15-Minute City: Future Urban and Transportation Development

Mode

Chenrui Wang

School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South Universit, Changsha, China

Keywords: 15-Minute City, Transportation, City Development, Sustainability, Review, Comparison Between Paris and

Shanghai.

Abstract: With the rapid expansion of cities today, more and more environmental, traffic, human settlement and safety

issues have emerged. To better solve the problems and reorganize the urban layout, the 15-minute city

development model came into being. This paper deeply analyzes and summarizes the application and impact

of the 15-minute city concept in environmentally sustainable development, intelligent traffic control and

human settlement environment. Through case analysis, this paper interprets the development and application

of the 15-minute city model in cities such as Paris and Shanghai and compares the similarities and differences

in different countries and policy backgrounds. After research, the 15-minute city model is becoming a

blueprint and guiding strategy for the future development of more and more large cities. Under the current

situation of highly concentrated and expanded urban scale, the 15-minute city concept reshapes the urban

pattern from a new perspective. The development of the transportation field is crucial in the 15-minute model,

so the research results of this paper will re-examine and define the future development direction of cities at

multiple levels.

1 INTRODUCTION

With the acceleration of urbanization, many cities are

going through a phase of rapid expansion and

development, which has led to the distribution of

living facilities such as schools, hospitals and

supermarkets becoming irrational and unable to meet

the needs of citizens. To reach these facilities, citizens

often need to spend a lot of transportation time and

cost, which not only aggravates traffic congestion but

also causes frequent environmental pollution and

geological disasters, seriously hindering the

development of cities. In addition, in the context of

the current epidemic, especially during the COVID-

19 epidemic, people are more likely to choose

walking or cycling to reach as many living

infrastructures as possible within 15 minutes to

reduce the risk of virus exposure. To address this issue,

urban planners need to reassess the layout of

amenities to ensure that they are reasonably

distributed near residential areas.

Therefore, the concept of a 15-minute city is

gradually being adopted and practised in more and

https://orcid.org/ 0009-0008-9470-6149

more areas. The concept of a 15-minute city can be

used to alleviate the growing problem of urban

development by rationally planning transportation

facilities so that citizens can reach places within 15

minutes by slow transportation. The concept of a 15-

minute city can be analyzed more efficiently,

comprehensively and systematically from the

perspective of transportation.

The concept of a 15-minute city was first

proposed by French urbanist Carlos Moreno. With the

acceleration of global urbanization and the

improvement of residents' quality of life in recent

years, the transportation systems of more and more

cities are facing unprecedented challenges. In this

context, a 15-minute city is gradually becoming the

focus of academic attention and a hot topic of

discussion. Carlos Moreno and others emphasized the

vital role and potential of 15mc in promoting urban

sustainable development, enhancing urban resilience

and shaping local characteristics (Moreno, 2021).

Kostas Mouratidis analyzed several major problems

and hidden dangers in the implementation of this

concept: including sustainability, fairness, livability

294

Wang, C.

15-Minute City: Future Urban and Transportation Development Mode.

DOI: 10.5220/0013329500004558

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Modern Logistics and Supply Chain Management (MLSCM 2024), pages 294-300

ISBN: 978-989-758-738-2

and spatial analysis (Mouratidis, 2024). The analysis

of these issues provides a more diverse perspective in

the process of practicing this concept. Zaheer Allam

and others further explored the theoretical basis and

technical support of various models in a 15-minute

city and emphasized the various benefits of this

concept in terms of environment, society and

economy (Allam, 2022). This study reveals that

intelligent transportation systems achieve 15mc and

sustainable urban development by optimizing traffic

flow, improving traffic efficiency and reducing traffic

congestion. Thomas Papasa and his team explored the

relationship between the 15-minute city model and

the evolution of the urban transportation system from

a broader perspective, and how urban planners can

use the model to improve urban resilience (Papas,

2023). Both studies emphasize that the urban

transportation system, as an important part of urban

infrastructure, plays a key role in promoting the

realization of the 15-minute city (Bocca, 2021).

