Local Economy-Based Mangrove Ecotourism Sustainability Strategy

Darul Islam

and Citra Lutfia

Manajemen, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Universitas Trunojoyo Madura, Indonesia

Akuntansi, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Universitas Trunojoyo Madura, Indonesia

Keywords: Sustainable Development, Ecotourism, Local Economy.

Abstract: Ecotourism is one way to make the natural environment a tourist destination. Ecotourism is the concept of

nature tourism trips that have a vision and mission of conservation and love for the planet. This can happen

because the financial benefits obtained from tourist travel costs are also used for nature conservation needs

and improving the welfare of local residents, so that it gets great attention from local governments to

increase regional independence. The goal of ecotourism is to preserve local culture and not violate human

rights and demographic movements. Ecotourism's potential lies in the concept of environmental

development that involves maintaining and conserving nature. Mangroves have the potential to be used as

ecotourism. The mangrove forest area in Lembung Village, Galis District, Pamekasan, Madura is one of the

interesting locations how the concept of Ecotourism can be combined with local economic development and

conservation issues. The purpose of this research is to collect information about the description of

ecotourism practices in the mangrove forest area in Lembung Village and the strategic concept of

sustainability of local economy-based ecotourism management. Ecotourism and sustainable tourism

development can be optimally achieved through cooperation between academics, government,

entrepreneurs, and the community.formulated.

1 INTRODUCTION

The strategic role of the tourism sector in national

development can be seen in the National Medium-

Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2015-2019 which

sets 5 (five) focus development programs for the next

5 (five) years, namely Infrastructure, Maritime,

Energy, Food and Tourism (IMEPP). Of the five

sectors, tourism is designated as a leading sector. The

Ministry of Tourism also seeks to make a significant

contribution to the Indonesian economy. This is

evidenced by the achievements of the tourism sector

and the performance achievements of the Ministry of

Tourism in 2019 obtained foreign exchange of IDR

280 Trillion, which previously in 2018 the country's

foreign exchange earnings amounted to IDR 229.50

Trillion, (Kemenparekraf, 2019).

Liap, et al (2019) state, one of the sectors that

can be a mainstay in national and regional

development is natural resource tourism consisting

of forests, mountain rivers and coastal and ocean

areas which are a mainstay that plays an important

role in driving economic growth and national or

regional business.

Currently, ecotourism is one of the options for

introducing a natural preserved environment, as well

as a tourist-visit area. The potential of ecotourism

lies in the concept of environmental development,

which is based on maintaining and conserving

nature. Mangroves have the potential to be used as

ecotourism. This is because the condition of

mangroves is very unique and the model of the area

developed as a tourist facility still pays attention to

the authenticity of the forest and the organisms that

live in it. An area that is unique and distinctive will

have a higher worth and become a special attraction

for someone. This is used as a guideline for the

development of tourist areas (Dzulkarnain, 2016).

Damanik and Weber (Damanik and Weber, 2006)

state that, the basic idea of sustainable development is

preservation of natural and cultural resources. These

ideas then led to the concept of sustainable tourism.

The concept of sustainable tourism. This means the

development of resources (attractions, accessibility,

amenities) for tourism that aim to provide optimal

profits for stakeholders and optimal satisfaction value

for tourists in the long term.

Islam, D. and Lutﬁa, C.

Local Economy-Based Mangrove Ecotourism Sustainability Strategy.

DOI: 10.5220/0012644600003798

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 2nd Maritime, Economics and Business International Conference (MEBIC 2023) - Sustainable Recovery: Green Economy Based Action, pages 73-78

ISBN: 978-989-758-704-7

The concept of ecotourism is actually not new in

the world of development, this concept has been

introduced relatively long ago, especially since the

emergence of various problems in the tourism

industry sector, such as environmental damage, tourist

behavior that threatens ecosystems and the

sustainability of natural-social existence. This concept

also offers Experiential richness which will invite

tourists to be more responsible for the preservation of

environmental resources by limiting the consumptive

use of society such as reducing the use of fossil

energy in tourist trips replaced by the use of

sustainable energy, inviting tourists to be more

familiar with the impact of the accumulation of tourist

waste, and consuming organic-based food which is

much healthier for health (Pollitt et al., 2021).

