Biolarvicide Efficacy of Lantana Leaf (Lantana camara L) Essential

Oil Against Aedes aegypti Larvae for Dengue Vector Control

Selvi Marcellia

1,*

, Linda Septiani

, Benazhir Saninah Annasya

and Citra Yuliyanda Pardilawati

Program Study of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lampung, Bandar Lampung, 35145, Indonesia

Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lampung, Bandar Lampung, 35145, Indonesia

Keywords: Dengue Fever, Aedes aegypti, Lantana Camara Leaf, Essential Oil, Biolarvacide.

Abstract: In several regions of Indonesia, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is still a serious health problem. Controlling

the vector of DHF can be done through breaking the life cycle of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. One of the easy

and effective ways to break the life cycle of mosquitoes is in the larval phase. Lantana leaves (Lantana camara

L.) contain active compounds lantadine, essential oils, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. The use

of biolarvicides is an effort to reduce the preventive occurrence of mosquito larvae resistance to temephos,

and reduce the risk of decreased public health due to the use of chemical larvicides. This study aims to

determine the effectiveness of lantana leaf essential oil as a biolarvicide against dengue vectors. The method

used in this study is distillation, and for the process of testing the effectiveness of biolarvicides is to calculate

the number of deaths of larvae that have been treated so that the percent mortality value is obtained and

continued by calculating the LC50 and LC90 values using the probit test. The results showed that lantana leaf

essential oil (Lantana camara) is effective as a biolarvicide. The LC50 was 0.562% and LC90 was 1.203%

at the 12th hour. The ANOVA test showed that there were significant differences in each concentration of

0.5%, 1%, 3%, 5%, negative control and positive control because the p-value was 0.000 <0.05. From the

results of this study it can be said that the compounds contained in lantana leaf essential oil (Lantana camara)

have the potential as a biolarvicide against Aedes aegypti larvae.

1 INTRODUCTION

Dengue bleeding fever (DBD) is still a major health

concern and threat in some areas of Indonesia. DBD

instances are still rising, particularly in the wet

season. As of June 2022, the Ministry of Health had

registered 45.387 instances of DBD cumulatively in

Indonesia. However, there have been 432 occurrences

of DBD-related deaths. There have been 449 DBD

cases in 34 provinces' districts and cities, while 162

districts and cities in 31 provinces have reported DBD

deaths. When an Aedes aegypti mosquito carrying the

dengue virus bites, DBD can spread (Kemenkes,

2022).

DBD can be applied to vector management by

dissecting the life cycle of the Aedes aegypti

mosquito. There are four stages in the life cycle of the

Aedes aegypti mosquito: eggs, larvae, pupae, and

adult mosquitoes (Kurniawati, et al., 2020). The most

widely used DBD vector controllers available today

still employ chemical larvasides. Chemicals called

larvasides have the potential to make Aedes aegypti

mosquitoes resistant to their use. Because chemical

larvasides contain a number of dangerous active

chemicals, including dichlorvos, porpoxure, and

synthetic pyrethroids, they can be exceedingly

harmful to human health. It is preferable to utilize

biolarvasides made from plants that include active

substances such as alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids,

triterpenoids, and tannins in place of chemical larvae

in order to reduce hazards in the future (Raini,

Isnawati, and Herman, 2017; Nandita, et al., 2019).

Plants such as lantana (Lantana camara L.),

which have a strong odor and may act as an insect

repellent, can be employed as biolarvasides. Leaves:

The leaves of the plant have the potential to be

employed as a biolarvaside. Essential oils, flavonoids,

alkaloids, tannins, lantadine, and saponins are among

the active substances found in lantana leaves

(Purwati, Lumowa, and Samsurianto, 2017). Lantana

is a plant that grows more easily, which contributes to

its abundance. Still, the amount of deterioration of

what is thought to be interfering plants is low enough

to be able to transform them into more beneficial

126

Marcellia, S., Septiani, L., Annasya, B. S. and Pardilawati, C. Y.

Biolarvicide Efﬁcacy of Lantana Leaf (Lantana camara L) Essential Oil Against Aedes aegypti Larvae for Dengue Vector Control.

DOI: 10.5220/0013666900003873

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Medical Science and Health (ICOMESH 2023), pages 126-130

ISBN: 978-989-758-740-5

plants when used as a biolarvaside material (Nuraini,

D., & Ratnasari, 2020). This study aims to determine

the effects of the biolarvaside of the essential oil of

Lantana leaf (Lantana camara L.) on the larva Aedes

aegypti.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study is a quantitative study with the design of an

experimental study that will look at the effects of the

administration of essential oils of Lantana camara

leaves (Lantana camara L.) on the larva Aedes

aegypti which is a vector of DBD disease. The

population in this study is the entire larva Aedes

aegypti that has been kept from the egg stage to the

larvae.

