Optimizing the Function of Public Space in Makassar City:

Opportunities and Challenges

Ahmadin

, Rifal

, Bustan

and Ahmad Subair

Faculty of Social Sciences and Law, Universitas Negeri Makassar, A.P. Pettarani Street, Makassar, Indonesia

Keywords: Optimizing, Function, Public Space, Makassar City.

Abstract: Public space is one of the main facilities needed by urban communities, even as an iconic identity of the city.

This paper examines the pattern of public space utilization at several locations in Makassar City in the

sociology of space. Data collection techniques were conducted through observation, interviews, and

documentation. The results showed that the utilization of public spaces in Makassar city has not been

maximized as ideally. Some of the causes include, among others, public spaces such as city parks that are less

well maintained, changing the function of public areas into markets by the crowded street vendors, public

spaces far from the city center, the rise of illegal parking attendants, and other factors. The increasing number

of visitors to public spaces is actually an opportunity for their development. The challenge is whether or not

the vision of urban planners and developers is representative of the needs of urban communities for public

spaces. This is where the importance of an urban development strategy that involves various elements of

society as owners and enjoyers of urban space.

1 INTRODUCTION

Urban communities (Belanche, Casaló, and Rubio

2021) and public spaces (Paris and Vettore 2024) are

inseparable in daily life, especially on Saturdays and

Sundays and other holidays. Even public spaces for

certain categories become the choice of public visits

at night, especially places that provide hangout

facilities with a relaxed atmosphere. This is proof that

public space is a vital need for urban communities,

(Carmona 2019) especially for the purpose of

relieving fatigue or tiredness after working all day or

week. Such is the importance of public space, that

many people are willing to spend their time in these

public areas whether hanging out, discussing,

exercising, or other activities. Some examples of

public spaces that are favored by the community, such

as: city parks, sidewalks, plazas, cafes, recreational

parks, squares, sports fields, and others.

Cities in Indonesia, (Silver 2022) including

Makassar, have long had public spaces with various

forms and functions. The oldest public spaces in cities

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are city parks, (Azevedo 2020) playgrounds,

(Alexandrovna et al. 2020) amusement parks,

(Sharma 2022) and sports fields (Dingle and Mallen

2021). Through parks with a cool space design by

shady trees, it is an attraction for many people to

enjoy the atmosphere while relaxing. Parks that

provide places to sit and relax, presenting a

comfortable and beautiful atmosphere so that it is

used as a hangout. In addition, parks are always built

as markers of historical events (Elhami Khorasani and

Garlock 2017) or are spaces designed in such a way

as to commemorate important events in the past.

Thus, the dual function of a park is in addition to

public space as well as a historical place, where for

certain circles the purpose of visiting the place as well

as retracing. For example, Macan Park which

includes a statue that symbolizes the struggle of the

Laskar Harimau Indonesia (Indonesian Tiger

Warriors) and the Mandala Monument public space is

a symbolic trace of the historical events of the seizure

of West Irian (Herlina 2011).

212

Ahmadin, , Rifal, , Bustan, and Subair, A.

Optimizing the Function of Public Space in Makassar City: Opportunities and Challenges.

DOI: 10.5220/0013408800004654

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science (ICHELS 2024), pages 212-220

ISBN: 978-989-758-752-8

Public space in the form of parks in Makassar

city, seems to still exist until now and even new parks

have emerged with more modern designs and

different objectives. Along with the times and social

changes in society (Sanford 2017), today there are

various new types of alternative public spaces that

can be an alternative choice for the community.

However, the presence of new public spaces that aim

to meet the needs of the community, in reality, still

causes problems, especially in optimizing their

utilization. In fact, there is often mutual blame

between the community and the government

regarding the existence of public spaces (Li et al.

2023). On the one hand, the community often

considers the government to be less concerned about

the construction and development of urban public

spaces. On the other hand, the government says that

the community often lacks awareness of the

ownership of public spaces so that they do not take

good care of them. This is evident in several public

space facilities that have been vandalized by

irresponsible individuals.