In summary, 15-minute cities, smart

transportation and sustainable transportation are

inseparable topics. As an important means to achieve

community accessibility, transportation is an

important means to achieve 15mc. By regulating and

optimizing various parameters in the transportation

process, people can effectively increase

transportation efficiency and reduce environmental

pollution, which plays a vital role in the physical and

mental health of citizens and urban development

(Abdelfattah, 2022).

This paper will analyze the concept of a 15-minute

city and its application scenarios. This paper mainly

takes Paris, France and Shanghai, China as examples

to discuss the concrete practice and application of 15-

minute city. It compares and summarizes the

similarities and differences in the application of 15mc

in different countries under different development

statuses, and the characteristics of its implementation

in China. Therefore, this paper will take a 15-minute

city as the background to study the application of

sustainable transportation development and

intelligent traffic control and analyze the concept of a

15-minute city and its practical cases from the

perspective of transportation.

2 15-MINUTE CITY CONCEPT,

PRINCIPLES AND MEANS OF

TRANSPORTATION

The concept of a 15-minute city was first proposed by

Carlos Moreno, a professor at Sorbonne University in

2016. The 15-minute city aims to improve the quality

of life by enabling residents to easily reach the

required public places within 15 minutes through a

reasonable layout of urban facilities. This model can

promote sustainable urban development, reduce

urban traffic congestion and pollution index, and

increase citizens' happiness and convenience of life.

The scope of the community under this concept is

defined as 15 minutes based on the walking speed of

people and the moving speed of bicycles in the city.

Within 15 minutes, the average walking speed of

citizens can reach a radius of one kilometer, while the

average cycling speed can reach a radius of three

kilometers. In this area, the community achieves

comprehensive coverage of living facilities through a

compact layout, which not only saves citizens'

commuting time but also improves land utilization

efficiency (Allam, 2022).

Figure 1: The 15-minute city framework. Adapted

from (Moreno, 2021).

Since the mid-18th century, cities have gone through

several stages of development, which provide

historical background and theoretical support for the

subsequent 15-minute city theory. The mainstream

urban theories that have emerged include compact

cities, new urbanism, and other formal theoretical

foundations of 15mc. Compact urbanism emphasizes

sustainable urban forms and reducing dependence on

motor vehicle travel, and the 15mc theory is the

practice of this concept in a specific microcosm. After

experiencing the large-scale outbreak and blockade of

Covid-19, more and more citizens and urban planners

have discovered the irrationality of the current urban

planning layout and the fragility of the structure. Due

to government blockades and health concerns, people

did not want to reach where they wanted to go through

long distances or closed and intensive commuting

during that time, so walking or cycling to safely and

15-Minute City: Future Urban and Transportation Development Mode

295

quickly reach living facilities near their residences

became mainstream during the epidemic. This also

re-exposed the concept of the 15-minute city (Van

Der Waals, 2000). Today, more and more cities are

beginning to embark on the path of practicing the

15mc concept. The first to start was Paris, France,

which launched the world's first shared bicycle

system as early as 2001. American urban planning is

also abandoning the previous development model of

car-first and returning to the city concept of people-

oriented. There is a common topic in China: the 15-

minute convenient living circle, which is the Chinese

community development concept before 15mc was

formally proposed. Now, after integrating with the

15mc theory, it has also begun to be systematically

implemented in major cities in China. For example,

Shanghai, Shenzhen, Lanzhou and other cities have

successively launched their own 15-minute living

circle experimental communities (Wu, 2021).

The 15-minute city is a conceptualization of the

principles of accessibility and sustainable

development through the 15-minute city approach, in

which the four principles of proximity, diversity,

digitization, and reasonable building density should

be followed in conjunction with the development of

the new digital age (Cui, 2023). Proximity refers to

the short spatial distance between places at the

architectural level, which is measured in terms of the

travel time of residents, meaning that pedestrians can

reach the public facilities or places they need in their

lives within 15 minutes by walking or cycling. This is

a core and one of the objectives of the 15-minute city

concept. In realizing the 15-minute city concept, the

need to select appropriately scoped and well-laid-out

neighborhoods are the foundation of the concept.

