Occupational Health and Safety Behavior in the Fisherman Group of

Muara Tembulih Village, Ngambur District, Pesisir Barat

Winda Trijayanthi Utama

, Ratna Dewi Puspita Sari

and Sutarto

Medical Education Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lampung, Bandar Lampung, 35145, Indonesia

Medical Professional Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lampung, Bandar Lampung, 35145, Indonesia

Keywords: Fishermen, Occupational Health and Safety.

Abstract:: Occupational health and safety is a right for workers in the formal and informal sectors, as well as for

fishermen. Fishermen are very vulnerable to work accidents. This is caused by fishermen's lack of knowledge

about occupational health and safety. As many as 80% of marine accidents are caused by human error and

other causes are negligence by maritime transportation organizers and related agencies, as well as inadequate

marine transportation safety equipment. Based on the background of this problem, this research was carried

out to find out work health and safety behavior among fishermen groups in Muara Tembulih Village, Pesisir

Barat Regency. This research uses descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The independent variables

in this research are fishermen's knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. The dependent variable of this research is

the occupational health and safety behavior of fishermen groups. The results of this research are that fishermen

define occupational health and safety as traditional knowledge about safety when fishing, based on empirical

experience passed down from generation to generation from their ancestors and combining knowledge

obtained through government outreach. Fishermen in realizing occupational health and safety behavior with

simplicity and knowledge are quite good, in bad weather conditions fishermen prefer not to go to sea due to

the high risk. Fishermen are aware of the importance of occupational health and safety for fisherman, therefore

fishermen bring personal protective equipment before going to sea as an alternative to bad conditions at sea.

Including considering bad weather, fishermen prefer to return to their home villages for safety. Fishermen's

actions in realizing occupational safety and health behavior from observations are still simple.

1 INTRODUCTION

Occupational health and safety are a right for workers

in the formal and informal sectors, including

fishermen. Fishermen are very vulnerable to work

accidents. This is caused by fishermen's lack of

knowledge about occupational health and safety.

There are many types of fishermen according to the

length of time at sea, there are daily, weekly and

monthly fishermen. Lack of knowledge and

inappropriate attitudes regarding sanitation hygiene

when fishing causes many fishermen to experience

work accidents (Ratri and Paskarini, 2014).

Analysis from the Center for Occupational

Occupation Injury (CFOI) conducted by the Bureau

of Labor Statistics (BLS) states that the risk of

occupational accidents for fishermen is 20 – 30 times

compared to other types of work. The general risk is

that almost all of the work equipment in the form of

canoes is not equipped with self-rescue equipment,

low level of education is also a large risk borne due

to lack of knowledge and dismissive attitudes. The

International Labor Organization (ILO) shows that

every year 1.1 million deaths occur due to work-

related illnesses or accidents (Wibisono, 2013).

Developing countries such as Southeast Asia still

have fishermen who use simple, very limited and

inadequate equipment, in contrast to developed

countries which use modern equipment. This can

influence and support potential hazards that could

occur if fishermen work outside of established work

health and safety procedures (Kalalo et al, 2016).

2 METHOD

This research is descriptive research with a qualitative

approach. Qualitative research is a method that

emphasizes aspects of deeper understanding of a

problem rather than looking at a problem. Apart from

Utama, W. T., Sari, R. D. P. and Sutarto,

Occupational Health and Safety Behavior in the Fisherman Group of Muara Tembulih Village, Ngambur District, Pesisir Barat.

DOI: 10.5220/0013667600003873

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Medical Science and Health (ICOMESH 2023), pages 167-172

ISBN: 978-989-758-740-5

167

that, qualitative research is used to find data in depth

and with meaning (Sugiyono, 2017). This research is

to analyze occupational health and safety behavior

among fish fishermen in Muara Tembulih Village,

Ngambur District, Pesisir Barat Regency. This type

of qualitative descriptive research uses an

ethnographic approach and sampling using purposive

sampling among fishermen in Muara Tembulih

Village, Ngambur District, Pesisir Barat Regency.

According to Miles and Huberman, qualitative

data analysis is carried out interactively through data

reduction, data display and verification processes.

Meanwhile, according to Spradeley, it is carried out

sequentially, through a process of analysis,

taxonomy, components and cultural themes

(Sugiyono, 2017). Data analysis in qualitative

research is collecting, organizing, classifying and

sorting data to obtain important data into information.

The data analysis technique has stages that are carried

out after the data collection process to obtain good

information, namely: data reduction, data display

(data interpretation), and conclusion

drawing/verification (drawing conclusions).