The interesting thing about this study is that it

wants to explore the factors that cause the less than

optimal utilization of public space functions

(Bunawardi, Suzuki, and Hiroki 2016) in Makassar

city. This will serve as the basis for efforts to

maximize its functions, including the basis for its

development strategy. This study begins with a

description of the profile of several public spaces by

type and function as a tool to measure how effectively

they are used. It then identifies the changes in the

function of public spaces, both in terms of causes and

implications. Referring to some of the causes of the

non-optimal utilization of public space, the direction

for the optimization strategy will be determined.

Thus, representative public spaces (Carmona 2021)

that are envisioned as vital facilities in the city

become a reality and can be enjoyed by all levels of

the Makassar city community.

2 METHOD

This type of research is descriptive research that

discusses the pattern of public space utilization in

Makassar city with a sociology of space approach.

The collection method is done through observation

(Chen and Ng 2011), namely direct observation of the

condition of public space facilities and community

activities in several public spaces, especially every

Sunday morning. In addition, interviews were also

conducted with several visitors in the public space, to

obtain data and information about the purpose of

visiting, the types of activities carried out, and what

their responses were to the condition of the public

space. Informants were selected purposively and

snowball (Wildemuth 2016) with reference to the

types of activities carried out and the facilities used.

Document studies were also conducted to obtain data

on the brief history of the establishment and

development of a public space. Data analysis

techniques are carried out through stages: (1) data

reduction, which is to simplify, classify, and sort out

data that is considered unnecessary and then discard

it; (2) Data display, which is a systematic presentation

of data to facilitate understanding; and (3) Conclusion

and verification, which is trying to find the meaning

of each data by looking for relationships, similarities,

and differences as a basis for drawing conclusions

(Ahmadin 2022).

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The results of research through direct observation of

fiscal conditions and various community activities in

several public spaces in Makassar city are quite

adequate and are strongly supported by high public

enthusiasm in utilizing them for various purposes.

Similarly, the results of interviews with several

visitors show that they really enjoy public space

facilities in various activities (Soyinka, Adenle, and

Abdul-Rahman 2021). It's just that the problem is that

the utilization of public space is not yet optimal as its

ideal function, so it is interesting to analyze some of

the factors that cause it. To obtain a comprehensive

description of the opportunities and challenges of

optimizing the function of public space, this

discussion begins with an overview of the condition

of public space, then describes the forms of utilization

(Carmona et al. 2019) as a measure of its functions,

as well as the phenomenon of changes in the function

of public space. An overview of the profile of public

space, forms of utilization, and changes in its function

is the basis for the preparation of strategies to

optimize its function, as well as a vision for the future

of public space (Haas and Mehaffy 2019) in urban

areas.

3.1 Types and Functions of Public

Spaces

Makassar, as one of the cities in Indonesia that applies

the Smart City concept, certainly has a variety of

public areas or representative public spaces that can

be accessed by all levels of society. In fact, everyone

who will visit this scattered city in eastern Indonesia,

Optimizing the Function of Public Space in Makassar City: Opportunities and Challenges

213

will imagine being able to enjoy public spaces as a

means of entertainment. Some of the public facilities

that should ideally be available include: city parks,

recreational parks, cafes, plazas, sidewalks, squares,

sports fields, and others (Ahmadin 2024). Although

several types of public spaces are available in

Makassar city, this study only selects some of them to

be studied in depth. Because the orientation of this

study is to find a grand strategy for optimizing the

function of public spaces (Menassa, Taylor, and

Nelson 2013), the types of public spaces (Mantey and

Kępkowicz 2018) that will be discussed are those that

are in direct contact with city government policies.

This is based on the assumption that urban

development planners (Filion et al. 2015) have an

important role in the process of optimizing the

function of public space, in addition to the city

community as its users.