For this experiment, the following implements

were required: measuring cups, beakers, pipettes,

volume pipettes, winnowers, stopwatches, analytical

balances, cameras, knives, label paper, filter paper,

plastic containers, rulers, pencils, stirring rods,

funnels, Erlenmeyer, and spatulas. For the materials

used essential oils of Lantana camara leaves, Aedes

aegypti mosquito larvae, distilled water, abate

powder, Na

made in Indonesia by Braco

(2208195445), and temephose.

In this study, simple random sampling was used

to sample Aedes aegypti larvae in stages III and IV.

There is an equal chance of being chosen as a sample

for every Aedes aegypti larva in stages III or IV.

2.1 Determination

For such a determination, the parts of the lantana

plant (Lantana camara L.) that have leaves, stems,

roots, flowers, and fruits should be collected

2.2 Steam-Water Distillation of

Lantana camara Leaf

This study used 50 kg of Lantana camara. The leaves

were washed until clean with running water and then

dried in a windy way until the leaves were half-dry.

The half-dried Lantana (Lantana camara L.)

leaves weigh 40 kg and are then put into a kettle, the

divided into the top and bottom. The top part of the

filter is used to lay the lantana leaves, while the

bottom part contains water heated to a boil at 100

–

105

C. The water vapor mixed with oil from the

boiler is channeled toward the separator. When it

enters a separator, the condensor channels cold air,

there by turning the steam phase into liquid. The

essential oil produced will be separated from the

water due to the difference in weight between oil and

water. Then the yield will be counted. After that,

screening of essential oil compounds.

2.3 Sample Treatment

The number of samples that will be used in total for

this study shows in table 1.

Table 1: Details of the sample treatment used:

Treatment Number of

larvae x

licate

Total

K (-) 25 larvae x 4 100

(

)

25 larvae x 4 100

Total Larvae 600

Description :

K (-): Negative control solution aquades

K (+): Positive control solution at 1%

E1: Lantana leaf essential oil solution, 0.5% concentration

E2: 1% concentration Lantana leaf essential oil solution

E3: Lantana leaf essential oil solution of 3% concentration

E4: Lantana leaf essential oil solution, 5% concentration

2.4 Rearing Aedes Aegypti Larva

The eggs of the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti are soaked

in water that is in the container. The eggs will cough

in ±24 hours to become stages larva I. Fish pellets are

fed to the larvae during their development until they

reach stages III and IV, which happens in around 7

days. The 25 larvae in stages III or IV are placed in a

container that has been set up for the treatment.

2.5 Larvaside Effectiveness Test

In this study, six groups of treatments were

performed. Each group performed four repetitions.

For the negative control group, Aquadest was given

100 ml of water into the container and inserted 25

larvae. For the positive control group Temephos (1%)

and the essential oil group of lantana leaves with

concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 3%, and 5%,

respectively, diluted in water to reach a volume of

100 ml, insert 25 larvae of Aedes aegypti,

respectively. Then observed every hour for 24 hours,

then calculated the number of dead larvae with the

mortality formula as follows:

% Mortality =

   

   

x 100%

Biolarvicide Efﬁcacy of Lantana Leaf (Lantana camara L) Essential Oil Against Aedes aegypti Larvae for Dengue Vector Control

127

When a concentration of larvasides can kill test

larvae at a rate of greater than 95%, it is considered

effective (WHO, 2005).

2.6 Data Analyze

Data in this study were obtained from the results of

lantana leaf extract (Lantana camara L.) trials against

Aedes aegypti stages III and IV larvae. The data

obtained, i.e. the number of dead larvae, are analyzed

using a computer program, SPSS 25. The data

analyze performed is a probit test to determine the

LC50. The results of the analysis are presented in

tabular form.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Result of Determination Test

Based on the results of the determination test that has

been carried out on Lantana or tembelekan plants, this

is indeed a species of Lantana camara L. This is

evidenced by the characteristics of the collected plant

samples such as leaves, flowers, fruits, stems and

roots that have been identified in the Botany

Laboratory, Department of Biology FMIPA Unila.

3.2 Result of Yield

Table 2: Calculation of Yield Value

Sample

Weight (g)

Essential Oil

Volume (ml)

Yield Value

(%)

40000 110 0.0275

Table 2 shows the amount of essential oil obtained

from steam distillation of 110 ml lantana leaves with

yield value of 0.0275%.

3.3 Mortality of Aedes aegypti Larvae

Treated with Essential Oil of

Lantana Leaves (Lantana camara)

in Stages III and IV

In the results of the biolarvaside testing of the

essential oil of the lantana leaf (Lantana camara)

against the larvae instar III and IV, Aedes aegypti

obtained death data in Figure 1.

In Figure 1, it shows that at a concentration of 5%

in the ninth hour, the mortality value has been reached

at 100%; at concentrations of 3%, it has reached a

mortality rate of 100% in the eleventh hour; at a

concentration of 1%, it has achieved mortality rates

of 100% at the 13th hour; whereas at a concentration

of 0.5%, it has a mortality rate of 100 percent at the

19th hour. At concentrations of 3% and 5%, the time

to kill the entire larva used in the test is faster

compared to concentrations of 0.5% and 1%. This

means that the higher the concentration of the

essential oil of the leaf of lantana used, the faster the

time it takes for the killing of the larva Aedes aegypti.