3 RESULTS

Based on the research results, the informants

consisted of 5 workers, 1 community figure, 1 local

government official and 2 UKK post people. The

majority of informants are male with ages ranging

from 20 years to 60 years. In general, the level of

education of the informants varies with 5 people up

to elementary school and 4 people at strata 1. The

informants in this research live or live and own areas.

Informants were selected based on research criteria

using the snowball technique, namely selecting

informants based on criteria determined by

researchers, such as fishermen, local government,

traditional leaders, community leaders, who were

willing to be interviewed.

3.1 Fishermen's Knowledge About

Occupational Health and Safety

Occupational health and safety are an effort to

provide protection to workers and other people from

potential things that can cause danger and threaten

workers' health. For fishermen who in fact work in the

informal sector, occupational health and safety are

very important because of the high occupational risk

factors that fishermen must face. Therefore,

implementing appropriate occupational health and

safety behaviour is very necessary to prevent

fishermen from work accidents.

According to Purwangka (2016) knowledge is the

result of knowing and this occurs after people sense a

particular object. The knowledge of fisherman

informants is everything that is known about efforts

to realize occupational safety and health behavior

which is a support in carrying out actions or behavior

in carrying out fishing activities. Occupational Safety

and Health has so far been interpreted by fishermen

as a phenomenon but is weak in terms of technical

knowledge related to the description of occupational

health and safety itself. So that occupational health

and safety is misunderstood as just knowing that you

are safe and healthy, but there is minimal

implementation to realize occupational health and

safety itself. Koeshendrajana (2015) said that in terms

of human resources, the majority of small-scale

capture fisheries businesses are not yet supported by

a skilled and educated workforce, generally only

elementary school graduates with skills acquired

from generation to generation. Ryan Suryadi Putra et

al (2017) in his research "Managing Work Safety for

Fishermen in Batukaras, Pangandaran Regency" also

stated that fishermen do not understand work safety

at sea and existing procedures and only rely on

minimal knowledge regarding safety. Fishermen

usually only look for signs from nature before going

to sea and do not bring the safety equipment they

should carry.

The use of safety and personal protective

equipment is a very important aspect for fishermen

when going to sea. The informant's knowledge

regarding the use of safety and personal protective

equipment based on the results of in-depth interviews

shows that this is not too much of a concern for

fishermen. When going to sea, fishermen do not use

buoys as a safety device. They think that this tool is

not very important and is only a hassle to use (Ramli,

et al, 2017). Some informants also said that what was

the point of always carrying a life vest when they

never used it? Apart from that, there is a pammali

cultural factor which says that using a life jacket

actually gives the impression of praying for oneself to

avoid an accident. This is based on fishermen's

understanding that using a buoy is a form of hesitation

about going to sea, which can actually trigger

accidents.

The Ministry of Health (2015) in its book

Guidelines for Organizing Training for Occupational

Health Cadres, also explains that efforts to control

potential dangers for fishermen can be done by

wearing long-sleeved clothing and hats, wearing

work clothes, providing life jackets and bringing

ICOMESH 2023 - INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MEDICAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH

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sufficient food supplies. Fishermen said that if an

accident occurs that causes the boat to capsize or sink,

fishermen can hold on to their boat and also rely on

jerry cans as an alternative life jacket. This is based

on the experience of fishermen when they have an

accident and don't bring a life jacket, so the jerry can

is an alternative to prevent drowning. Moreover, the

jerry can has a cover so it doesn't sink and can help

fishermen to stay afloat. Cork is also another choice

for fishermen because of the nature of the object

which can also float in the sea.

However, for Personal Protective Equipment,

especially fishermen's work clothes, they wear long-

sleeved shirts or jackets, trousers and hats, but do not

wear shoes or gloves. This is motivated by the

benefits felt by fishermen, they said that hats can be

used to protect the face from the hot sun. Likewise,

wearing long-sleeved shirts and long trousers also

serves to protect the body from exposure to the sun's

heat. The informant also added that choosing training

trousers rather than jeans is also based on flexibility

when moving and ease of swimming when falling.