One of Makassar's oldest and most iconic public

spaces is Losari Beach. This public area, once

popularly known as the world's longest restaurant, is

located in the western part of Makassar city and

stretches from north to south or vice versa. For at least

three decades, between the 1970s and 1990s, Losari

Beach was the most ideal hangout and relaxation spot

visited by both newcomers to the city and the city's

residents. The existence of the beach with the beauty

of the waves and the breeze, which is famous for its

Pisang Epek food menu, was once popularized by

Elvi Sukaesih (Day and Piper 1995) in the title of her

song “Sumpah Benang Emas” (Golden Thread Oath)

created by Herman Tanjung. This traditionally

characterized public space, then changed its shape

after reclamation and now appears in a modern style

with a change of name to Anjungan Pantai Losari.

This modern design public space focuses on the view

as a photo spot and even symbolically this space

represents the existence of 4 main ethnicities namely:

Makassar, Bugis, Mandar, and Toraja.

Another famous public space in Makassar is

Taman Macan (Macan Park), located on Sultan

Hasanuddin Street. The park, which is located behind

the Makassar Mayor's Office (Prihatin et al. 2021),

was established in 1985 and inaugurated by the

Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal and

Security Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia

(Menkopolhukam), Surono Reksodimedjo. In this

park, a monument was erected that symbolizes the

struggle of Makassar youth against the Dutch

colonialists (Budiharso, Bakri, and Sujito 2023). This

historical monument in the form of a Tiger statue, is

a representation of the heroic story of Laskar

Harimau Indonesia. The reason why this public area

is popularly known as Macan Park is because the

people of Makassar prefer to call the tiger statue

Patung Macan.

Other public spaces in the form of parks in

Makassar city, such as: Fort Rotterdam Park, located

on Ujung Pandang Street. This beautiful park is a

choice of hangout place for young people while

enjoying various juice drinks because there are

seating facilities available. Even this park, which is

fairly unique in appearance, is an interesting photo

spot. A place that is no less interesting is Pattimura

Park which is located not far from or next to Tiger

Park. This not so large park is interesting because of

its beautiful condition. In a slightly southern location

again there is Maccini Sombala Park, which is located

on Nuri Baru Street. Unlike the condition and

appearance of other parks, Maccini Sombala Park has

the concept of garden tourism.

Two unique parks can also be found in the city of

Makassar, namely Indosat Park located on Slamet

Riyadi Street (Immanuel 2020). This park is suitable

for book lovers, where visitors can use the facilities

to read books while enjoying the beauty of the park.

In addition, many visitors also use Indosat Park as a

place for discussions with their friends. In the eastern

part of Makassar, there is also a public area (Arfanda

et al. 2023) called Refleksi Park, located on

Hertasning Street or around Tamalate and Toddopuli.

Refleksi Park is named because it provides facilities

in the form of a path that is deliberately made rocky,

so that it can be used as a special therapy for the feet.

In addition, in this place you can also enjoy the

mainstay yellow rice menu and can watch or play

soccer.

One more type of public space in the form of a

park that is currently visited by many people is Pakui

Sayang Park, located on A.P. Pettarani Street. This

park functions as a sports facility (gymnastics,

jogging track, tennes), entertainment facility (live

music and various events), a relaxing place supported

by seating and shady trees (Ahmadin 2023). The 1-

hectare public area located in the Public Works Office

(PU) complex was inaugurated by the governor of

South Sulawesi, Syahrul Yasin Limpo (Raihan,

Yakub, and Kambo 2023) on February 3, 2017. Not

far from this park, there is also a public space in the

form of a highway which is closed to motorized

vehicles every Sunday. The area located on

Boulevard Street is called Car Free Day (Zakaria and

Pasra 2020), which opens at 06.00 until 10.00.

Visitors can enjoy this public area as a means of:

leisurely walking (Green 2009), cycling, jogging

(Kostrzewska 2017), and also shopping (Oppewal

and Timmermans 1999).

