Makassar City is very possible to
do seen from several supporting factors. First, public
spaces in various types such as: city parks, highways,
plazas, cafes, and others as a place to hang out to fill
spare time, sports, or to hold events in the form and
condition of adequate facilities. Second, the number
of visitors based on direct observation at several
points of public space locations shows a very large
and very dense number, especially in the
Panakkukang Boulevard Car Free Day area, Pakui
Sayang Park at the PU Complex on A.P. Pettarani
Street (Usman, Rusli, and Hudain 2024), Jenderal
Sudirman Road in the Mandala Monument area
(Putra, Ariana, and Suteja 2024), Losari Beachfront
(Irafany et al. 2020), Lego-lego, and the Center Point
of Indonesia area. Third, access to each public space
is very easy and free so that it can be enjoyed by all
levels of society. Simply pay parking (Said and
Syafey 2021) levies with cheap and non-binding
rates, everyone can enjoy the facilities and
atmosphere in various public areas. Fourth, from the
aspect of comfort, the situation of public spaces is
quite good, such as in several city parks that are
designed beautifully and have shady trees that can
create a sense of comfort to sit back and relax and do
activities in the area. Similarly, sports facilities are
available, both for gymnastics, jogging, leisurely
walks, (Latham 2015) and other types.
The availability of various alternative choices of
public spaces in Makassar city, the large number of
visitors, easy and free access, and the availability of
comfortable situations, especially in various city
parks, (Ummeh and Toshio 2017) are very good
opportunities for efforts to optimize the use of their
functions. However, there are still some obstacles as
well as challenges to optimizing its utilization, such
as: (1) For the case of several public spaces of the city
park type, it shows that there is still a lack of public
awareness (visitors) in maintaining or caring for
supporting facilities so that at some points the
location appears to be damaged and no longer
functioning. This means that the sense of ownership
of public space among the city community is still very
lacking, so there are still frequent acts of
“destruction” carried out by irresponsible individuals;
(2) Efforts to maintain and develop the quality of
services and facilities from the organizers including
the government are still less serious and not optimal,
so there seems to be indifference to the condition of
the damaged facilities: (3) The culture of hanging out
has not fully become a necessity as well as a
characteristic of urban society, especially for visitors
to city parks, so that the function of the park is more
dominant for the purposes of taking pictures and
video content only; (4) The characteristics of visitors
are still many of them just follow along and try
because they are invited by friends or family, so that
the function of public space is not a vital need for
them, and (5) specifically for the condition of public
space for the Car Free Day area, it seems that there
has been a fundamental change from its ideal function
where the reality shows that the condition has
changed drastically into a market or traditional
shopping center.
In addition to the five obstacles to optimizing the
utilization of public space functions (Hetyorini and
Ekawati 2022) in Makassar city, there is one thing
that is also not important, namely the lack of
distribution of public spaces at fixed locations,
causing their function to be less than optimal. For
example, the unavailability of public areas with
conditions similar to Car Free Day (Masiol et al.
2014) in other places in Makassar city, causing
community activities to be centered at one point only
so that visitors overflow and trigger traffic congestion
and parking problems (Barone et al. 2014). Similarly,
activities that are centered on public space conditions
in the Center Point of Indonesia area, especially on
Saturdays and Sundays, cause problems, especially
ICHELS 2024 - The International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science
216
triggering congestion for access to and from the
location.
Referring to several opportunities and challenges
for optimizing the utilization of public space
functions (Jens and Gregg 2021) in Makassar city,
there are several things that need to be a common
concern. First, public spaces in the form of city parks
should be designed to be places that provide a sense
of comfort for visitors, so that efforts are needed to
improve the aspects of supporting facilities. In
addition, each park needs an iconic character
(Engelbart and Krech 2016) so that it becomes an
attraction for visitors and even if possible there is a
suggestion box for users as a reference for its
development. Second, at every certain point in
Makassar city, especially in densely populated areas,
a representative public area or public space
(Sochacka, Rzeszotarska-Pałka, and Nowak 2022)
should be built so that it can be used by people who
live in the surrounding location as an alternative
choice. This can reduce the possibility of
accumulating visitors in one public space (Renaud et
al. 2017) at a certain point which can trigger traffic
congestion. Third, public space development policies
(Carmona 2019) in Makassar city should be based on
the needs of the community (Chitrakar 2016), so that
the development or development planning process
must involve or at least be in accordance with the
aspirations of the city community as users of public
space (Anderson et al. 2017).
Community involvement in determining the
vision for urban development (Park et al. 2013) and
spatial planning (Zhou et al. 2017) is very important
in relation to the existence of public spaces. The
density of settlements in Makassar city is a problem
for the ownership of public spaces, such as simple
examples of hangout places or sports facilities. As a
result, we often find many children using the street as
a location to play football and other play activities.
This is where the importance of the government
regarding what type of public needs (Carr et al. 2007)
they want and ideally available in the city and easily
accessible.
4 CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of the research, it is concluded
that in terms of the availability of public spaces in
various forms in Makassar City, there is actually a
great opportunity to develop them. This is supported
by the fact that the number of visitors to public spaces
in the capital of South Sulawesi province is fairly
large, especially on work holidays. It's just that the
challenges and obstacles include: the city government
lacks concern for the maintenance of existing public
spaces. In addition, this obstacle is also exacerbated
by the lack of awareness of citizens to care for the
facilities available in public spaces. Evidently, some
corners of public spaces tend to be vandalized by
irresponsible people and ironically there has been no
effort to repair them from the management. In
addition, the problem of developing the function and
utilization of public spaces is also caused by the
dysfunction of space from the public area as a place
to relax into a “market” characterized by very many
sellers and tends to be chaotic. The constraints of
public space utilization are also caused by the uneven
availability of representative public spaces and
instead are still concentrated in certain locations far
from the main settlement centers. The concentration
of public spaces at certain points in Makassar city
causes congestion, especially during holidays
because of the access of large numbers of visitors at
the same time. The phenomenon of congestion and
the number of visitors to these public spaces, in turn,
creates an uncomfortable situation. Finally, the
characteristics of public spaces that ideally create a
sense of comfort for visitors to relax, actually create
the opposite atmosphere that is less enjoyable.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank all parties, especially visitors to
public spaces in Makassar, for their willingness to
provide data and information on their views and best
wishes. Your opinions and suggestions have made an
important contribution to the content of this article.
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