In a sense, genealogically the idea of ecotourism

emerged as a response to many parties to various

natural-social damages that arose due to the

activities of the tourism industry that did not heed

the natural ecosystem. Ecotourism is a shortened

form of the word ecotourism, to be precise. In turn,

the concept of ecotourism has developed along with

the development of the tourism industry itself

(Damanik and Weber, 2006). According to (Tanaya,

2014) ecotourism is a contemporary concept that

emerged as a sustainable form of natural resource-

based tourism. The main principle of ecotourism

activities lies in experience and learning about

nature, which is managed by minimizing impact,

non-consumptive, and most important of all is self-

orientation that emphasizes locality values

(Dzulkarnain, 2016).

The purpose of ecotourism in its management

(Pollitt et al., 2021), for some regions such as Madura,

the idea of strengthening a sustainable economy

through ecotourism with local wisdom is a quite

logical consideration, even very strategic value. This

is based on the magnitude of Madura's social natural

potential which has a variety of rich local wisdom,

both in the form of socio-cultural, social religion, and

natural exoticism that is beautifully stored in it

(Leonandri and Rosmadi, 2018).

Sustainable Tourism is tourism that is growing

very rapidly, including the increase in the flow of

accommodation capacity, local population and the

environment, where tourism development and new

investments in the tourism sector should not have a

bad impact and can be integrated with the

environment, if we maximize positive impacts and

minimize negative impacts (Ahmad Rangkuti,,

2017). This concept also leads to every tourism

activity that takes place in a tourism destination by

not damaging the environment and being able to

control negative impacts on the environment through

the use of natural resources and encouraging

companies engaged in the tourism sector to achieve

a high standard of environmental utilization, create

new environmental standards and make the latest

environmental innovations (Prabawa, 2017).

Lembung Village, Galis District, Pamekasan,

Madura is home to a mangrove forest area. The

mangrove forest area was inaugurated in 2019.

Besides that, the area is used as a source of land

income for local residents by fishing for oysters. The

majority of people in the area are looking for oysters

and are using the technique of cutting down the

mangrove trunk to make it easier to take oysters

attached to the mangrove trunk. This technique can

potentially jeopardize the structure of the mangrove

community because the population of mangroves is

reduced due to deforestation, which is part of the

process of taking oysters. This cannot be ignored

because it will cause bad impact on the ecotourism

environment itself. Ecotourism's principles, which

include preserving environmental characteristics,

providing education, engaging local communities,

and improving the economy of local communities,

must be reaffirmed. A good and responsible

ecotourism management concept is necessary for

this reason. So, the importance of policy

management in maintaining the mangrove

ecotourism area is for the sustainability of the

ecosystem in the area as a coastal protector, habitat

for various types of biota, and nursery ground for

many types of marine fish and serves to protect the

coastline from abrasion or erosion.

Ecotourism cannot be compared to other types of

tourism. Ecotourism requires specific management

in order to achieve sustainability goals in economic,

social, and cultural aspects. The focus of ecotourism

management is on how to maintain and protect

irreplaceable resources so that they can be utilized

for present and future generations. In ecotourism

management, it is very important to integrate

environmental and cultural (socio-cultural)

components. To be sustainable, resource

management must be done wisely and take into

account ecological and economic values.

Muttaqin, et. al (Muttaqin et al., 2011) evealed

that the development of mangrove ecotourism areas

in an area has its own challenges, this is because the

perception of the community around ecotourism

does not support these activities, while ecotourism is

tourism which includes the concept of development,

research and education. In addition, it has the aim of

preserving the lives and welfare of local residents.

To protect mangrove forest areas, policies that

MEBIC 2023 - MARITIME, ECONOMICS AND BUSINESSINTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

utilize existing potential are needed. Thus, new jobs

will be available with income resources from

mangrove ecotourism.

A comprehensive study is required, particularly

one that addresses the ecosystem attachment of a

particular tourist attraction. With the above review,

research on "Sustainable Ecotourism Management

of Mangrove Ecotourism in Lembung Pamekasan" is

important to answer the relationship between

existing resources at the study site and sustainable

tourism management.