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Especially for people who like Car Free Day type

of public space, it can also be enjoyed on Jalan

Jenderal Sudirman in the form of leisurely walking,

jogging, gymnastics, and cycling activities. In this

Car Free Day area, visitors can also enjoy the

historical scenery of the Mandala Monument

(Prihatin et al. 2021). In addition, the Car Free Day

area can also be found in the Center Point of

Indonesia (CPI) (Suhardi 2021) area, where this

public space is very crowded, especially during

holidays, namely Saturday and Sunday. Even on other

days, CPI is also crowded, especially in the afternoon

before sunset. Not far from this area can also be found

public spaces such as: Lego-Lego (Yatmar et al.

2024), as well as religious attractions, namely Masjid

99 Kubah (the 99 Dome Mosque) (Rahmat, Suarni,

and KHalid 2024) and the floating mosque on Losari

beach, the Amirul Mukminin Mosque (Langkoke

2022).

The existence of functional public spaces can also

be a forum for maintaining social cohesion (Schiefer

and Van der Noll 2017) and emotional relationships

among family, friends, business relations, coworkers,

and others. Public spaces that provide facilities with

a relaxed atmosphere, become a separate force in

luring many people to use them for various purposes

other than leisure and sports. On the other hand,

public spaces promise economic prosperity (Alesina,

Harnoss, and Rapoport 2016) in the form of the

availability of facilities for selling to get financial

benefits to fulfill life's needs. Thus, public space in

the view of street vendors, is an important land to

make a living by selling. In their view, the presence

of public space remains important for urban

communities, but in a vision of utilization with an

economic dimension that is different from the general

public.

3.2 Changes in the Meaning of Space

The meaning of public space is always measured by

its function and utilization (Pasaogullari and Doratli

2004) by the community, so that if its function is

reduced, its meaning will also decrease. The

meaningfulness of a public space is at least seen from

two important elements related to the experience

created from the interaction process in the use by the

community, namely passive engagement and active

engagement. On that basis, the public space should be

a representative space (De Wilde 2012) that supports

the creation of interactive social communication

(Hwang and Hughes 2000). Representative

characteristics of public space include responsive,

decocrative, and meaningful (Carr et al. 1992). If we

refer to the basic assumptions about the existence of

space in the sociological paradigm, then space must

be seen as an entity that is not passive and always

changing along with the dynamics of meaning given

by the user community or the audience. Referring to

this perspective, changes in the meaning and function

of public spaces in Makassar city will be discussed.

Based on the results of interviews with several

visitors to public spaces in Makassar city, the purpose

of their visit can be divided into several categories

based on their reasons or recognition: (1) regular

visitors, namely users of public spaces who attend

every Saturday or Sunday and carry out their

activities. They are gymnastics and jogging

enthusiasts, both those who are members of a

community and those who are independent as well as

those who enjoy a relaxed atmosphere while hanging

out; (2) incidental or non-regular visitors, namely

those who use public spaces as a spare time filler and

not the main purpose. They are photo/video

enthusiasts (including content creators) who focus on

the function of public spaces as photo spots alone; (3)

mobilized visitors, namely visitors who come because

they want to attend an event or competition that offers

prizes; and (4) trial visitors, namely those who take

advantage of the function of public spaces just for

sightseeing without the main purpose, for example

invited by friends or curious because they want to

prove themselves after getting information about a

public space.

The condition of these public spaces, both

physical and atmospheric, can change at any time, so

that their meaning and function also change. In

addition, the decline in the quality of the function of

a public space is also caused by the availability of new

public spaces that offer similar or perhaps more

varied functions, so that the choice of many people

switches to spaces with a new appearance. In fact,

these new public spaces are often located close to the

center of dense settlements in Makassar city, making

them easier and faster to access. New public spaces in

Makassar city are also supported by a strategic

location, which is not far from other public facilities,

such as near shopping centers or densely populated

housing complexes.