Overemphasis on density is not a permanent solution;

even if the density is too high for residents to reach at

a certain time, it is still empty talk. Therefore, rational

transportation and urban layout that enables travellers

to reach their destinations within 15 minutes is the

core. Diversity refers to both spatial and temporal

diversity (Manakina, 2020). Spatially, residents can

reach different functional facilities and places within

15 minutes, and this diversity meets the differentiated

needs of citizens, making community life more

convenient and community ties closer. The

differentiation of workplaces is also a form of spatial

diversity, especially the online office that became

popular during the epidemic is one of the most

important ways to realize the 15-minute city because

most of the necessary commuting is for work

purposes. Home-based or free-space offices can

effectively reduce long-distance commuting while

reducing the various costs and environmental

pollution generated by transportation. Spatial

diversity also includes a variety of transportation

options: within a 15-minute neighbourhood, residents

can choose to walk, bike, etc.; within a larger 30-

minute or even 45-minute living area, they can choose

to use public transportation such as buses, subways,

and other modes of transportation.

Diversity in time can be understood as the same

building or site serving different purposes under

different time conditions. For example, the school

playground can be used as a place for student

activities and teaching during the school year.

However, during vacation time, most students and

teachers are not in the school for teaching activities,

so the schoolyard can be used as a venue for large-

scale activities or as a parking lot, which greatly

increases the usability of buildings with tidal

properties. A deeper practice of temporal diversity for

urban participants is the variability of working hours.

Unlike workplace diversity, time diversity means that

people with different jobs travel to their workplaces

at different times, a policy that is being implemented

in many major cities such as Beijing and Los Angeles.

This measure allows the transportation system to

avoid peak traffic and increase operational efficiency,

resulting in shorter commute times and reduced urban

loads.

In the process of practicing the 15-minute city,

digitalization and intelligent technology have also

gradually become indispensable components.

Combined with the traffic control realized by

intelligent technology, digitalization can improve the

efficiency and accuracy of urban management.

Strengthening the construction of the information city

and promoting the improvement of information

technology infrastructure can significantly improve

the accessibility of the city, and effectively improve

the city's existing problems and pitfalls, such as traffic

congestion, carbon emissions, and so on. Although

the 15-minute city theory does not overly emphasize

the concept of digitization, incorporating

digitalization into the 15-minute city concept is

certainly a more efficient and accurate way of

practising it in this day and age.

As mentioned earlier, the pursuit of density in

building layouts is not the best solution. Many large

cities in developing countries, such as New Delhi in

India and Cairo in Egypt, have large populations of

more than 20 million people. However, due to uneven

economic development and poor urban layout, the

distribution of urban infrastructure is extremely

uneven, resulting in significant differences between

communities. This has led to increased fragmentation

and uneven distribution of resources within cities,

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leading to more pollution and waste of resources.

Uneven regional development will ultimately

undermine the development of the city as a whole, so

it is more important to have a balanced distribution of

amenities. It is also important to pay attention to not

only the infrastructure and living space but also the

population density to ensure the comfort of living in

the community and the sustainability of the land.

Sustainable transportation is closely related to the

topic of achieving a green, environmentally

sustainable 15-minute city. Sustainable transportation

can also be understood as green transportation, such

as walking, cycling, using clean energy cars or public

transportation. They all share the common feature of

not polluting the environment as much as possible,

and building a network of urban transportation

systems by saving fossil energy, reducing air

pollution and increasing the health index of the

population. This coincides with the concept of a 15-

minute city. Intelligent traffic control takes the

intelligent transportation system as the carrier and

realizes the diversified management of spatialized

temporalization of traffic flow through

informatization, and artificial intelligence technology,

which provides a guarantee for fast, safe and efficient

commuting. Highway unmanned toll collection

systems, intelligent parking system, real-time signal

light deployment systems are all part of this field. An

intelligent transportation system is exactly part of the

digital proposition in the concept of a 15-minute city,

in the age of technology today, the use of the Internet

and AI technology is undoubtedly an important

means of realizing the 15-minute city, and from the

perspective of intelligent transportation into can be

more systematic and efficient to land the project to

promote. The government and institutions can collect

travel behaviour data, accurate analysis and through

processing and analysis to get the most in line with

the local situation of the traffic solution, is traffic

control in the 15-minute city plays an important role.

In Hangzhou, China, the government cited a city

brain project in the field of transportation, which can

detect the traffic flow of more than 2,000

intersections in Hangzhou, and through deep learning

and other methods to predict the traffic flow of each

time and real-time traffic light timing to slow down

traffic congestion and tailpipe emissions.

To sum up, sustainable transportation and

intelligent traffic control are important means of

transportation to realize 15-minute cities, and the

author will analyze concrete examples of 15-minute

cities around the world in the following.

3 ANALYZING THE 15-MINUTE

CITY DEVELOPMENT MODEL

WITH EXAMPLES FROM

PARIS AND SHANGHAI

The 15-minute city has been adopted and acted upon

by an increasing number of city governments around

the world, and this paper will analyze a few

representative examples.

3.1 Paris, France

After World War II, Paris experienced rapid

urbanization, accompanied by a dramatic increase in

the number of motor vehicles, leading to serious

traffic congestion and air pollution. Against this

background, the concept of the 15-minute city

gradually sprouted in Paris and was practiced through

a series of policies.

As early as 2001, the world's first bike-sharing

system landed in Paris, and the Paris city government

began to gradually shift from developing urban

transportation centered on motor vehicles to one led

by public transportation. Since the 1990s, with the

French government strengthened the travel

restrictions on private cars and environmental

standards have been issued Loi sur l'Air et

l'Utilisation Rationnelle de l'Energie, LoiAURE and

the Loi Solidarité et Renouvellement Urbain. The city

government of Paris actively corresponds to the

policy and vigorously develops public transportation.

As of 2017, Paris has built a total mileage of 206

kilometers, bus routes of up to 1,511, and bike lanes

of up to more than 1,100 kilometers of Europe's most

extensive and complex public transport system. This

has effectively reduced motor vehicle ownership and

travel in the Paris region. In the highly economically

developed French society, motor vehicle ownership in

the Paris region made a rare downward inflection

point in 2018. 2016 Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo's re-

election continued to increase the 15-minute city

landing in Paris. Public transportation, as well as

slow-moving traffic, has gained a large amount of

public support in Paris, with the number of people

travelling via self-propelled trips in the city rising by

54% in 2019 alone. Paris is in the process of

transforming more of its streets into low-speed streets

with a focus on walking, and cycling. The 2024

Olympics Paris has added almost another 400

kilometers of new cycling lanes. The center of gravity

of car ownership in Paris is shifting from the city

center to the outskirts, and the city's traffic congestion

index is decreasing and the pollution index is under

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297

control. From the example of Paris, people can see

that the traffic management of large cities is not

without solutions, try to return the heart of the city to

the people themselves, abandon the car as the center

of development, the city will be divided into their

centers but closely linked 15-minute neighbourhoods,

it seems to be an effective way to solve the problem

of urban development.

3.2 Shanghai, China

Shanghai is the city with the highest GDP output

value, the largest population size and structural

volume in mainland China. As of 2020, Shanghai's

population has reached more than 24 million, and the

number of motor vehicles has reached about 5.37

million, making it a veritable supercity. Along with

this are the various common problems brought about

by the large size of the city, including traffic

congestion, pollution relief, and urban land shortage.

In the process of rapid urbanization, Shanghai has

gradually developed a huge transportation

infrastructure. However, as the city size expands,

traffic congestion and pollution problems have

become more serious.

In response to these challenges, Shanghai took the

lead in proposing the concept of a 15-minute living

community in 2014 and actively promoted it through

a series of measures. Shanghai has laid out 1,600 15-

minute urban communities throughout the city, and

each community adopts a 1+N service point layout

model. A core name is Bailefang, which is a

comprehensive place covering government affairs,

entertainment, mother and baby, food, and other

services to provide convenience for residents within

the 15-minute community circle. There are many

independent facilities scattered in the community

called Liuyi Pavilion, which provide citizens with rest,

drinking water, toilets and other convenient facilities.

Shanghai is more inclined to provide diversified

infrastructure in the block to meet the differentiated

needs of the community. As a major country in

science and technology development, China also

needs to combine smart technology in the field of

transportation. The evolution of Shanghai's smart city

in the past 11 years can be divided into three stages,

namely exploratory advancement, continuous

deepening and efficiency improvement. Shanghai

uses technologies such as the Internet of Things,

cloud computing, and big data collection to predict

traffic flow and optimize the behaviour of traffic flow

on urban arterial roads through real-time regulation of

lanes and traffic lights. Optimize the density of

subway and bus schedules. Intervention and timely

handling of driving and pedestrian accidents, etc.

Based on algorithm prediction, virtual simulation and

other technologies, various traffic data can be

collected, model analysis of concentrated problems

can be carried out, and intervention factors such as

policies, measures, and regulations can be added to

find the most suitable development and improvement

model for the local 15-minute community, and this

will support the realization of the 15-minute city step

by step, providing a solid foundation for building a

green and sustainable development city concept.

3.3 Case Comparison Between

Shanghai and Paris

Based on the 15mc cases of Shanghai and Paris,

people can get some similarities and differences

between the two: In terms of developing slow traffic,

Paris is more inclined to prioritize the development of

slow travel, including walking and cycling, when

developing 15mc communities. Since 2001, Paris has

vigorously built more than 1,000 kilometers of

bicycle lanes and pedestrian paths. Shanghai, on the

other hand, focuses more on building public facilities

that meet community requirements and the

development of public transportation, so there is still

room for improvement in the field of slow traffic

development. In terms of housing and social

integration, Western cities, led by Paris, tend to pay

more attention to the impact of housing prices on

projects. Paris has introduced many policies to

promote affordable housing and try to eliminate the

barriers and differences between so-called wealthy

and poor communities, to promote urban integration.

However, it can be concluded from the above cases

that local governments have actively adopted the

advanced urban concept of 15-minute communities to

cope with the various problems brought about by the

growing expansion of cities. Therefore, more and

more cities and regions are gradually recommending

the application of 15-minute cities.

4 CHALLENGES TO THE

IMPLEMENTATION OF 15-

MINUTE CITIES IN CHINA

The 15-minute city was first proposed by Western

countries. When this development concept was

introduced to China, it needed to be developed

following the special conditions of the local country.

First of all, as a country with a large population, China

has been most concerned about the ageing of its

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population in recent years. When developing the

concept of community construction in Europe and the

United States, more attention was paid to issues such

as racial segregation and community housing prices,

while China should pay more attention to the obvious

age differences. The infrastructure in the community,

including service points, and transportation facilities

should fully consider the age distribution when they

are built. Secondly, many Chinese cities have been

built too fast in the early stage and lack reasonable

planning, which makes many later engineering

reconstructions particularly difficult. For example,

many communities built in the 1980s have very

narrow passages, but they gather a large number of

residents. The construction of green travel passages

in 15-minute communities cannot be transformed

here, and a large number of old communities do not

have the conditions to add community service points,

which requires local planners to spend more energy

to find a 15mc model suitable for local development.

Third, China's unique household registration system

and a large number of newborns have resulted in the

government forcing the schooling of children within

designated residential areas. This suggests that when

implementing 15mc in China, schools can be used as

an entry point. However, at the same time, the

reasonable construction of schools and ensuring the

safe passage of students in the community is one of

the major challenges.

5 CHALLENGES

At present, the challenges faced by 15-minute cities

mainly include uneven development situations,

solidified travel habits, and uncoordinated multi-

sectoral work.

First of all, in the process of promoting 15mc in

Shanghai, it is obvious to see the unbalanced

development situation. In Jing'an, Huangpu,

Changning and other city centers, hospitals,

convenience stores, schools and other facilities are

well equipped, but not in Fengxian, Jinshan and other

remote areas. A large number of communities do not

have comprehensive facilities in or around their

neighborhoods, making it difficult to promote 15-

minute communities.

Secondly, many areas are very densely populated,

but due to the lack of good urban planning and a

developed economy, the urban infrastructure is

relatively poor. This makes retrofitting very difficult,

and municipal officials often need to make extensive

changes or add new facilities to meet the 15-minute

city standard. But the need for new neighborhoods

and transportation is often urgent in these areas,

where neighborhood segregation, development

inequities, and safety hazards abound. So getting

policy off the ground in these areas will be a major

challenge for that government.

In addition, the core of the 15-minute concept is

to get to the infrastructure needed to live quickly in a

greener way. This will require citizens to change their

travel habits to adapt to the new policy, but for

reasons that are notoriously difficult and time-

consuming to change, it will be a challenge for the 15-

minute city to get more residents to change and

respond to the 15-minute concept.

Finally, in the process of transforming a

community into a 15-minute city, a large number of

facilities and buildings need to be renovated and laid

out. This involves both multi-sectoral coordination

and huge financial support. Multi-sectoral means

more interests, so cooperation becomes a huge task

with many variables to mediate. If the government is

not so open-minded, it will be even more difficult to

move the project forward.

6 CONCLUSION

Nowadays, more and more cities are suffering from

uneven resource distribution, environmental

pollution, traffic jams and other problems due to the

rapid expansion of their scale, which seriously

hinders the development of cities and even countries

or regions. This study found that the concept of a 15-

minute city seems to be able to solve many

development problems within cities and is becoming

the future development form of many cities. The 15-

minute city has become the focus and emphasis of

urban construction in many places in Europe,

America and Asia. For example, Paris in France and

Amsterdam in the Netherlands have benefited from

their good urban construction foundation such as

perfect bicycle lanes or reasonable community layout

and high population quality, which makes the concept

of a 15-minute city quickly and well responded to in

the local area. Nowadays, many large cities in Europe

are approaching green goals such as carbon neutrality.

Due to its special national conditions, American cities

are more inclined to live in suburban areas far away

from the city center, so it is more popular to travel by

car. The implementation of a 15-minute city is more

difficult, and local urban and rural and transportation

planners need to reconsider the application and layout

of 15-minute city. Even so, Portland and Seattle have

given us a relatively satisfactory result. Asian regions

such as China, Japan, and Singapore are actively

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299

implementing 15-minute city projects. The common

characteristics of Asian cities are that their population

density and population base are extremely large.

Under high-density living conditions, the

development of 15-minute cities is simpler but also

more urgent. Many cities in the world that are

developing 15-minute community projects are setting

examples for more regions, such as reducing the

waiting time of motor vehicles through intelligent

traffic control to optimize traffic density to improve

urban circulation and reduce pollutant emissions. The

same situation can be applied to public transportation.

Japan's Tokyo metropolitan area is the most populous

metropolitan area in the world, but with its well-

connected subway system, it has successfully made

the city just orderly and rarely has traffic jams. The

development of recyclable transportation will be

implemented in the 15-minute city project. The

purpose and implementation methods of the two are

very similar. Both guide residents to commute by

green transportation or slow transportation. This will

not only achieve sustainable development of the city

and help improve climate conditions but also promote

residents' health and community integration. In

summary, the 15-minute city is the future blueprint

for urban development, and transportation

development is the backbone and soul of the 15-

minute city.

The scope of this article is relatively narrow. At

present, it only compares and studies many regions

that have implemented the 15-minute city project.

However, this is only a minority of cities in the world.

Many more cities are still in a period of confusion and

chaos in their development. I hope that more and

more governments can implement the 15-minute city

project in specific cities in a more appropriate manner.

Making cities more livable, accessible, and green

rather than blindly pursuing economic development

should be the key consideration and construction goal

in the future.

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