Sustainable tourism development is essentially

related to efforts to ensure that natural, social, and

cultural resources utilized for tourism development

in this generation can be enjoyed by future

generations. Tourism development must be based on

sustainability criteria, which means that

development can be ecologically supported in the

long term. One of the objectives of mangrove

ecotourism is to enhance the quality of life of the

local community. Using these conditions, this study

aims to identify the economic strength of the local

economy in the ecotourism area in Pamekasan

Regency. Develop strategies that can encourage the

development of local economies based on

ecotourism potential in Pamekasan Regency.

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This research uses a qualitative approach, because

it leads to a detailed and in-depth description of the

portrait of conditions that actually occur in the

field. This research will observe and examine the

Sustainability Strategy of Mangrove Ecotourism

Based on Local Economy.

The population that is the source of data from

this research is the forest farmer group and the

parties involved in ecotourism management.

Sample withdrawal will be carried out using

snowball sampling technique (Sugiono, 2017).

Data Analysis

Data analysis in this study was carried out three

times, namely:

1. Analysis before the field

This analysis was carried out by researchers

before entering the field. This analysis was

carried out by reviewing data from previous

research and literature studies.

2. Analysis during the field

At this stage this uses the Miles and Huberman

model. Where data analysis is carried out

interactively and continuously until completion.

3. Analysis after the field

After the data is obtained, summarized, presented

and summarized. Furthermore, researchers will

test the credibility of the data or trust in the

research data by triangulation and discussion

with friends.

2.1 Framing the Question

In the case of this research, there are two parts or

two research questions:

QR1: How is the strength of the local economy in

the ecotourism area in Pamekasan Regency?

QR2: How is the mangrove ecotourism

sustainability strategy that can encourage the

development of ecotourism potential based

on the local economy in Pamekasan

Regency?

2.2 Identifying Relevant Work and

Literatures

To get as much as possible researchers distributed

questionnaires to ecotourism managers and the

surrounding community researchers also conducted

observations and semi-structured interviews, this

semi-structured interview was chosen so that

respondents were more open in conveying their

answers. convey the answer.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Overview of Mangrove Forest

Research Objects in Lembung

Village

Lembung Village is geographically located in Galis

Sub-district, Pamekasan Regency. Lembung Village

itself, has a population of 1,353 people with details

of 674 men and 679 women. The village consists of

four hamlets, namely Lembung Tengah Hamlet (the

average community works as farmers or manages

rice fields and salt farmers), Lembung Utara Hamlet

(the community works as farmers). Two other

hamlets, namely Bangkal Hamlet and Bengkaleng

Hamlet, are also working as fishermen, but they also

work as mangrove forest conservationists and coffee

users (BPS, 2015). Data from the Pamekasan

Forestry and Plantation Service in 2020 describes

the area of mangrove forests as 1,174 hectares, with

details of 714.53 hectares of good condition, 42

Local Economy-Based Mangrove Ecotourism Sustainability Strategy

hectares of moderate condition and 418 hectares of

damaged condition.

The center for mangrove planting in Lembung

Village, Galis District, Pamekasan is located in

Bangkal Hamlet. There is plot 61A, which has an area

of 3.8 hectares of mangrove forest. with a length of +-

4 kilometers and an estimated 30,000 mangrove trees

planted on the land. Meanwhile, in Bungkaleng

Hamlet there is Plot 61B with an area of 25.0

Hectares and there are 260,000 mangrove trees

already planted at that location.Mangroves in the

Lembung Mangrove Ecotourism area are 4 types,

namely Rhizophora Mucronata, Rhizophora

Apiculata, Rhizophora Stylosa, and Avicennia

Marina. Different types of mangroves have distinct

functions and fruit uses. (Lugina et al., 2019) also

explained that mangrove trees including their fruits)

have economic value and high potential to be

developed.

Kusmana (Kusmana, 1995) states that the function

of mangrove forests is divided into three, namely: (1)

physical function, can protect the environment from

the influence of oceanography (tides, currents,

hurricanes, and waves), control abrasion and prevent

the intruition of sea water to land; (2) biological

function, is closely related to fisheries, namely as a

nursery ground, feeding ground, and spawning

ground for several species of fish and shrimp, and is a

major supplier of nutrients on the coast, especially

seagrass areas and coral reefs; (3) economic function,

as a source of first-class wood, pulp, paper materials,

chips, and charcoal.