Changes in the meaning of space (Carmona 2015)

are also caused by factors in the way of perceiving a

space, for example, only considering it as a place to

take pictures and making the location background a

complementary element of its aesthetics. In this

condition, the meaning of space slowly decreases

(Lee 2021) because the repeated action of visiting

similar photo or video objects will cause boredom. On

the other hand, for visitors who focus on the

Optimizing the Function of Public Space in Makassar City: Opportunities and Challenges

215

condition/situation of the object with the target of

attention on the activities that take place in that place

tend to survive and always interpret public space with

a variety of values attached to it (Lofland 2017).

An example of the results of research on changes

in the meaning and function of public space (Reyes

2016) in Makassar city is the Car Free Day area

located on Boulevard Street (Arfanda et al. 2023).

This public area was inaugurated by the Deputy

Governor of South Sulawesi Province, Agus Arifin

Nu'mang on April 25, 2017. The purpose of its

establishment is to facilitate the needs of the city

community such as sports and a relaxed atmosphere

in the morning. In its development, the Car Free Day

area shows more and more interest from visitors, but

ironically, the condition seems to turn into a market

as a traditional shopping center (Ujang 2014). The

number of sellers/traders has increased without any

control from the government, causing the conditions

to be chaotic and look crowded like a night market.

Finally, the function of public space is diminishing,

especially as a means of exercise and a place to enjoy

relaxing conditions (Li et al. 2021).

3.3 Optimization Strategy for Public

Space Utilization

In terms of opportunities, the optimization of the

utilization of public space functions (Eriawan and

Setiawati 2017) in Makassar City is very possible to

do seen from several supporting factors. First, public

spaces in various types such as: city parks, highways,

plazas, cafes, and others as a place to hang out to fill

spare time, sports, or to hold events in the form and

condition of adequate facilities. Second, the number

of visitors based on direct observation at several

points of public space locations shows a very large

and very dense number, especially in the

Panakkukang Boulevard Car Free Day area, Pakui

Sayang Park at the PU Complex on A.P. Pettarani

Street (Usman, Rusli, and Hudain 2024), Jenderal

Sudirman Road in the Mandala Monument area

(Putra, Ariana, and Suteja 2024), Losari Beachfront

(Irafany et al. 2020), Lego-lego, and the Center Point

of Indonesia area. Third, access to each public space

is very easy and free so that it can be enjoyed by all

levels of society. Simply pay parking (Said and

Syafey 2021) levies with cheap and non-binding

rates, everyone can enjoy the facilities and

atmosphere in various public areas. Fourth, from the

aspect of comfort, the situation of public spaces is

quite good, such as in several city parks that are

designed beautifully and have shady trees that can

create a sense of comfort to sit back and relax and do

activities in the area. Similarly, sports facilities are

available, both for gymnastics, jogging, leisurely

walks, (Latham 2015) and other types.

The availability of various alternative choices of

public spaces in Makassar city, the large number of

visitors, easy and free access, and the availability of

comfortable situations, especially in various city

parks, (Ummeh and Toshio 2017) are very good

opportunities for efforts to optimize the use of their

functions. However, there are still some obstacles as

well as challenges to optimizing its utilization, such

as: (1) For the case of several public spaces of the city

park type, it shows that there is still a lack of public

awareness (visitors) in maintaining or caring for

supporting facilities so that at some points the

location appears to be damaged and no longer

functioning. This means that the sense of ownership

of public space among the city community is still very

lacking, so there are still frequent acts of

“destruction” carried out by irresponsible individuals;

(2) Efforts to maintain and develop the quality of

services and facilities from the organizers including

the government are still less serious and not optimal,

so there seems to be indifference to the condition of

the damaged facilities: (3) The culture of hanging out

has not fully become a necessity as well as a

characteristic of urban society, especially for visitors

to city parks, so that the function of the park is more

dominant for the purposes of taking pictures and

video content only; (4) The characteristics of visitors

are still many of them just follow along and try

because they are invited by friends or family, so that

the function of public space is not a vital need for

them, and (5) specifically for the condition of public

space for the Car Free Day area, it seems that there

has been a fundamental change from its ideal function

where the reality shows that the condition has

changed drastically into a market or traditional

shopping center.