Meanwhile, fishermen do not use shoes because they

are considered to only interfere with the informant's

work movements (Ulfa, 2017)

Fishermen choose not to wear footwear at all,

including sandals, for the reason that it is easier to

accelerate. As for gloves, fishermen believe that using

them makes it difficult to pull fishing lines which are

very thin. Sometimes the use of gloves means

fishermen do not feel the rope breaking due to the

strong pull (Riantoro, et al, 2017). With the

experience that we directly felt and carried out,

fishermen can then sort out the use of safety and

personal protective equipment that really supports

their safety when at sea. One way to obtain non-

scientific truth is based on personal experience. This

is done by repeating the experience gained in solving

problems faced in the past (Syahri and Fitria, 2018)

However, this is not enough to change the

behavior of fishermen to use personal protective

equipment. In fact, to form a "KNOW" behavioral

process for fishermen, an effort is needed that is able

to make them interested (feel interested) where

individuals begin to pay attention and are interested

in the stimulus given to use personal protective

equipment. According to Ryan Suryadi Putra, et al

(2017), fishermen have very minimal knowledge

regarding work safety, and the rules related to work

safety that fishermen know are also very minimal.

Fishermen only know that work safety depends on the

individuality of each person doing it. If the weather is

good, fishermen will go to sea, but if the weather is

bad, fishermen will not go to sea. Synergistic

collaborative efforts between experience and

education regarding occupational health and safety

are needed. According to Rosane A.F. Doimo (2017)

in his research "The importance of using protective

equipment to reduce accidents in the work of

fishermen from Santos" said that the work accident

rate among fishermen which reached 19.6% causes

the importance of inspection activities and work

culture regarding the use of appropriate preventative

equipment for fishermen really encourages the

success of fishermen.

Knowledge regarding weather conditions before

going to sea is also very important for those who

make their living as fishermen. Because weather is a

natural condition that is difficult to predict. Therefore,

looking at natural signs and celestial objects is

something that is highly recommended for fishermen

before going to sea to ensure their safety and health.

(Riantoro, et al, 2017) Fishermen stated that to find

out the weather conditions before going to sea, they

carried out several analyzes of the conditions of the

sky, clouds and sea waves that occurred on the coast.

If the sky is cloudy, thick black clouds, especially

accompanied by lightning, and the sea waves on the

beach are very high, then there is a high probability

that the weather will be heavy rain accompanied by

strong winds and big waves. Especially when

entering the West season which is also known as the

rainy season in Indonesia.

Dewi Ekasari (2018) in her research "Risk

Analysis of Small-Scale Capture Fisheries

Businesses in Palabuhan Ratu" said that risky events

which are classified as uncontrolled conditions are

caused by natural factors such as strong winds, large

waves, strong currents, distribution of fish in the

waters and seasons. fish. The symptoms most often

felt by fishermen are headache, fever, cramps, aches

and chills. When experiencing excessive physical

symptoms, fishermen will decide to rest and return to

sea when they feel much better. However, when there

are no significant changes for 3-4 days, the fisherman

will seek treatment at the nearest shaman or

community health center.

This was triggered by self-awareness that health

is a supporting aspect of the productivity of the catch

that can be obtained. According to Elpida

Frantzeskou (2017) in her research "Prevalence of

Health Risk Factors among Fishermen – A Review"

said that health risk factors among fishermen need to

be highlighted and investigated further, representing

occupational risks that have a major impact on the

prevalence of chronic diseases on the quality and

duration of fishermen's lives. as well as their future

careers in the fisheries sector.

Occupational Health and Safety Behavior in the Fisherman Group of Muara Tembulih Village, Ngambur District, Pesisir Barat

169

3.2 Attitudes Regarding

Recommendations for the Use of

Health and Personal Protective

Equipment

This question concerns the attitude of the informant

regarding the recommendation to use Personal

Protective Equipment before and while going to sea.

This recommendation is due to the large risk of work

accidents while at sea. Plus the potential dangers that

lurk fishermen. Informants stated that their attitude

was very positive in responding to the

recommendation to use Personal Protective

Equipment when at sea because they were also aware

that working at sea carries a very high level of risk

compared to land and was afraid of accidents that

could occur. However, the informant thought that this

was a consequence of going to sea. As well as

awareness among fishermen themselves which

triggers every time they go to sea to bring personal

protective equipment. According to several

informants, as a result of counselling and self-

awareness, some fishermen even bought personal

protective equipment on their own and some were

waiting for a helping hand from the government.

Some of the personal protective equipment that

fishermen always carry are tools that their

descendants have taught them to consider important.

The impact of not using personal protective

equipment for fishermen is not too urgent for their

personal study on the grounds that their fishing

location or point has become a routine that they visit.

But they still carry personal protective equipment and

even medicine.

Fishermen's work attitudes describe fishermen's

character tendencies in choosing risks. Fishing

activities that are considered high risk are fishing

during the western season. This is related to natural

conditions that do not support fishing operations and

can also threaten life safety (Ekasari, 2018).