The Forest Farmers Group (KTH) "SABUK

HIJAU", which was formed in 2009 in Lembung

Village, Galis Subdistrict, Pamekasan Regency,

aims to maintain sustainability and small and

medium business units that are a support for the

economic stability of the community and no less

important as a means for the community to live

independently and try themselves with their

creativity and abilities in the field of production for

their survival and can mingle and further strengthen

the bond of brotherhood. KTH Sabuk Hijau has 22

members who conserve, utilize, develop, and

supervise <unk> 290,000 mangrove trees on an area

of 46.00 ha.

3.2 Development Strategy

The concept of managing mangrove tourism

development in Lembung Village, Galis District,

Pamekasan Regency is currently still centralized in

the Forest Farmers Group 'Green Belt'. Meanwhile,

the Madura Forest Management Unit (KPH), as the

landowner, only monitors and supervises the

mangrove forest located at that location.

Furthermore, in planning the development of

mangrove tourism in Lembung Village, Galis

District, Pamekasan Regency, the concept of

management is needed to realize the established

managerial practices in its management.

The conception of management is designed based

on the existing conditions of management and the

needs of all parties, who play a role in the

development of tourism in Lembung Village, Galis

District, Pamekasan Regency. The problem that

hinders the natural tourism management plan can be

resolved immediately. Mangrove tourism

management is needed to identify the necessary

elements for the development of mangrove tourism as

a whole. The participation of several parties in

promoting tourism. mangrove nature is very

necessary. Especially the participation of the

community around the location. (13)explained that

developing forest tourism requires cooperation

between the community and the government. The

level of participation is significantly affected by

mentoring activities from extension workers (from the

government) to the community and farmer groups.

In the local economy-based ecotourism

development strategy, some identification is needed

as a basis for reference, so that this development can

be properly targeted. The results of research based

on SWOT analysis are divided into 3, first, local

economy-based mangrove ecotourism sustainability

strategy, both internal factor strategies and external

factor strategies.

In order to measure the potential of a tourist

attraction according to (Christopher, 2008), there are

four components that must be owned by a tourist

attraction, including attractions, amenities,

accessibility, and infrastructure.

Lembung Mangrove Ecotourism was built with the

theme of educational tourism, where tourists can

visit this place while learning how to breed, plant

and cultivate various kinds of flora and fauna that

exist. Ecotourism visitors are more prevalent among

the general public, students, and students. Where can

the general public visit mangrove ecotourism to

enjoy the natural panorama available, while student

visitors and students can focus more on education

and research?

Attraction components in mangrove forests

located in Lembung Village, Galis District,

Pamekasan Regency include wooden trails, viewing

posts, mangrove galleries, and people's boats. The

owned attraction components can be developed and

MEBIC 2023 - MARITIME, ECONOMICS AND BUSINESSINTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

adjusted to fit the development of the Lembung

Village ecotourism area in Galis District.

The manager of a tourist site must have

amenities, namely facilities, infrastructure, and

accommodation, as this is a component that

increases tourism capacity. The results of the study

explain that the identification of amenity is quite

lacking as evidenced by the facilities and

infrastructure available so far are tracking, gazebos,

toilets, photo spots, canteens and parking lots.

Therefore, the manager will continue to carry out

several discussions to improve facilities and

infrastructure to improve the satisfaction of visitors

who come to this ecotourism site. So that a targeted

development strategy is needed, and the

participation of the surrounding community and

outsiders is needed to build supporting facilities.

According to (Mufid et al., 2019). Facilities are an

important part of ecotourism development.

Ecotourism destinations must have environmental

interests in mind and offer benefits to visitors.

Facilities should be built as needed while

maintaining the principles of nature.

In tourism, ease of access is the most important

thing. In terms of tourism, any form of

transportation is important for access. Conversely,

transferability, the ease of moving from one place to

another, has to do with this access. Tourists will not

visit an area that is not accessible, such as airports,

ports, and roads. If an area has tourism potential,

then adequate accessibility must be available.

Lembung Village mangrove ecotourism has

accessibility that includes access to the mangrove

area in Lembung Village. This accessibility includes

all types of transportation, both land, sea and air.

However, intra-structure access to tourist sites, both

inside and outside roads, still needs to be developed.