In addition to the five obstacles to optimizing the

utilization of public space functions (Hetyorini and

Ekawati 2022) in Makassar city, there is one thing

that is also not important, namely the lack of

distribution of public spaces at fixed locations,

causing their function to be less than optimal. For

example, the unavailability of public areas with

conditions similar to Car Free Day (Masiol et al.

2014) in other places in Makassar city, causing

community activities to be centered at one point only

so that visitors overflow and trigger traffic congestion

and parking problems (Barone et al. 2014). Similarly,

activities that are centered on public space conditions

in the Center Point of Indonesia area, especially on

Saturdays and Sundays, cause problems, especially

ICHELS 2024 - The International Conference on Humanities Education, Law, and Social Science

216

triggering congestion for access to and from the

location.

Referring to several opportunities and challenges

for optimizing the utilization of public space

functions (Jens and Gregg 2021) in Makassar city,

there are several things that need to be a common

concern. First, public spaces in the form of city parks

should be designed to be places that provide a sense

of comfort for visitors, so that efforts are needed to

improve the aspects of supporting facilities. In

addition, each park needs an iconic character

(Engelbart and Krech 2016) so that it becomes an

attraction for visitors and even if possible there is a

suggestion box for users as a reference for its

development. Second, at every certain point in

Makassar city, especially in densely populated areas,

a representative public area or public space

(Sochacka, Rzeszotarska-Pałka, and Nowak 2022)

should be built so that it can be used by people who

live in the surrounding location as an alternative

choice. This can reduce the possibility of

accumulating visitors in one public space (Renaud et

al. 2017) at a certain point which can trigger traffic

congestion. Third, public space development policies

(Carmona 2019) in Makassar city should be based on

the needs of the community (Chitrakar 2016), so that

the development or development planning process

must involve or at least be in accordance with the

aspirations of the city community as users of public

space (Anderson et al. 2017).

Community involvement in determining the

vision for urban development (Park et al. 2013) and

spatial planning (Zhou et al. 2017) is very important

in relation to the existence of public spaces. The

density of settlements in Makassar city is a problem

for the ownership of public spaces, such as simple

examples of hangout places or sports facilities. As a

result, we often find many children using the street as

a location to play football and other play activities.

This is where the importance of the government

regarding what type of public needs (Carr et al. 2007)

they want and ideally available in the city and easily

accessible.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of the research, it is concluded

that in terms of the availability of public spaces in

various forms in Makassar City, there is actually a

great opportunity to develop them. This is supported

by the fact that the number of visitors to public spaces

in the capital of South Sulawesi province is fairly

large, especially on work holidays. It's just that the

challenges and obstacles include: the city government

lacks concern for the maintenance of existing public

spaces. In addition, this obstacle is also exacerbated

by the lack of awareness of citizens to care for the

facilities available in public spaces. Evidently, some

corners of public spaces tend to be vandalized by

irresponsible people and ironically there has been no

effort to repair them from the management. In

addition, the problem of developing the function and

utilization of public spaces is also caused by the

dysfunction of space from the public area as a place

to relax into a “market” characterized by very many

sellers and tends to be chaotic. The constraints of

public space utilization are also caused by the uneven

availability of representative public spaces and

instead are still concentrated in certain locations far

from the main settlement centers. The concentration

of public spaces at certain points in Makassar city

causes congestion, especially during holidays

because of the access of large numbers of visitors at

the same time. The phenomenon of congestion and

the number of visitors to these public spaces, in turn,

creates an uncomfortable situation. Finally, the

characteristics of public spaces that ideally create a

sense of comfort for visitors to relax, actually create

the opposite atmosphere that is less enjoyable.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank all parties, especially visitors to

public spaces in Makassar, for their willingness to

provide data and information on their views and best

wishes. Your opinions and suggestions have made an

important contribution to the content of this article.

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