If you look at the overall data from concentrations of

1%, 3%, and 5% in the 1st hour to the 13th hour,

mortality values are obtained between 10% and

100%. Whereas for the concentration of 0.5%

effective as a biolarvaside from the 2

hour because

the mortality value is >10%. It is in line with the

standard established by the WHO (2005) that a

larvaside is said to be effective if it can kill mosquito

Figure 1. Mortality of instar larva III and IV Aedes aegypti that have been given essential oil of lantana leaves (Lantana

camara)

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larvae between 10% and 95% of the total larvae

available. Observations of the larvae's deaths were

only carried out until 19

hours because, at the time,

all larvae at each concentration were 100% dead.

The results of this study showed that the essential

oil of the leaf of lantana was effective in killing the

larve of Aedes aegypti. In this study, the negative

control group (water) did not cause the larvae to die,

which means that the animal tries to be well

controlled and there are no other factors causing the

death of larvae.

The mechanism by which the essential oil kills

larvae is by entering the body of the larva through the

respiratory system, resulting in nervous disorders and

damage to the breathing system, as a result of which

larvae die because they can't breathe. Lantana leaf

essential oils are known to have major contents such

as β-caryophyllene (35.70%), caryophyllen oxide

(10.04%), caryofyllene (16.37%), β-elemene

(6.41%), germacrene-D (15.85%), α-humelene

(9.31%), germacren (6.19%), and eucalyptol

(10.75%). The compounds β-caryophylene,

caryphyllene oxide, caryopyllene, germacreene-D,

germcrene, and eukalyptole found in the leaf essence

are potentially known as larvasides. In addition, β-

caryophyllene can inhibit the growth of mosquito

larvae by interfering with the synthesis of protein and

DNA. Eucalyptol is capable of killing larvae by

disrupting the nervous arrangement of the larva and

as an abdominal poison that can interfere with larval

nutrition so that larval growth becomes inhibited and

eventually leads to death.

Table 3: Result of Probit Test

Observation hours LC

(%)

hou

24,795

hou

7,460

hou

6,764

hou

5,318

hou

2,047

hou

1,346

hou

0,962

hou

0,736

hou

0,734

hou

0,732

hou

0,684

hou

0,562

Based on Table 3, it shows that during the

observation time of 12 hours, a smaller LC

value

was obtained for the concentration that can be used in

killing larvae, as much as 50% of the total larvae

existing. The LC

values can only be tested until

observation at 12

hours, since from 13

hours to 19

hours, each concentration of the existing mortality

values has the same value. So, when performing the

probit test, the LC

value cannot be processed.

The maximum concentration limit for the

larvaside used to kill the larva is 1% (26). The LC

value at the 12

hour is 0.562, so the essential oil of

the lantana leaf can be said to be effective as a

biolarvaside because the concentration can kill as

much as 50% of the number of existing larvae (<1%).

In the results of this study, the use of biolarvase of the

essence of the leaf of lantana for 7

hours resulted in

of 0.962%. However, for the concentrations of

3% and 5% used in this study, when compared with

the maximum limit of concentration according to the

WHO (2005), it may be said that such concentrations

exceed the limit of maximum larvacide concentration.

The biolarvacide concentrations of lantana leaf

essential oils in this study used concentrations of

0.5%, 1%, 3%, and 5%. At concentrations of 3% and

5%, the lantan leaf essence oils exceeded the

specified concentration limits for the use of

larvacides. However, according to the WHO (2005),

the standard is used for chemical larvacide. So far,

there has been no further study that specifies the

maximum standard for the use of biolarvacides. The

use of biolarvacide has a smaller long-term effect on

the environment when used over long periods because

the residues of the biolarvacide will evaporate in the

environment so there are no adverse effects on public

health when using the biolarvacide essential oil of

lantana leaves. In addition, the use of essential oil

biolarvacide can reduce the impact of mosquito

larvae's resistance to chemical larvicides.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Biolarvacide of Lantana leaf essential oil (Lantana

camara) is effective in killing Aedes aegypti larvae

with 100% mortality value at 0.5% concentration in

hour, 1% concentration in 13

hour, 3%

concentration in 11

hour and 5% concentration in 9

hour.

The LC

of Lantana leaf essential oil (Lantana

camara) is effective as a biolarvacide from the 7

the 12

hour at a concentration of <1%. The lower the

value, the more toxic it is to the larvae. The

smallest LC

obtained was 0.562% at the 12th hour

with a highly toxic category.

Biolarvicide Efﬁcacy of Lantana Leaf (Lantana camara L) Essential Oil Against Aedes aegypti Larvae for Dengue Vector Control

129

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank the University of

Lampung for funding this research, the LPPM Team

of Lampung University, and the staff at Program

Study of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine,

Lampung University.

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