Mangrove Ecotourism Ansilari Lembung Village

Galis District Pamekasan Regency

Ansilari are facilities that support tourism activities,

and they prioritize the availability of public facilities

and amenities that aid tourism activities, including

banks, ATMs, telecommunications, hospitals, and

other. On the other hand, ansilari also includes the

presence of various organizations that assist and

encourage tourism growth and relevant destination

marketing. This is in line with (Nguyen et al., 2020)

that tourism support activities start from mapping

mangrove potential, The direction of mangrove

development will be determined by the initial

identification of mapping, so a clear classification is

needed for each mapping. Because the location of

Lembung Village mangrove ecotourism is close and

still far from the city center, the facilities that

support it are lacking. Mangrove managers should

improve these facilities.

Table 1: SWOT Analysis of Internal and External Factor

Strategies.

Strengths

Weaknesses

Has rich and unique mangrove

species

Access to ecotourism sites is

still not comfortable to pass

Has beautiful natural beauty

Tracking in mangrove

ecotourism lembung is a lot

of damage.

Supporting mangrove forest

conservation

Facilities and infrastructure

available are still incomplete

(toilets, prayer rooms,

canteens etc.).

The main educational attraction in

Pamekasan Regency

The parking lot is still less

spacious and uncomfortable

Has processed products from

various types of mangroves.

There is no product stand

for processed mangrove

species.

Having resources that are

beginning to realize the

importance of mangrove forest

conservation.

There is cooperation with various

parties.

Opportunities

Threats

Increase the economic income of

the community around ecotourism

through the development of

mangrove processed products.

Competition from similar

tourism.

Increase employment

opportunities or businesses of the

surrounding community (selling

goods and services).

Illegal logging and

reclamation of mangrove

forests.

Policy support and training from

the Government.

Garbage that is disposed of

carelessly and garbage that

is sent

Can contribute to increasing

income for the village.

Destruction done by

visitors.

Ecotourism ecotourism

empowerment program from the

government.

Conflicts between visitors

and the surrounding

community

Source: data processed by researchers

One way to achieve success in the development

of an area is to involve the local community in the

activities. This is necessary because they are the

ones who will directly get the impact of these

activities. In addition, the involvement of local

communities is needed to foster a sense of belonging

to the existing tourist attraction so that its utilization

is directly felt by them, especially to increase

income. The development and management of

tourism objects will have a positive impact on

sustainability and ecosystem preservation if the

community is involved.

Local Economy-Based Mangrove Ecotourism Sustainability Strategy

4 CONCLUSION

Lembung Mangrove Ecotourism has an impact on

changes in the ecological, socio-cultural, and

economic elements of the surrounding community,

with both positive and negative impacts. Managers,

awareness of the surrounding community, and

tourists have an impact on environmental

preservation. SWOT analysis for Lembung

Mangrove Ecotourism Development for Socio-

Economic Strengthening of Lembung Village

Community supports an aggressive strategy because

developing ecotourism and improving the socio-

economy of the surrounding community must

optimize strengths by using available opportunities.

Good institutions are necessary to effectively

develop the socio-economic side in the development

of business units, for instance. Based on the findings

of the research results, there are several

recommendations that can be given given, namely

the need for follow-up discussion on the strategies of

the results of the SWOT analysis offered. SWOT

analysis offered. To develop ecotourism in Madura,

it is necessary to conduct a discussion forum to

formulate steps to be taken. mangrove ecotourism

development. In addition, assistance is needed from

the government, especially the tourism office of

academics, and the private sector.

REFERENCES

Kemenparekraf. Laporan Kinerja Kementerian Pariwisata

Tahun 2019. Kementeri Pariwisata dan Ekon Kreat

[Internet]. 2019;xi+106. Available from:

https://eperformance.kemenparekraf.go.id/storage/medi

a/378/LAKIP-Kemenpar-2019.pdf

Dzulkarnain I. 20.-Sosiologi-Pariwisata-Madura-Iskandar-

Dzulkarnain-Editor.pdf. Dzulkarnain I, editor. Sleman

Yogyakarta: Puska Sosio Universitas Trunojoyo

Madura & Elmatera; 2016.

Damanik J, Sigit Suyantoro F, Weber HF. Perencanaan

ekowisata : Dari teori ke aplikasi / Janianton Damanik,

Helmut F. Weber ; editor, Fl Sigit Suyantoro.