According to Mohammad Nasrullah, (2018)

perception of risk is greatly influenced by the hope of

gaining more economic value if you dare to take risks.

The results of the analysis from in-depth interviews

conducted with fishing informants also illustrate that

the recommendation for the use of safety and personal

protective equipment when going to sea received a

positive response. They realize that going to sea

without using safety and personal protective

equipment is considered a high-risk attitude. This was

triggered by fishermen's empirical experience that

going to sea is a job with very high risks (Talitha

Wenifrida, 2017).

Affectionately, they consciously understand that

it is very risky to go to sea without using safety and

personal protective equipment. Cognitively, their

thinking is positive that the safety aspect is indeed an

important thing to be realized with one of their efforts

being to use safety and personal protective

equipment, but in action they still choose to ignore

this recommendation. Several results of empirical

studies related to fishermen's preferences for risk also

show that there is a positive relationship between the

level of fishermen's income and their level of

preference for risk. The more they like risk, the higher

the income from their fishing efforts (Imron, et al.

2017).

This description provides an illustration that

economic demands are in line with the risks chosen

by fishermen, as well as for fishermen. They will

choose to continue going to sea even without using

life jackets and adequate personal protection because

they consider that this is a logical consequence of

working as fishermen. This is further strengthened by

the fact that the majority of fishermen do not have a

side job apart from being a fisherman so that not

going to sea automatically eliminates their source of

income. Furthermore, this will have an impact on the

survival of fishing families (Supriyanto and

Purwaningsih, 2017).

3.3 Fishermen's Occupational Safety

and Health Behavior

After someone knows the stimulus, they then make an

assessment or opinion regarding what they know to

implement and put into practice. An attitude that is

not yet optimistic is realized in action. In order for the

attitude to become a real action, supporting factors are

needed in the form of facilities and support from other

parties. Counselling and raising awareness among

fishermen regarding the importance of occupational

health and safety is the main thing that is a shared

responsibility so that the quality of life of the

community can improve. The results of interviews

and observations carried out showed that there were

several actions taken by informants regarding the use

of Personal Protective Equipment when going to sea

and before going to sea by fishermen.

Behavior is a rule that establishes a close

relationship between attitudes and actions which is

supported by attitudes which say that attitudes are

views or feelings accompanied by a tendency to act

(Purwanto, 2019). Assessment of actions taken by

informants was carried out through in-depth

interviews and direct observation. Informants stated

that to achieve safety and health when at sea, the

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precautionary aspect must remain the main concern

(Oktofina Sir, et al, 2017)

To deal with uncontrolled conditions which

include weather conditions such as large waves,

strong winds, fishing fishermen take preventive

measures, namely deciding not to go to sea. This is

triggered by the very high risk of work when

continuing to go to sea when the weather is bad.

Timothy J. Emery (2016) in his research "Fishing for

revenue: how leasing quotas can be dangerous to your

health" said that in general, fishermen avoid physical

risks (wave height), but this is offset by the increase

in expected income.

Initial actions before going to sea are also a

determining factor as a safe first step before going to

sea. Because in the concept of good work

management, the aspect of good preparation will

support efforts to prevent work accidents. Therefore

H.W. Heinrich, in the domino effect theory, says that

efforts to prevent work accidents through controlling

workplace hazards can be done by monitoring and

controlling unsafe actions in the workplace. In fact,

the research results of Lisa Pfeiffer (2016) in her

research "The effect of rights-based fisheries

management on risk taking and fishing safety" say

that institutional changes can significantly reduce

individual and voluntary risk exposure and result in

safer fisheries (Asruddin and Syariah, 2018).

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of research regarding

occupational safety and health behavior among

fishermen, it can be concluded that:

1. Fishermen define Occupational Health and

Safety as traditional knowledge about safety

when fishing, based on empirical experience

passed down from generation to generation from

their ancestors and combining knowledge

obtained through government outreach.

2. Fishermen in realizing occupational health and

safety behavior with simplicity and knowledge

are quite good, in bad weather conditions

fishermen prefer not to go to sea due to the high

risk. Fishermen are aware of the importance of

occupational health and safety for fishermen,

therefore fishermen bring personal protective

equipment before going to sea as an alternative

to bad conditions at sea. Including considering

bad weather, fishermen prefer to return to their

home villages for safety.

3. Fishermen's actions in realizing occupational

safety and health behavior from observations are

still simple.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to express our gratitude to the Faculty

of Medicine, University of Lampung, which has

provided enthusiastic support and funding as well as

research equipmen.

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