Yogyakarta : Andi Offset, 2006; 2006.

Pollitt H, Lewney R, Kiss-Dobronyi B, Lin X. Modelling

the economic effects of COVID-19 and possible green

recovery plans: a post-Keynesian approach. Clim

Policy [Internet]. 2021;21(10):1257–71. Available

from: https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2021.1965525

Tanaya DR. Potensi Pengembangan Ekowisata Berbasis

Masyarakat Di Kawasan Rawa Pening , Kabupaten

Semarang. 2014;3(1):71–81.

Leonandri D, Rosmadi MLN. The Role of Tourism

Village to Increase Local Community Income.

Budapest Int Res Critics Inst Humanit Soc Sci.

2018;1(4):188–93.

Ahmad Muhtadi Rangkuti, Muhammad Reza Cordova,

Ani Rahmawati, Yulma, Hasan Eldin Adimu ; editor,

Sri Budi Hastuti RD. Ekosistem pesisir & laut

Indonesia. Jakarta : Bumi Aksara 2017; 2017. 482 p.

Prabawa IWSW. Konsep Green Tourism dan Trend Green

Tourism Marketing (Studi Literatur Kajian Green

Tourism dan Implementasinya). J Kepariwisataan

[Internet]. 2017;16(1):47–53. Available from:

http://ojs.stpbali.ac.id/index .php/jpar/article/view/81

Muttaqin T, Purwanto RH, Rufiqo SN. Kajian Potensi dan

Strategi Pengembangan Ekowisata Di Cagar Alam

Pulau Sempu Kabupaten Malang Provinsi Jawa Timur.

J GAMMA. 2011;6(2):152–61.

Sugiono. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan

R&D (26th ed.). 2017th ed. Alfabeta; 2017.

Lugina M, Indartik, Aulia Pribadi M. Valuasi Ekonomi

Ekosistem Mangrove Dan Kontribusinyaterhadap

Pendapatan Rumah Tangga : Studi Kasus Desa

Pamogan, Tuban dan Kutawaru. J Penelit Sos Dan

Ekon Kehutan. 2019;16(3):197–210.

Kusmana.c. Habitat Hutan Mangrove dan Biota. akultas

Kehutanan. Bogor : Institut Pertanian Bogor:

Laboratorium Ekologi Hutan; 1995.

Ramadoan S, Muljono P, Pulungan I. Peran Pksm Dalam

Meningkatkan Fungsi Kelompok Tani Dan Partisipasi

Masyarakat Di Kabupaten Bima, Ntb. J Penelit Sos

dan Ekon Kehutan. 2013;10(3):199–210.

Sasmita Y, Prihantini CI, Nursalam N, Musoffan M,

Darwis D. Analisis Strategi Pengembangan Dengan

Analisis Swot Sebagai Kawasan Wisata Unggulan

Daerah, Studi Kasus Kawasan Wisata Jumiang

Kabupaten Pamekasan. Mimb Agribisnis J Pemikir

Masy Ilm Berwawasan Agribisnis. 2022;8(1):319.

Christopher P. Cooper, John Fletcher, Alan Fyall, David

Gilbert SRCW. Tourism, Principles, and Practive.

Third Edition. Prentice Hall Financial Times, Harlow,

England [u.a.], 2008; 2008.

Moh. Mufid. Fikih Ekowisata Berbasis Maqṣid Al-

Syarī’ah: Studi Pengelolaan Wisata Alam Hutan

Mangrove Di Wonorejo Kota Surabaya. J Kaji

Pendidik Ekon dan Ilmu Ekon [Internet]. 2019;

2(1):1–19. Available from: http://www.

scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-8486

5607390&partnerID=tZOtx3y1%0Ahttp://books.googl

e.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=2LIMMD9FV

XkC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=Principles

+of+Digital+Image+Processing+fundamental+techniq

ues&ots=HjrHeuS_

Nguyen HH, Nghia NH, Nguyen HTT, Le AT, Tran LTN,

Duong LVK, et al. Classification methods for mapping

mangrove extents and drivers of change in Thanh Hoa

province, Vietnam during 2005-2018. For Soc.

2020;4(1):225–42.

MEBIC 2023 - MARITIME, ECONOMICS AND BUSINESSINTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE